virology may take in the future, I am acutely aware that the unexpected will often happen to turn, to smaller or greater degree, the courses of present investigation which now appear so clearly set. All, or most all, of my conjectures, therefore, may well return to plague me and to show once again the vanity of prophesying. As a further precaution in warding off the stigma of false prophecy, I shall limit myself largely to the mammalian viruses, since here alone have I any competence. Moreover, within this group I shall comment on only a few problems relating to viral replication, pathogenicity including oncogenicity, specific therapy, and vaccination. The large and ever-increasing volume of published experimental work on viral replication strikingly reveals the central position of this phenomenon in contemporary virological research. There are good reasons, both biological and practical, underlying this intensive effort to understand, in detail, how a virus particle, without energy transforming apparatus of its own, manages to utilize the metabolic equipment of the cell to reproduce itself. At present, the specialists in this subject conceive of replication as mediated essentially by viral nucleic acids which assume the role of the
{"title":"Some Prospective Problems in Animal Virology","authors":"J. Enders","doi":"10.2307/1293046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1293046","url":null,"abstract":"virology may take in the future, I am acutely aware that the unexpected will often happen to turn, to smaller or greater degree, the courses of present investigation which now appear so clearly set. All, or most all, of my conjectures, therefore, may well return to plague me and to show once again the vanity of prophesying. As a further precaution in warding off the stigma of false prophecy, I shall limit myself largely to the mammalian viruses, since here alone have I any competence. Moreover, within this group I shall comment on only a few problems relating to viral replication, pathogenicity including oncogenicity, specific therapy, and vaccination. The large and ever-increasing volume of published experimental work on viral replication strikingly reveals the central position of this phenomenon in contemporary virological research. There are good reasons, both biological and practical, underlying this intensive effort to understand, in detail, how a virus particle, without energy transforming apparatus of its own, manages to utilize the metabolic equipment of the cell to reproduce itself. At present, the specialists in this subject conceive of replication as mediated essentially by viral nucleic acids which assume the role of the","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114968724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Scientists and Public Policy","authors":"H. T. Cox","doi":"10.2307/1292906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1292906","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133765592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Relationship of the Peary and Barren Ground Caribou","authors":"D. L. Leedy, T. H. Manning","doi":"10.2307/1292914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1292914","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128109321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Each time I go to a meeting of botanists and hear them reporting to one another the many things they are finding out, I begin to worry that soon everything about botany will be known, and then what will botanists do? The objective of every scientist in every field is, in theory, to make himself obsolete, to find out everything about his subject so that scientists can worry about new and different things. How far are we from achieving this goal in the field of botany? Of course, the complete working out of a field of knowledge never really happens. We merely approach it asymptotically. A field of investigation in the natural sciences, as in botany, is a kind of a natural resource waiting to be exploited. Its exploitation follows the kinetics of the exploitation of other natural resources such as coal, oil, and iron ore.
{"title":"The Future Welfare of Botany","authors":"J. Bonner","doi":"10.2307/1292908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1292908","url":null,"abstract":"Each time I go to a meeting of botanists and hear \u0000them reporting to one another the many things they \u0000are finding out, I begin to worry that soon everything \u0000about botany will be known, and then what will botanists \u0000do? The objective of every scientist in every field \u0000is, in theory, to make himself obsolete, to find out everything \u0000about his subject so that scientists can worry \u0000about new and different things. How far are we from \u0000achieving this goal in the field of botany? Of course, the \u0000complete working out of a field of knowledge never really \u0000happens. We merely approach it asymptotically. A field \u0000of investigation in the natural sciences, as in botany, is \u0000a kind of a natural resource waiting to be exploited. Its \u0000exploitation follows the kinetics of the exploitation of \u0000other natural resources such as coal, oil, and iron ore.","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129358653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
LOCAL SECTIONS of scientific organizations increasingly are becoming interested in rewarding science fair participants who prepare notable exhibits in particular disciplines of science. The presentation of awards by individual societies brings supplementary recognition to students and their teachers. It has been the personal experience of the writers that excellent exhibits in the field of microbiology often have been overlooked by judges who, though excellent biologists, were not in a position to choose among specialty areas. The same may hold true for exhibits in electrochemistry, instrumentation or any other particular segment of broad scientific area.
{"title":"Rewards for Young Scientists","authors":"Samuel N. Shapiro, L. G. Herman, W. M. Bejuki","doi":"10.2307/1292909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1292909","url":null,"abstract":"LOCAL SECTIONS of scientific organizations increasingly are becoming interested in rewarding science fair participants who prepare notable exhibits in particular disciplines of science. The presentation of awards by individual societies brings supplementary recognition to students and their teachers. It has been the personal experience of the writers that excellent exhibits in the field of microbiology often have been overlooked by judges who, though excellent biologists, were not in a position to choose among specialty areas. The same may hold true for exhibits in electrochemistry, instrumentation or any other particular segment of broad scientific area.","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128235964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Marks of The Academic Man","authors":"V. I. Cheadle","doi":"10.2307/1292907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1292907","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116618377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-12-01DOI: 10.1093/AIBSBULLETIN/12.6.53
Paul C. Janaske
{"title":"Manual Preparation of a Permuted-Title Index","authors":"Paul C. Janaske","doi":"10.1093/AIBSBULLETIN/12.6.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AIBSBULLETIN/12.6.53","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117121890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A DECADE after the close of World War II, when most American scientists had completed the transition to their peacetime programs, the research accomplishments and opportunities in the emerging field of biophysics became sufficiently strong, despite the disparate professional aims and backgrounds of the several biomedical, biochemical, physical, and engineering component groups, to bring about the amalgamation of these groups in a national Biophysical Society in 1957. Valuable aids at this crucial time came from the Air Force, which provided the funds to underwrite the organizational meeting, and from the National Institutes of Health, through its Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry Study Section which was then in the midst of its biophysics-stimulating activities culminating in the month-long study program at Boulder, Colorado, in 1958 and the publication of the lectures on biophysical science.1 The rapid growth of the Grants Program of NIH and of the newly established National Science Foundation implemented the research plans not only of the long-established biomedical group but also of the crucial complement of brilliant physicists and engineers who had turned from nuclear physics and engineering for new inspiration and constructive goals in the life sciences. The program pattern of the Society's meetings quickly became stabilized: In addition to sections of contributed papers, three half-day plenary sessions-comprising half the time and one-seventh of the total number of sessions scheduled-were devoted to symposia on subjects of sufficient maturity and significance to warrant bringing to the attention of the entire membership. The number of contributors and invited speakers at the six annual meetings ranged between 270 and 360, the number of attendees averaged 750, while the membership reached 950 in 1962. The ratio of speakers having primary professional affiliation with universities to those working in governmental, research, or industrial establishments is about 2:1. This unexpectedly low ratio probably reflects the fact that research in new interstitial, multidisciplinary areas is in some respects easier in organizations where the research itself is the primary concern than in universities where teaching and established disciplines with vested departmental interests and programs also play a significant role. (This situation is particularly pronounced in Continental practice where university structure and curricula are even more rigid than in the United States. In Germany, for example, universities provide few if any formal curricula in biophysics, though substantial investigative programs in biophysics are being conducted in research establishments, particularly in the laboratories of the Max Planck Institutes. The university program in Great Britain, less rigid didactically, more closely resembles that of the US in this respect.) Research trends in the biophysical sciences are reflected in the symposium subjects and in the topics of the
第二次世界大战结束十年后，当大多数美国科学家完成了向和平时期项目的过渡时，生物物理学这一新兴领域的研究成果和机会变得足够强大，尽管几个生物医学、生物化学、物理和工程组成小组的专业目标和背景不同，但这些小组在1957年合并为一个全国性的生物物理学会。在这个关键时刻，宝贵的援助来自空军，空军为组织会议提供了资金;来自美国国立卫生研究院，通过其生物物理学和生物物理化学研究部，该部门当时正在进行生物物理学刺激活动，最终于1958年在科罗拉多州博尔德进行了为期一个月的研究计划，并发表了关于生物物理科学的讲座美国国立卫生研究院拨款计划和新成立的国家科学基金会的快速增长，不仅实现了历史悠久的生物医学小组的研究计划，而且也实现了由核物理和工程转向生命科学领域的新的灵感和建设性目标的杰出物理学家和工程师的关键补充。学会会议的计划模式很快稳定下来:除了提交论文的部分，三个半天的全体会议——占预定会议总数的一半时间和七分之一——专门用于讨论足够成熟和重要的主题，以引起全体会员的注意。六次年会的撰稿人和应邀发言的人数在270至360人之间，与会者平均人数为750人，1962年会员人数达到950人。与在政府、研究或工业机构工作的人相比，与大学有主要专业联系的人的比例约为2:1。这一出乎意料的低比例可能反映了这样一个事实，即在某些方面，在以研究本身为主要关注点的组织中，在新的跨领域、多学科领域进行研究要比在大学中更容易，在大学中，教学和具有既定部门利益和项目的既定学科也起着重要作用。(这种情况在欧洲大陆的实践中尤为明显，那里的大学结构和课程甚至比美国还要严格。例如，在德国，大学提供的生物物理学正式课程很少，即使有也很少，尽管在研究机构，特别是在马克斯普朗克研究所的实验室中正在进行大量的生物物理学调查项目。英国的大学课程在教学上没有那么严格，在这方面与美国的更接近。生物物理科学的研究趋势反映在专题讨论会的主题和投稿论文的主题中。到五十年代中期，这门学科的先驱之一阿斯特伯里(w.t. Astbury)所称的“分子生物学”领域的迅速发展和成就已经变得十分明显。这里的目标是分离、分离、鉴定和表征生物系统的单个组成部分——细胞、组织或生物体——希望借此发现组成部分在系统功能中的作用。主要感兴趣的成分是大的大分子，在层次上介于扩散有机分子和细胞之间。只有如此大小和复杂的分子才具有许多生命过程和赋予它们的进化意义所必需的结构和性质的多样性。处理水系统中真实的分子组分，分子生物学的这一方面可以被认为是“湿生物物理学”。从这个富有成效的突出1奥克利，J. L.， F. O.施密特，R. C.威廉姆斯，M. D.罗森伯格，和R. H.博尔特，编辑。生物物理科学——一个研究项目。1959。发表于《现代物理学评论》，81年，第1期，第1-268页，第2期，第269-568页，约翰·威利父子公司，纽约，568页。2摘自1962年1月9日作者在西北大学发表的题为“生物物理学的湿与干”的第一次Klopsteg讲座。将由西北大学出版。在出版社。
{"title":"The Biophysical Society after Six Years","authors":"F. O. Schmitt","doi":"10.2307/1292940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1292940","url":null,"abstract":"A DECADE after the close of World War II, when most American scientists had completed the transition to their peacetime programs, the research accomplishments and opportunities in the emerging field of biophysics became sufficiently strong, despite the disparate professional aims and backgrounds of the several biomedical, biochemical, physical, and engineering component groups, to bring about the amalgamation of these groups in a national Biophysical Society in 1957. Valuable aids at this crucial time came from the Air Force, which provided the funds to underwrite the organizational meeting, and from the National Institutes of Health, through its Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry Study Section which was then in the midst of its biophysics-stimulating activities culminating in the month-long study program at Boulder, Colorado, in 1958 and the publication of the lectures on biophysical science.1 The rapid growth of the Grants Program of NIH and of the newly established National Science Foundation implemented the research plans not only of the long-established biomedical group but also of the crucial complement of brilliant physicists and engineers who had turned from nuclear physics and engineering for new inspiration and constructive goals in the life sciences. The program pattern of the Society's meetings quickly became stabilized: In addition to sections of contributed papers, three half-day plenary sessions-comprising half the time and one-seventh of the total number of sessions scheduled-were devoted to symposia on subjects of sufficient maturity and significance to warrant bringing to the attention of the entire membership. The number of contributors and invited speakers at the six annual meetings ranged between 270 and 360, the number of attendees averaged 750, while the membership reached 950 in 1962. The ratio of speakers having primary professional affiliation with universities to those working in governmental, research, or industrial establishments is about 2:1. This unexpectedly low ratio probably reflects the fact that research in new interstitial, multidisciplinary areas is in some respects easier in organizations where the research itself is the primary concern than in universities where teaching and established disciplines with vested departmental interests and programs also play a significant role. (This situation is particularly pronounced in Continental practice where university structure and curricula are even more rigid than in the United States. In Germany, for example, universities provide few if any formal curricula in biophysics, though substantial investigative programs in biophysics are being conducted in research establishments, particularly in the laboratories of the Max Planck Institutes. The university program in Great Britain, less rigid didactically, more closely resembles that of the US in this respect.) Research trends in the biophysical sciences are reflected in the symposium subjects and in the topics of the ","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133133428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I TAKE my text from something President Kennedy said when he heard that Col. Glenn had come home successfully after his wild ride. The President's words were, 'This is the new ocean, and we must sail on it.' Naturally, as a professional sailor, I am glad that the President chose to compare space to the ocean. I like to think that the words came naturally to him, because he, himself, is a famous and brave sailor. But for the moment, I would like to emphasize something else about the President's words. He didn't say why we must sail on this new ocean of space; he simply said, 'we must.' He didn't say that space exploration is intellectually stimulating, morally sound, or practically useful. By the very simplicity of his words, the President implied something quite profound: what men can do, they must do. Unbelievably, inconceivably, we are beginning to be able to leave the surface of the Earth, on which our ancestors have crawled for countless generations, and to reach for the stars. In using our newfound ability, we are simply being human; we are rising to the challenge that lies deep within us as human beings. At this early stage of the greatest of all human adventures, people who talk about the uses of space are like Queen Victoria. She asked Michael Faraday what was the use of his experiments in electricity and magnetism experiments which are the basis of our electric power industry and of nearly everything else in our electronic world. Faraday replied, 'Why Madam, what is the use of a new-born baby?' He didn't say it, but he might have added, 'It's a miracle, it's a wonder, it's human. That is its usefulness.' Our new baby, our space adventure, faces many difficulties. We are all worried about the impact on our economy of the enormous amounts of money and effort that must be spent. We are worried because other things that need to be done may be delayed by the space effort. We are worried about what will happen to our universities, our science and our humanities, as our new baby grows to giant size, but it must grow because we are committed to. its growth. We are committed not because it will help us in our competition with the Russians or because of the economic benefits it will bring but simply because we are human beings, and the challenge of space is the greatest challenge human beings have ever had. When we Americans talk about the use of something, we usually have the word 'practical' in our minds. I am always puzzled by this word 'practical'. What does it mean? I would like to think it means more than faster transportation, greater comfort, more food, or increased longevity. Anything is useful, and thus practical, if it fills the needs of human beings. One of the greatest needs of human beings is the need for understanding. You will remember that the unknown poet who wrote the Book of Job imagined that God appeared to Job out of the whirlwind and said: 'Gird up now thy loins like a man. Declare if thou hast understanding.' The voice out
{"title":"Sailing in New and Old Oceans","authors":"R. Revelle","doi":"10.2307/1293007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1293007","url":null,"abstract":"I TAKE my text from something President Kennedy said when he heard that Col. Glenn had come home successfully after his wild ride. The President's words were, 'This is the new ocean, and we must sail on it.' Naturally, as a professional sailor, I am glad that the President chose to compare space to the ocean. I like to think that the words came naturally to him, because he, himself, is a famous and brave sailor. But for the moment, I would like to emphasize something else about the President's words. He didn't say why we must sail on this new ocean of space; he simply said, 'we must.' He didn't say that space exploration is intellectually stimulating, morally sound, or practically useful. By the very simplicity of his words, the President implied something quite profound: what men can do, they must do. Unbelievably, inconceivably, we are beginning to be able to leave the surface of the Earth, on which our ancestors have crawled for countless generations, and to reach for the stars. In using our newfound ability, we are simply being human; we are rising to the challenge that lies deep within us as human beings. At this early stage of the greatest of all human adventures, people who talk about the uses of space are like Queen Victoria. She asked Michael Faraday what was the use of his experiments in electricity and magnetism experiments which are the basis of our electric power industry and of nearly everything else in our electronic world. Faraday replied, 'Why Madam, what is the use of a new-born baby?' He didn't say it, but he might have added, 'It's a miracle, it's a wonder, it's human. That is its usefulness.' Our new baby, our space adventure, faces many difficulties. We are all worried about the impact on our economy of the enormous amounts of money and effort that must be spent. We are worried because other things that need to be done may be delayed by the space effort. We are worried about what will happen to our universities, our science and our humanities, as our new baby grows to giant size, but it must grow because we are committed to. its growth. We are committed not because it will help us in our competition with the Russians or because of the economic benefits it will bring but simply because we are human beings, and the challenge of space is the greatest challenge human beings have ever had. When we Americans talk about the use of something, we usually have the word 'practical' in our minds. I am always puzzled by this word 'practical'. What does it mean? I would like to think it means more than faster transportation, greater comfort, more food, or increased longevity. Anything is useful, and thus practical, if it fills the needs of human beings. One of the greatest needs of human beings is the need for understanding. You will remember that the unknown poet who wrote the Book of Job imagined that God appeared to Job out of the whirlwind and said: 'Gird up now thy loins like a man. Declare if thou hast understanding.' The voice out ","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134314227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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