{"title":"The Scientist at the Interface — The Washington Scientist and the Scientist in Washington","authors":"Sherman Ross","doi":"10.2307/1293021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1293021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129668098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Space Research in the Physical Sciences","authors":"John F. Clark","doi":"10.2307/1293014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1293014","url":null,"abstract":"Nasa-sponsored space research - geodesy, earth-sun relationships, moon and planets, and astronomy - satellite and space probe data review","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":"143 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127237321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M AN'S successes in venturing into space are merely an extension of his early efforts to survive on earth. Prehistoric man fashioned clothing, learned to use fire, and devised equipment that enabled him to explore and take nourishment to regions of the earth where existence otherwise would have been impossible. Now that man has developed a sophistication of survival that permits him to live in virtually all regions of the earth, including the oceans and the atmosphere, his new challenge is to learn to occupy and make beneficial use of the far reaches of space. The first efforts of manned space flight by the USA and the USSR have demonstrated that man can survive beyond his sensible atmosphere. These early probing flights also have established that, when adequately supported, man can carry out meaningful tasks while under the stresses of space flight. Let us examine what we mean by adequate support for man in space. A space vehicle is unique, different from any vehicle previously designed, in that it must carry with it the total environment and all materials needed for man's existence and performance throughout an entire mission. In space there is nothing material, with the possible exception of energy from the sun, that may be of assistance in the support of man. Thus, the problem of developing a manned vehicle for space is one of engineering reliable life-support systems into a sealed capsule that will ensure an environment in which the occupant can maintain his technical proficiency. It is not sufficient to merely support a man in space. He must be supported in a manner that permits him to complete his mission. Until the tolerance limits of man's physical and functional effectiveness under the stresses of space travel are fully determined, scientists and technicians must devise life-support systems based on known data, providing redundancy and wide safety factors. To accomplish this we encase the man in a vehicle that protects him from the vacuum through which he travels. To save weight and ensure capsule integrity, the vehicle's atmospheric pressure is reduced from that normal on earth to approximately 5-7 lb per square inch. Because of the pressure reduction, the capsule's oxygen content must be increased to 100%; thus terrestrial partial pressures of oxygen are approximated. The oxygen must be carried aboard and metered to the astronaut in a regular and uniform concentration. To protect the astronaut against possible failure of capsule integrity, which would result in cabin pressure dropping below that required for normal pulmonary gaseous exchange, the man is encased in a close-fitting, gas-impervious, full-pressure suit which automatically provides required pressures in the event of such emergencies. There are several possible methods of supplying oxygen. One is to carry the total supply of oxygen, either in the gaseous form in high-pressure containers or in the space-saving and weight-saving liquid or cryogenic states. A second method is
{"title":"Life Support for Manned Space Flight","authors":"C. Roadman, F. B. Voris","doi":"10.2307/1293009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1293009","url":null,"abstract":"M AN'S successes in venturing into space are merely an extension of his early efforts to survive on earth. Prehistoric man fashioned clothing, learned to use fire, and devised equipment that enabled him to explore and take nourishment to regions of the earth where existence otherwise would have been impossible. Now that man has developed a sophistication of survival that permits him to live in virtually all regions of the earth, including the oceans and the atmosphere, his new challenge is to learn to occupy and make beneficial use of the far reaches of space. The first efforts of manned space flight by the USA and the USSR have demonstrated that man can survive beyond his sensible atmosphere. These early probing flights also have established that, when adequately supported, man can carry out meaningful tasks while under the stresses of space flight. Let us examine what we mean by adequate support for man in space. A space vehicle is unique, different from any vehicle previously designed, in that it must carry with it the total environment and all materials needed for man's existence and performance throughout an entire mission. In space there is nothing material, with the possible exception of energy from the sun, that may be of assistance in the support of man. Thus, the problem of developing a manned vehicle for space is one of engineering reliable life-support systems into a sealed capsule that will ensure an environment in which the occupant can maintain his technical proficiency. It is not sufficient to merely support a man in space. He must be supported in a manner that permits him to complete his mission. Until the tolerance limits of man's physical and functional effectiveness under the stresses of space travel are fully determined, scientists and technicians must devise life-support systems based on known data, providing redundancy and wide safety factors. To accomplish this we encase the man in a vehicle that protects him from the vacuum through which he travels. To save weight and ensure capsule integrity, the vehicle's atmospheric pressure is reduced from that normal on earth to approximately 5-7 lb per square inch. Because of the pressure reduction, the capsule's oxygen content must be increased to 100%; thus terrestrial partial pressures of oxygen are approximated. The oxygen must be carried aboard and metered to the astronaut in a regular and uniform concentration. To protect the astronaut against possible failure of capsule integrity, which would result in cabin pressure dropping below that required for normal pulmonary gaseous exchange, the man is encased in a close-fitting, gas-impervious, full-pressure suit which automatically provides required pressures in the event of such emergencies. There are several possible methods of supplying oxygen. One is to carry the total supply of oxygen, either in the gaseous form in high-pressure containers or in the space-saving and weight-saving liquid or cryogenic states. A second method is ","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114110241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IN ALL space flight programs, it is vital that data about the space craft and its environment be obtained and made available to experimenters for study and analysis. Control from the earth and transfer of information between the environment of space and the laboratory are necessary if scientists are to succeed in abstracting new knowledge from space. NASA has provided ground instrumentation throughout the world to accomplish the functions of tracking, telemetry, and command. Complementing this instrumentation are (1) controlcenter facilities to direct operations both on the ground and in space and (2) facilities for data processing. A discussion of these functions will give an insight into the ground instrumentation in support of the NASA
{"title":"Obtaining Data from Space","authors":"E. C. Buckley","doi":"10.2307/1293012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1293012","url":null,"abstract":"IN ALL space flight programs, it is vital that data about the space craft and its environment be obtained and made available to experimenters for study and analysis. Control from the earth and transfer of information between the environment of space and the laboratory are necessary if scientists are to succeed in abstracting new knowledge from space. NASA has provided ground instrumentation throughout the world to accomplish the functions of tracking, telemetry, and command. Complementing this instrumentation are (1) controlcenter facilities to direct operations both on the ground and in space and (2) facilities for data processing. A discussion of these functions will give an insight into the ground instrumentation in support of the NASA","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115144254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"pU: A New Quantity in Biochemistry","authors":"A. Pardee","doi":"10.2307/1293022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1293022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116291699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MORE than 55 countries are now co-operating with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in a variety of scientific projects, all aimed at peaceful exploration of space. This co-operation is an important and substantial part of the NASA program. Even though the first satellites were launched only a little more than 4 years ago, interest in space research is widespread. However, time is required to bring space projects to fruition. It is necessary to organize personnel, project programs based on a nation's particular competence, and find necessary funds. Other countries have much the same motives as we in wishing to conduct space research, including those with scientific, national prestige, economic, and military implications, and appreciation of long-range value in developing competence in advanced technologies. There are considerations in this country's policy of encouraging co-operative space activities. The first is the injunction of the Congress in the National Space Act of 1958, dictating that NASA do so. Motivation for the directive here was the desire that this nation conduct its space program as openly as possible, a realization that the competence of foreign scientists could be used to achieve common objectives, and a hope that the international scientific co-operation of the International Geophysical Year of 1957-58 might be preserved and strengthened. Second, the United States needs scientific stations in many parts of the world to track satellites and spacecraft and receive data from them.
{"title":"Space and the Scientific Community","authors":"A. Frutkin","doi":"10.2307/1293013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1293013","url":null,"abstract":"MORE than 55 countries are now co-operating with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in a variety of scientific projects, all aimed at peaceful exploration of space. This co-operation is an important and substantial part of the NASA program. Even though the first satellites were launched only a little more than 4 years ago, interest in space research is widespread. However, time is required to bring space projects to fruition. It is necessary to organize personnel, project programs based on a nation's particular competence, and find necessary funds. Other countries have much the same motives as we in wishing to conduct space research, including those with scientific, national prestige, economic, and military implications, and appreciation of long-range value in developing competence in advanced technologies. There are considerations in this country's policy of encouraging co-operative space activities. The first is the injunction of the Congress in the National Space Act of 1958, dictating that NASA do so. Motivation for the directive here was the desire that this nation conduct its space program as openly as possible, a realization that the competence of foreign scientists could be used to achieve common objectives, and a hope that the international scientific co-operation of the International Geophysical Year of 1957-58 might be preserved and strengthened. Second, the United States needs scientific stations in many parts of the world to track satellites and spacecraft and receive data from them.","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130195714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-10-01DOI: 10.1093/AIBSBULLETIN/12.5.23
H. L. Dryden
{"title":"The NASA Space Edition","authors":"H. L. Dryden","doi":"10.1093/AIBSBULLETIN/12.5.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AIBSBULLETIN/12.5.23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130513964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
THE National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 declared that activities in space should be devoted to peaceful purposes for the benefit of all mankind. In support of this intent, the Act called for a vigorous effort of science in aeronautics and space exploration with objectives as follows: expansion of knowledge of atmospheric and space science; improvement of aeronautical and space vehicles; development and operation of space vehicles; study of potential benefits to be gained for mankind through space activities; maintenance of United States leadership in aeronautical and space-science technology and in the application thereof to peaceful activities; interchange of information between civilian and national defense agencies; cooperation with other nations in aeronautical and space activities and in the peaceful application of the results; and effective utilization of the scientific and engineering resources of the United States in achieving these goals.
{"title":"SCIENCE IN SPACE","authors":"H. Newell","doi":"10.2307/1293005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1293005","url":null,"abstract":"THE National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 declared that activities in space should be devoted to peaceful purposes for the benefit of all mankind. In support of this intent, the Act called for a vigorous effort of science in aeronautics and space exploration with objectives as follows: expansion of knowledge of atmospheric and space science; improvement of aeronautical and space vehicles; development and operation of space vehicles; study of potential benefits to be gained for mankind through space activities; maintenance of United States leadership in aeronautical and space-science technology and in the application thereof to peaceful activities; interchange of information between civilian and national defense agencies; cooperation with other nations in aeronautical and space activities and in the peaceful application of the results; and effective utilization of the scientific and engineering resources of the United States in achieving these goals.","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129214419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy—1961","authors":"W. W. Wright","doi":"10.2307/1293018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1293018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116064903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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