Pub Date : 2020-03-09DOI: 10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.03.4
H. S. Hamand, R. Zinjarde, S. N. Rokde, N. Chore
: Phenotypic Characterization of Shahi Strain of Nagpuri Buffaloes was done in the Chandrapur District of Maharashtra, India. Two hundred and forty Shahi strain of Nagpuri female buffaloes of various age groups were observed in their home tract (n farms=24). It was found that black coat colour, black coloured muzzle, white patches on the legs, whitish eyes, white coloured tail switch, horizontal ear orientation, sword-shaped horns with pointed tip first turning backwards and then upwards, bowl-shaped udder are typical characteristics of this breed. The average live body weight, body length, chest girth, height at withers, head length, breadth of head of these buffaloes is (means ± standard deviation) 433 ± 8.4 kg, 137.08 ± 2.78 cm 180.81 ± 3.84 cm, 129.43 ± 2.26 cm, 54.18 ± 1.10 cm, 28.18 ± 0.34 cm in 3 years and above age group, respectively. The average daily milk yield and milk yield per lactation of Shahi strain of Nagpuri buffaloes were observed to be 4.06 ± 0.08 kg and 1,220.84 ± 41.57 kg, respectively.
{"title":"Phenotypic Characteristics of Shahi Strain of Nagpuri Buffaloes in Chandrapur District of Maharashtra, India","authors":"H. S. Hamand, R. Zinjarde, S. N. Rokde, N. Chore","doi":"10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.03.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.03.4","url":null,"abstract":": Phenotypic Characterization of Shahi Strain of Nagpuri Buffaloes was done in the Chandrapur District of Maharashtra, India. Two hundred and forty Shahi strain of Nagpuri female buffaloes of various age groups were observed in their home tract (n farms=24). It was found that black coat colour, black coloured muzzle, white patches on the legs, whitish eyes, white coloured tail switch, horizontal ear orientation, sword-shaped horns with pointed tip first turning backwards and then upwards, bowl-shaped udder are typical characteristics of this breed. The average live body weight, body length, chest girth, height at withers, head length, breadth of head of these buffaloes is (means ± standard deviation) 433 ± 8.4 kg, 137.08 ± 2.78 cm 180.81 ± 3.84 cm, 129.43 ± 2.26 cm, 54.18 ± 1.10 cm, 28.18 ± 0.34 cm in 3 years and above age group, respectively. The average daily milk yield and milk yield per lactation of Shahi strain of Nagpuri buffaloes were observed to be 4.06 ± 0.08 kg and 1,220.84 ± 41.57 kg, respectively.","PeriodicalId":36721,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Buffalo Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42478473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-20DOI: 10.6000/1927-520x.2020.09.03
Dam Van Phai, V. Sophie, Dubois Axel, Bui Tran Anh Dao, Desmecht Daniel
: Recombinant bubaline ( Bubalus bubalis ) myxovirus resistance protein 1 (bbMx1) was successfully expressed by an Escherichia coli expression system. After immunization and cell fusion, a set of ten mouse hybridomas producing mAbs to bbMx1 was established. The ten corresponding mAbs were further characterized using indirect ELISA, western blot analysis and immunocytofluorescent staining. Eight mAbs, designated 11C7, RD5, NF3, 9D1, FD4, PE6, 11A7 and 10F5, displayed binding abilities and specificity in the three formats. Moreover, combining NF3 (for capture) with RD5 (for detection), 9D1 with RD5, FD4 with 11C7 or PE6 with 11C7 generated a strong signal in a prototype sandwich-ELISA. The results suggest that the mAbs developed and characterized here provide an excellent starting point for developing diagnostic tools aimed at detecting viral infections in the water buffalo, whatever using immunoblotting, immunocytostaining or sandwich-ELISA.
{"title":"Monoclonal Antibodies Specific to Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Myxovirus Resistance Protein_1","authors":"Dam Van Phai, V. Sophie, Dubois Axel, Bui Tran Anh Dao, Desmecht Daniel","doi":"10.6000/1927-520x.2020.09.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-520x.2020.09.03","url":null,"abstract":": Recombinant bubaline ( Bubalus bubalis ) myxovirus resistance protein 1 (bbMx1) was successfully expressed by an Escherichia coli expression system. After immunization and cell fusion, a set of ten mouse hybridomas producing mAbs to bbMx1 was established. The ten corresponding mAbs were further characterized using indirect ELISA, western blot analysis and immunocytofluorescent staining. Eight mAbs, designated 11C7, RD5, NF3, 9D1, FD4, PE6, 11A7 and 10F5, displayed binding abilities and specificity in the three formats. Moreover, combining NF3 (for capture) with RD5 (for detection), 9D1 with RD5, FD4 with 11C7 or PE6 with 11C7 generated a strong signal in a prototype sandwich-ELISA. The results suggest that the mAbs developed and characterized here provide an excellent starting point for developing diagnostic tools aimed at detecting viral infections in the water buffalo, whatever using immunoblotting, immunocytostaining or sandwich-ELISA.","PeriodicalId":36721,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Buffalo Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46869505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-11DOI: 10.6000/1927-520x.2020.09.02
Pawan Kumar, I. Girgiri
{"title":"Scanning and Transmission Electron-Microscopic Studies on the Lingual Tonsil of the Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)","authors":"Pawan Kumar, I. Girgiri","doi":"10.6000/1927-520x.2020.09.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-520x.2020.09.02","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36721,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Buffalo Science","volume":"9 1","pages":"5-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44063527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.03.3
I. Girgiri, Pawan Kumar
: The study was conducted on lingual tonsil of six adult buffaloes (5-6 years of age) of the local mixed breed to explore histomorphological characteristics with functional significance. The mucosal surface of the lingual tonsil lined by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium was comprised of strata basale, spinosum, granulosum and corneum whereas towards the deeper folds the epithelium was stratified squamous non-keratinized. The latter epithelium modified into reticular epithelium especially toward the deeper portion and was characterized by a reduced number of epithelial cells, loss of distinct strata and heavy infiltration of lymphoid cells. The propria submucosa had loose irregular connective tissue along with glandular and lymphoid tissue. The lymphoid tissue was mainly distributed in the form of lymphoid follicles and diffused arrangement. The follicles of varying shapes and size showed darkly stained corona and lightly stained germinal centre were surrounded by parafollicular areas. The parafollicular areas possessed high endothelial venules (HEVs) with large sized endothelial cells having round to oval nuclei with distinctly visible centric or eccentric nucleoli. These HEVs are involved in trafficking of lymphocytes by transendothelial and interendothelial migration. The mucous glandular acini presented strong reactions for glycogen, acidic mucopolysaccharides, weakly sulfated mucosubstances, hyaluronic acid, sialomucins and mucins as demonstrated by different histochemical techniques. The secretions of acini also showed the presence of more than 4% content of cysteine. The presence of modified reticular epithelium and associated lymphoid tissue suggested that the lingual tonsil may be involved in sampling of oral antigens and transporting them to the underlying mucosal lymphoid tissue for processing and initiation of immune responses. The future microbiological studies may exploit the tonsil as a targeted organ for improved delivery of existing mucosal vaccines and development of new strategies for oral vaccines.
{"title":"Histological and Histochemical Studies on the Lingual Tonsil of the Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)","authors":"I. Girgiri, Pawan Kumar","doi":"10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.03.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.03.3","url":null,"abstract":": The study was conducted on lingual tonsil of six adult buffaloes (5-6 years of age) of the local mixed breed to explore histomorphological characteristics with functional significance. The mucosal surface of the lingual tonsil lined by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium was comprised of strata basale, spinosum, granulosum and corneum whereas towards the deeper folds the epithelium was stratified squamous non-keratinized. The latter epithelium modified into reticular epithelium especially toward the deeper portion and was characterized by a reduced number of epithelial cells, loss of distinct strata and heavy infiltration of lymphoid cells. The propria submucosa had loose irregular connective tissue along with glandular and lymphoid tissue. The lymphoid tissue was mainly distributed in the form of lymphoid follicles and diffused arrangement. The follicles of varying shapes and size showed darkly stained corona and lightly stained germinal centre were surrounded by parafollicular areas. The parafollicular areas possessed high endothelial venules (HEVs) with large sized endothelial cells having round to oval nuclei with distinctly visible centric or eccentric nucleoli. These HEVs are involved in trafficking of lymphocytes by transendothelial and interendothelial migration. The mucous glandular acini presented strong reactions for glycogen, acidic mucopolysaccharides, weakly sulfated mucosubstances, hyaluronic acid, sialomucins and mucins as demonstrated by different histochemical techniques. The secretions of acini also showed the presence of more than 4% content of cysteine. The presence of modified reticular epithelium and associated lymphoid tissue suggested that the lingual tonsil may be involved in sampling of oral antigens and transporting them to the underlying mucosal lymphoid tissue for processing and initiation of immune responses. The future microbiological studies may exploit the tonsil as a targeted organ for improved delivery of existing mucosal vaccines and development of new strategies for oral vaccines.","PeriodicalId":36721,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Buffalo Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43182838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.03.2
S. Rahman, M. Islam, M. Harun-ur-Rashid, N. R. Sarker, M. Siddiki, M. Islam, M. Islam
The study was aimed at assessing the productive performance of dairy buffalo and milk marketing approaches in different agro-climatic districts of Bangladesh. Three (03) districts of Bangladesh viz. Bhola, Mymensingh, and Dinajpur were chosen from the coastal, river basin and semi-arid region, respectively. A triangulation method of survey was used to collect the data and the components of the triangle were buffalo farms, buffalo farmers and buffalo herdsmen. The investigation duration was twelve (12) months. The study revealed that the highest milk yield (5 L/h/d; p=0.010) was found in the river basin and semi-arid region. Lactation yield was also recorded double in the river basin and semi-arid districts compared to coastal districts (p=0.000). In the case of lactation length, the river basin buffaloes possessed 33 and 36% longer than coastal and semi-arid districts, respectively. All the chemical components were found significantly different (p≤0.050) but fat. Among different agro-climatic districts, about 92% of milk was traded in the coastal region after meeting the household's need but it was noted that the farmers from the semi-arid region kept more than 21% of milk for family consumption (p=0.000). The highest unit price (BDT 72/L) of milk was observed in the river basin district (p=0.011). In conclusion, the current situations of buffalo farming and milk marketing approaches in Bangladesh, varies considerably.
{"title":"Buffalo Milk Yield, Quality, and Marketing in Different Agro-Climatic Districts of Bangladesh","authors":"S. Rahman, M. Islam, M. Harun-ur-Rashid, N. R. Sarker, M. Siddiki, M. Islam, M. Islam","doi":"10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.03.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.03.2","url":null,"abstract":"The study was aimed at assessing the productive performance of dairy buffalo and milk marketing approaches in different agro-climatic districts of Bangladesh. Three (03) districts of Bangladesh viz. Bhola, Mymensingh, and Dinajpur were chosen from the coastal, river basin and semi-arid region, respectively. A triangulation method of survey was used to collect the data and the components of the triangle were buffalo farms, buffalo farmers and buffalo herdsmen. The investigation duration was twelve (12) months. The study revealed that the highest milk yield (5 L/h/d; p=0.010) was found in the river basin and semi-arid region. Lactation yield was also recorded double in the river basin and semi-arid districts compared to coastal districts (p=0.000). In the case of lactation length, the river basin buffaloes possessed 33 and 36% longer than coastal and semi-arid districts, respectively. All the chemical components were found significantly different (p≤0.050) but fat. Among different agro-climatic districts, about 92% of milk was traded in the coastal region after meeting the household's need but it was noted that the farmers from the semi-arid region kept more than 21% of milk for family consumption (p=0.000). The highest unit price (BDT 72/L) of milk was observed in the river basin district (p=0.011). In conclusion, the current situations of buffalo farming and milk marketing approaches in Bangladesh, varies considerably.","PeriodicalId":36721,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Buffalo Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48649331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-09DOI: 10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.03.1
L. Bittner, Clinic for Ruminants, R. D. Ollhoff, J. D. Neto, J. Spilke, F. C. Pogliani, Jose L. Martinez, A. Starke
Udder and teat characteristics differ between buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis ) and cattle ( Bos taurus ) and the differences are important in relation machine milk ability. Dairy buffalo milk out more slowly and are more difficult to milk than dairy cows, especially when milking machines are used. The goal of this study was to determine the ultrasonographic characteristics of udder and teat morphology in dairy buffaloes in Brazil, a country with a relatively recent history of buffalo farming. External assessment of the udder type and ultrasonography of the teat were done in 63 purebred Murrah and Mediterranian ´ Murrah dairy buffalo cows on three farms with different management systems. Udder types differed among farms; the rear-heavy udder type was most prevalent on two farms and the ball-shaped type occurred frequently on the third farm. Ultrasonographic measurements of the teat were made on one farm and showed correlations between the width of the teat tip and teat canal length, between the width of the teat tip and teat wall thickness and between the width of the teat tip and teat length. During the ultrasonographic examination of the teat, hyperechogenic membrane-like structures in the region of the annular folds, referred to as prominent annular folds (pAFs), were detected in at least one teat in 98 % of all buffaloes. These folds caused narrowing of the lumen between the teat cistern and gland cistern, but their physiological function and relevance concerning machine milk ability remain unclear. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of prominent annular folds on milk flow characteristics during mechanical milking in dairy buffaloes.
{"title":"Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Teat Structure and Detection of Prominent Annular Folds in Brazilian Dairy Buffaloes","authors":"L. Bittner, Clinic for Ruminants, R. D. Ollhoff, J. D. Neto, J. Spilke, F. C. Pogliani, Jose L. Martinez, A. Starke","doi":"10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.03.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.03.1","url":null,"abstract":"Udder and teat characteristics differ between buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis ) and cattle ( Bos taurus ) and the differences are important in relation machine milk ability. Dairy buffalo milk out more slowly and are more difficult to milk than dairy cows, especially when milking machines are used. The goal of this study was to determine the ultrasonographic characteristics of udder and teat morphology in dairy buffaloes in Brazil, a country with a relatively recent history of buffalo farming. External assessment of the udder type and ultrasonography of the teat were done in 63 purebred Murrah and Mediterranian ´ Murrah dairy buffalo cows on three farms with different management systems. Udder types differed among farms; the rear-heavy udder type was most prevalent on two farms and the ball-shaped type occurred frequently on the third farm. Ultrasonographic measurements of the teat were made on one farm and showed correlations between the width of the teat tip and teat canal length, between the width of the teat tip and teat wall thickness and between the width of the teat tip and teat length. During the ultrasonographic examination of the teat, hyperechogenic membrane-like structures in the region of the annular folds, referred to as prominent annular folds (pAFs), were detected in at least one teat in 98 % of all buffaloes. These folds caused narrowing of the lumen between the teat cistern and gland cistern, but their physiological function and relevance concerning machine milk ability remain unclear. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of prominent annular folds on milk flow characteristics during mechanical milking in dairy buffaloes.","PeriodicalId":36721,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Buffalo Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42138440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-03DOI: 10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.02.4
Shraddhesh Kumar Tiwari, Nawalpur Nepal Madhyabindu Municipality, R. Shah, D. Nepali, M. Tariq, K. P. Acharya, Budhanilakantha Kathmandu Nepal Animal Quarantine Office
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary supplementation of rumen un-degradable protein on productive performance of early lactating buffaloes for the duration of 90 days from February 5, 2014, to May 5, 2014. A total of twenty one lactating Murrah buffaloes in their early to mid-lactation were randomly selected and divided into three groups. Experimental diets were formulated into three- low (30.56% of dietary Crude Protein), medium (43.54% of dietary crude protein) and high (50.04% of dietary CP), iso-nitrogenous (16% CP) and iso-caloric (72% total digestible nutrients) rumen un-digestible protein (RUP) levels. A significant difference (p 0.05). Hence, it can be concluded that the diet containing a medium level of dietary CP as RUP improved the productive performance of early lactating buffaloes. Thus, diet containing the medium level of dietary CP as RUP should be given to improve the productive performance of early lactating buffaloes under the climatic settings of Nepal.
{"title":"Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Rumen Undegradable Protein on Productive Performance of Early Lactating Buffaloes","authors":"Shraddhesh Kumar Tiwari, Nawalpur Nepal Madhyabindu Municipality, R. Shah, D. Nepali, M. Tariq, K. P. Acharya, Budhanilakantha Kathmandu Nepal Animal Quarantine Office","doi":"10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.02.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.02.4","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary supplementation of rumen un-degradable protein on productive performance of early lactating buffaloes for the duration of 90 days from February 5, 2014, to May 5, 2014. A total of twenty one lactating Murrah buffaloes in their early to mid-lactation were randomly selected and divided into three groups. Experimental diets were formulated into three- low (30.56% of dietary Crude Protein), medium (43.54% of dietary crude protein) and high (50.04% of dietary CP), iso-nitrogenous (16% CP) and iso-caloric (72% total digestible nutrients) rumen un-digestible protein (RUP) levels. A significant difference (p 0.05). Hence, it can be concluded that the diet containing a medium level of dietary CP as RUP improved the productive performance of early lactating buffaloes. Thus, diet containing the medium level of dietary CP as RUP should be given to improve the productive performance of early lactating buffaloes under the climatic settings of Nepal.","PeriodicalId":36721,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Buffalo Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49566846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-03DOI: 10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.02.1
Asaad Y. Ayied, P. Reiss
: The USAID Iraq Marshlands Restoration Program (IMRP) promoted the application of two promising initiatives tested from 2004 to 2006: (1) the introduction of alfalfa and maize fodder to feed and improve the nutrition of buffalo and (2) the creation of a veterinary service to increase livestock production and health. The livestock sector in the marshlands has seen dramatic improvement since IMRP ended in 2006. These changes are across the board in the absolute number of livestock (from 66,700 heads in 2006 to 111,525 heads in 2017) and in their increasing diversity (buffalo were 74.33% of all livestock in 2006 but decreased to 70.33% in 2017). Buffalo, specifically, had greater birth weight (40 kg in 2006 and 45.6 kg in 2017), greater daily growth rates (0.3 kg in 2006 and 1-1.25 kg in 2017), higher daily milk yields (8.81 kg/day in 2006 and 9.69 kg/day in 2017), and longer lactation periods (150 days in 2006 and 238 days in 2017). There have been accompanying advances in the closely related meat and dairy markets. Live weight and market prices for buffalo and cattle have increased three-to four-fold. Rising daily milk yields also sparked the creation of cottage industries to produce dairy products using higher fat buffalo milk. These changes all point to an increasingly healthy and dynamic livestock sector in the marshlands. However, other anticipated changes in the marshlands did not meet expectations. In 2006, IMRP predicted a strong shift away from the historical dominance of buffalo ownership to a more diversified pattern of ownership that included the relatively newly introduced cattle and a rapid increase in sheep holdings, making the latter the dominate animal. Instead, buffaloes have continued to be the vastly most numerous animals owned in the marshlands. In 2017, they ranged from 65 to 75% of all livestock holdings. Greater access to reflooded marshes by buffalo herders and increased financial earnings realized from meat and dairy production may help to explain the continued reliance on buffalo ownership. IMRP’s introduction of a veterinary service dedicated to working in the marshlands villages was far less successful but highly regarded by Marsh Arabs, being the first time that the services were offered in the marshes.
{"title":"Impact of the Iraq Marshlands Restoration Program on Livestock Population and Production in the Southern Marshes of Iraq","authors":"Asaad Y. Ayied, P. Reiss","doi":"10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.02.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.02.1","url":null,"abstract":": The USAID Iraq Marshlands Restoration Program (IMRP) promoted the application of two promising initiatives tested from 2004 to 2006: (1) the introduction of alfalfa and maize fodder to feed and improve the nutrition of buffalo and (2) the creation of a veterinary service to increase livestock production and health. The livestock sector in the marshlands has seen dramatic improvement since IMRP ended in 2006. These changes are across the board in the absolute number of livestock (from 66,700 heads in 2006 to 111,525 heads in 2017) and in their increasing diversity (buffalo were 74.33% of all livestock in 2006 but decreased to 70.33% in 2017). Buffalo, specifically, had greater birth weight (40 kg in 2006 and 45.6 kg in 2017), greater daily growth rates (0.3 kg in 2006 and 1-1.25 kg in 2017), higher daily milk yields (8.81 kg/day in 2006 and 9.69 kg/day in 2017), and longer lactation periods (150 days in 2006 and 238 days in 2017). There have been accompanying advances in the closely related meat and dairy markets. Live weight and market prices for buffalo and cattle have increased three-to four-fold. Rising daily milk yields also sparked the creation of cottage industries to produce dairy products using higher fat buffalo milk. These changes all point to an increasingly healthy and dynamic livestock sector in the marshlands. However, other anticipated changes in the marshlands did not meet expectations. In 2006, IMRP predicted a strong shift away from the historical dominance of buffalo ownership to a more diversified pattern of ownership that included the relatively newly introduced cattle and a rapid increase in sheep holdings, making the latter the dominate animal. Instead, buffaloes have continued to be the vastly most numerous animals owned in the marshlands. In 2017, they ranged from 65 to 75% of all livestock holdings. Greater access to reflooded marshes by buffalo herders and increased financial earnings realized from meat and dairy production may help to explain the continued reliance on buffalo ownership. IMRP’s introduction of a veterinary service dedicated to working in the marshlands villages was far less successful but highly regarded by Marsh Arabs, being the first time that the services were offered in the marshes.","PeriodicalId":36721,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Buffalo Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45450794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-03DOI: 10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.02.3
H. Karimi, G. Ardalani, Alireza Mozzaffari
{"title":"Anatomical Structure of Caudal Venae Cavae and its Anastomosis with Hepatic Veins in the Buffalo (Buballus Bubalis)","authors":"H. Karimi, G. Ardalani, Alireza Mozzaffari","doi":"10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.02.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.02.3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36721,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Buffalo Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44227832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-03DOI: 10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.02.2
V. Potdar, J. Khadse, S. Joshi, Y. Gaundare, N. Phadke, M. Swaminathan, A. Pande
{"title":"Seasonal Variation of Calving in Murrah Buffalo in Bihar","authors":"V. Potdar, J. Khadse, S. Joshi, Y. Gaundare, N. Phadke, M. Swaminathan, A. Pande","doi":"10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.02.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-520x.2019.08.02.2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36721,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Buffalo Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71252166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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