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How Do We Shape a Reform of the 21st-Century Human World in an Enlightenment Spirit? On Projects by Robert E. Allinson and Michael H. Mitias 我们如何以启蒙精神塑造21世纪人类世界的改革?Robert E. Allinson和Michael H. Mitias的项目
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5840/du202333114
M. Czarnocka
In this essay I wish to add my voice to Michael H. Mitias’s polemic with Robert E. Allinson’s view that an Enlightenment-driven reform of the human world is desirable, and even necessary. Allinson calls the outcome of such a reform the “New Enlightenment.” I also consider the few main threads of Mitias’s alternative proposal for repairing the human world, which involves the reinterpretation of the Enlightenment ideology, and I strive to show that, contrary to Mitias’s belief, both his and Allinson’s positions have important common points. Moreover, I also take a closer look at Mitias’s project, especially his postulate to begin funding the reforming of the human world in human nature.
在这篇文章中,我想加入迈克尔·h·米提亚斯对罗伯特·e·艾林森的观点的争论,他认为启蒙运动推动的人类世界改革是可取的,甚至是必要的。艾林森把这种改革的结果称为“新启蒙运动”。我还考虑了米蒂亚斯修复人类世界的替代方案的几个主线,其中包括对启蒙思想的重新解释,我努力表明,与米蒂亚斯的信念相反,他和阿林森的立场都有重要的共同点。此外,我还仔细研究了米蒂亚斯的计划,尤其是他提出的从人性出发,为人类世界的改革提供资金的假设。
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引用次数: 0
On the Role of Symbiotic Thinking in the Age of the Anthropocene 论共生思想在人类世时代的作用
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5840/du202333217
Piotr Skubała, Magdalena Ochwat
The human influence on the earth’s ecosystem has become so destructive that we need a new vision of the world that will offer hope. The article is an attempt to create a new interdisciplinary way that takes into account the role of symbiosis in the functioning of life on Earth. Australian scholar Glenn Albrecht postulates the conceptual framework for the new epoch and calls it the Symbiocene. which will be characterized by replicating symbiotic life processes in human activities. At the same time, science clearly states that the relationships among organisms are predominantly cooperative and symbiotic in nature. The article focuses on three selected phenomena in which close multilateral cooperation plays a significant role. These are: the life of lichens, the functioning of mycelium with plants, especially the role of Mother Trees over young stands, and permaculture as an example of symbiotic agriculture. We take these examples as a training in collective imagination in good interspecies living and draw on selected literary texts. We believe that the idea of the Symbiocene, an inclusive and integrative philosophy of life, has great potential to become a new direction not only in the natural sciences, but also in the social sciences and humanities.
人类对地球生态系统的影响已经变得如此具有破坏性,以至于我们需要一种能带来希望的新世界观。这篇文章试图创造一种新的跨学科方式,考虑到共生在地球上生命运作中的作用。澳大利亚学者格伦·阿尔布雷希特(Glenn Albrecht)提出了新时代的概念框架,并将其称为共生世。它的特点是在人类活动中复制共生生命过程。同时,科学明确指出,生物之间的关系在本质上主要是合作和共生的。本文重点分析了密切多边合作发挥重要作用的三个现象。这些是:地衣的生命,菌丝体与植物的作用,特别是母树对幼树的作用,以及作为共生农业范例的永续农业。我们将这些例子作为对良好的物种间生活的集体想象力的训练,并借鉴了选定的文学文本。我们认为,共生世的理念,一种包容和综合的生命哲学,具有巨大的潜力,不仅在自然科学,而且在社会科学和人文科学中成为一个新的方向。
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引用次数: 0
The Topos of Mu and the Predicative Self “穆”的Topos与谓词自我
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5840/du202333216
J. Baird Callicott
Terminologically, the “topos of mu” and the “predicative self” originated in the Kyoto School and are traceable to the work of its founder NISHIDA Kitarō. The full phrase was coined by NAKAMURA Yūjirō. Conceptually, the topos of mu or place of nothingness is Nishida’s development of the Buddhist notion of anatta or no self and radiating out from that locus of emptiness is a self constituted by its predicates or the things to which it is connected by an existential copula. Deeply ingrained in Western languages, metaphysics, and religion is the subjective self, in both the linguistic and psychological senses of “subjective.” That Buddhism, as reworked by the Kyota School, or Daoism, or any other non-Western tradition of thought, will catch on in the West was a puerile fantasy of some members of the first generation of environmental philosophers. There is a good chance, however, that the Western worldview may evolve toward a similar conception of the self—as ecological, relational, or systems thinking becomes ever more ingrained. We in the West may come to understand that we are constituted by our social and environmental relationships, in which we are deeply embedded and on which we are utterly dependent, such that world care is the essence of self-help.
从术语上讲,“我的主题”和“谓词自我”起源于京都学派,可以追溯到其创始人西田北上的作品。完整的短语是由NAKAMURA创造的Yūjirō。概念上,“无”的主题是西田对佛教“无我”概念的发展,从“空”的位置发散出来的是一个由谓词构成的自我,或者是通过存在关系与之相连的事物。在西方语言、形而上学和宗教中根深蒂固的是主观自我,无论是在语言学上还是在心理学上都是“主观的”。认为经京都学派、道教或其他非西方思想传统改造的佛教将在西方流行起来,是第一代环境哲学家中的一些成员的幼稚幻想。然而,随着生态的、关系的或系统的思想变得越来越根深蒂固,西方的世界观很有可能演变成类似的自我概念。我们西方人可能会明白,我们是由我们的社会和环境关系构成的,我们深深地嵌入其中,完全依赖于这些关系,因此,世界关怀是自助的本质。
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引用次数: 0
Cyber Inclusion vs Isolation 网络包容vs网络隔离
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5840/du20233315
Zhanna Vavilova
Recent restrictions of movement during the pandemic have forced people worldwide, even neo-luddites, to turn to communicating online. The virtualization of social processes that we are witnessing today, suggests constant rethinking of the role of the Internet for humanity so that we could optimize conditions of our existence that seem to be irreversibly transformed by technology, and integrate every individual with a unique set of features in the life of society. The author deals with the notions of cyberinclusion, virtual ghetto, isolation and alienation to come to the conclusion that virtual communication allows one to form communities based not on segregation criteria of socio-demographics, but on unifying grounds of shared interest. Cyber inclusion already exists, along with virtual ghettoization; for the former to prevail, people must be ready to communicate beyond borders, regardless of their socio-demographical characteristics, state of health, or immediate benefit.
最近大流行期间对行动的限制迫使世界各地的人们,甚至是新卢德分子,转向在线交流。我们今天所目睹的社会进程的虚拟化,意味着我们要不断地重新思考互联网对人类的作用,以便我们能够优化我们的生存条件,这些条件似乎被技术不可逆转地改变了,并使每个人在社会生活中都具有一套独特的特征。作者对网络包容、虚拟贫民窟、隔离和异化的概念进行了分析,得出结论:虚拟通信使人们能够建立社区,而不是基于社会人口的隔离标准,而是基于共同利益的统一基础。网络包容已经存在,同时存在的还有虚拟的种族隔离;要使前者占上风,人们必须随时准备跨越国界进行交流,无论其社会人口特征、健康状况或直接利益如何。
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引用次数: 0
Leopold, Husserl, Darwin and the Possibility of Intercultural Dialogue 利奥波德、胡塞尔、达尔文与跨文化对话的可能性
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5840/du202333229
Charles Brown
J. Baird Callicott et al. have argued that Aldo Leopold developed a descriptive technique that has something in common with phenomenology and that it would not be farfetched to explore A Sand County Almanac as a kind of Heideggerian clearing in which usually unnoticed beings come to light. They further suggest that Leopold describes animal others as fellow subjects who co-constitute the world and that through his method of observation, description, and reflection Leopold reveals a “multi-perspective experience of a common environment” that discloses an inter-species intersubjectivity comparable to Husserl’s more formal descriptions of intersubjectivity. I shall argue that the similarities between Husserl and Leopold are stronger and deeper than Callicott et al. suggest. Husserl’s method is designed to expose what has been hidden by “ideological positivism,” while Leopold’s method is designed to reveal what has been concealed by what he labels “conventional physics. Both agree that what we might today call a “scientistic worldview” denies, devalues, and dismisses subjectivity, meaning, and value from rational discourse. In Husserl’s view this leads to cultural crisis and barbarism, while in Leopold’s view it leads to ecological catastrophe. For Husserl the only alternative is a cultural renewal rooted in a rethinking of the dominant scientistic worldview while for Leopold the alternative lies in the construction of a new ethical system. These two alternatives are deeply compatible. Finally, I will discuss the ways in which Husserl’s understanding of the intentionality of our subjective experiences and Leopold’s integration of the evolutionary and ecological kinship of humans and non-humans with the social sciences have important implications for the possibility of intercultural understanding and dialogue and thereby allow us to overcome the thesis of incommensurability that denies the possibility of meaningful intercultural understanding and dialogue.
J. Baird Callicott等人认为,Aldo Leopold开发了一种与现象学有共同之处的描述技术,并且将《沙郡年鉴》作为一种海德格尔式的清理来探索,通常不被注意的事物会被发现,这并不过分。他们进一步提出,利奥波德将动物他人描述为共同构成世界的同伴主体,通过他的观察、描述和反思方法,利奥波德揭示了一种“对共同环境的多角度体验”,揭示了一种可与胡塞尔对主体间性的更正式描述相比较的物种间主体间性。我认为胡塞尔和利奥波德之间的相似之处比卡利科特等人所认为的更强烈、更深刻。胡塞尔的方法旨在揭示被“意识形态实证主义”所隐藏的东西,而利奥波德的方法旨在揭示被他称之为“传统物理学”所隐藏的东西。两人都同意,我们今天所说的“科学主义世界观”否认、贬低和摒弃理性话语中的主观性、意义和价值。在胡塞尔看来,这导致了文化危机和野蛮,而在利奥波德看来,这导致了生态灾难。对于胡塞尔来说,唯一的选择是一种植根于对占主导地位的科学主义世界观的重新思考的文化更新,而对于利奥波德来说,唯一的选择在于构建一种新的伦理体系。这两种选择是高度兼容的。最后,我将讨论胡塞尔对我们主观经验的意向性的理解和利奥波德将人类和非人类的进化和生态亲属关系与社会科学的整合对跨文化理解和对话的可能性具有重要意义的方式,从而使我们能够克服否认有意义的跨文化理解和对话的可能性的不可通约性的论点。
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引用次数: 0
The Yoruba Concept of the Okun Omo Iya as a Critique of Martin Buber’s “I-Thou” and the Quest for Environmental Sustainability 约鲁巴人的Okun Omo Iya概念——对Martin Buber“I-Thou”的批判和对环境可持续性的追求
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5840/du202333227
Oluwatobi David Esan, Solomon Kolawole Awe
This paper attempts to critique the existential philosophy of Martin Buber’s theory of the “I-Thou” using the Yoruba concept of okun omo iya. The need for the realization of a sustainable environment has been a point of focus for researchers, scholars, and government policy makers. The reason for this realization is not far-fetched. According to a record from World Health Organisation (WHO), one-quarter of all deaths worldwide are attributed to over-exploitation and reckless usage of the environment. This undoubtedly has caused several human-induced disasters such as floods. The reckless usage and abuse of the environment is predicated on the domineering tendency of humans towards the environment. Martin Buber, in his existentialist philosophy, argues that humans should treat their relations as “I-Thou” (as subjects) and not as “I-It” (as objects). It follows that humans must be considerate in relating with each other such that fellow humans should not be treated as a means to an end, rather as ends in themselves. Simply put, fellow humans should not be seen as objects that others can either control, dominate, or subdue. However, Buber’s existentialist philosophy is human-centered, as it excludes the non-human entities and as well, failed to explain the relationship that should exist between humans and non-human entities. Hence, the Yoruba concept of okun omo iya will be used as a paradigm to remodel and re-configure the existentialist philosophy of Buber in a way that is environmentally inclusive.
本文试图用约鲁巴人的“我-你”概念来批判马丁·布伯的“我-你”理论中的存在主义哲学。实现可持续环境的需求一直是研究人员、学者和政府决策者关注的焦点。这种认识的理由并不牵强。根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的一项记录,全球四分之一的死亡可归因于过度开发和不顾后果地使用环境。这无疑造成了一些人为的灾难,如洪水。人类对环境的霸道倾向导致了对环境的肆意利用和滥用。马丁·布伯(Martin Buber)在他的存在主义哲学中认为,人类应该将他们的关系视为“我-你”(主体),而不是“我-它”(客体)。由此可见,人类在与他人相处时必须体贴,这样人类同胞就不应被视为达到目的的手段,而应被视为目的本身。简单地说,人类同胞不应该被视为他人可以控制、支配或征服的对象。然而,布伯的存在主义哲学是以人为中心的,它排除了非人类的实体,也没有解释人与非人类实体之间应该存在的关系。因此,约鲁巴人的okun omo iya概念将被用作一种范式,以一种环境包容的方式重塑和重新配置Buber的存在主义哲学。
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引用次数: 0
John Rensenbrink, the Man I Knew 约翰·伦森布林克,我认识的人
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5840/du202232219
M. Mitias
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引用次数: 0
Adam Smith, the Enlightenment, and His Relevance for the 21st Century 亚当·斯密、启蒙运动及其对21世纪的意义
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5840/du20223212
D. Bevan, P. Werhane
In this article we reconsider strands of Adam Smith’s contribution to the project of the Enlightenment. Many of these, as we shall identify, remain poignant, and valuable observations for the twenty-first century. This sampled reconsideration touches both on (i) how Smith is identified, as well as occasionally misread, as an Enlightenment philosopher/economist; and (ii) the extent to which t/his enlightenment survives.
在这篇文章中,我们重新考虑亚当·斯密对启蒙运动的贡献。正如我们将指出的那样,其中许多观点在21世纪仍然是尖锐而有价值的观察。这个抽样的重新思考触及了以下两个问题:(1)斯密是如何被认定为启蒙哲学家/经济学家的,以及偶尔被误读的;(ii)他的启蒙思想在多大程度上得以延续。
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引用次数: 0
The Social Vulnerabilities of Science and the Covid-19 Pandemic Crisis 科学的社会脆弱性与Covid-19大流行危机
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5840/du202232340
Constantin Stoenescu
According to the traditional image of science, if its achievements are reliable, then they will be communicated successfully and the public will trust in their applicability to solve practical problems. The new perspective on science as “socially robust knowledge” (Gibbons, 1999) is based on two other necessary conditions of knowledge production, namely, transparency and public participation. But the recent Covid-19 pandemic crisis has shown that the institutional weaknesses of the relationship between science and society generates an equally endemic mistrust. Should we go back to “heroic science” and the ‘“magic of science” to regain trust? Or the pandemic crisis just highlighted that the death of expertise (Nichols, 2017) is inevitable in the public space?
根据科学的传统形象,如果它的成果是可靠的,那么它们就会被成功地传播,公众就会相信它们在解决实际问题方面的适用性。将科学视为“社会强健知识”(Gibbons, 1999)的新观点是基于知识生产的另外两个必要条件,即透明度和公众参与。但最近的2019冠状病毒病大流行危机表明,科学与社会关系的制度弱点同样造成了普遍的不信任。我们是否应该回到“英雄科学”和“科学的魔力”来重新获得信任?或者大流行危机只是强调了专业知识的死亡(尼科尔斯,2017)在公共空间是不可避免的?
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引用次数: 0
Political Limit of Neoliberal Democracy: The Strategy of Inequality 新自由主义民主的政治限制:不平等的策略
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5840/du202232341
I.V. Zhurbina
The paper studies political consequences of the establishment of neoliberal democ-racy, which means the onset of a post-political state of the world. It is demonstrated that at the “end of politics,” the democratic principle of equal rights turns into its opposite—a radical inequality between transnational elites, personifying the power of “pure” capital, and the local population, representing the idea of “pure” life. Neoliberal democracy is studied as a limit concept, which shows the exhaustion of the democratic principle of equality. The paper shows that the return to democracy as the principle of equality becomes the driving ambition of modern politics of activism as a subjective process, unfolding in places where a situation of radical inequality arises.
本文研究了新自由主义民主建立的政治后果,这意味着世界的后政治状态的开始。在“政治的终结”中,平等权利的民主原则变成了它的对立面——代表“纯粹”资本权力的跨国精英与代表“纯粹”生活理念的当地民众之间的根本不平等。新自由主义民主作为一种极限概念被研究,它显示了民主平等原则的枯竭。本文表明,回归民主作为平等的原则成为现代激进主义政治作为一个主观过程的驱动野心,在出现激进不平等情况的地方展开。
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引用次数: 0
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Dialogue and Universalism
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