Most of the Italian school buildings were built before the 1973 energy crisis, so they need a retrofit to reduce their primary energy demand and improve the indoor environment quality. Moreover, regardless of age, these buildings have large windows; therefore, it is generally necessary to improve the solar control strategy. The older buildings have heavy masonry; in these cases, the problem is where it is more convenient to place an additional layer of insulation: inside or outside the buildings opaque envelope elements. This work explores, only by means of computer simulations, the effects of various retrofit strategies on energy demand and comfort conditions. The examined strategies are characterized by different positions of the additional insulation and various solar control strategies. The case studies consist of two school buildings of the city of Bologna, in Northern Italy. In order to assess the influence of internal gains and time profile of use, other possible uses for the same buildings, such as offices or dwellings, have been considered. Simulations results show that the external insulation is always the most performing, but the differences with the internal one are not relevant in the case of the classrooms. Differences increase with the reduction of the internal gains and with the extension of the daily use time. Small packable slats inserted between the glasses improve luminous comfort, and reduce energy demand. Larger external slats provide less luminous comfort but better thermal comfort in the cooling period; however, they increase the energy demand.
{"title":"Retrofit of Italian School Buildings. The Influence of Thermal Inertia and Solar Gains on Energy Demand and Comfort","authors":"A. Carbonari","doi":"10.5334/FCE.60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/FCE.60","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the Italian school buildings were built before the 1973 energy crisis, so they need a retrofit to reduce their primary energy demand and improve the indoor environment quality. Moreover, regardless of age, these buildings have large windows; therefore, it is generally necessary to improve the solar control strategy. The older buildings have heavy masonry; in these cases, the problem is where it is more convenient to place an additional layer of insulation: inside or outside the buildings opaque envelope elements. This work explores, only by means of computer simulations, the effects of various retrofit strategies on energy demand and comfort conditions. The examined strategies are characterized by different positions of the additional insulation and various solar control strategies. The case studies consist of two school buildings of the city of Bologna, in Northern Italy. In order to assess the influence of internal gains and time profile of use, other possible uses for the same buildings, such as offices or dwellings, have been considered. Simulations results show that the external insulation is always the most performing, but the differences with the internal one are not relevant in the case of the classrooms. Differences increase with the reduction of the internal gains and with the extension of the daily use time. Small packable slats inserted between the glasses improve luminous comfort, and reduce energy demand. Larger external slats provide less luminous comfort but better thermal comfort in the cooling period; however, they increase the energy demand.","PeriodicalId":36755,"journal":{"name":"Future Cities and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47523904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Jones, M. Gillott, R. Boukhanouf, G. Walker, Michele Tunzi, D. Tetlow, Lucelia Rodrigues, M. Sumner
Project SCENIC (Smart Controlled Energy Networks Integrated in Communities) involves connecting properties at the University of Nottingham’s Creative Energy Homes test site in a community scale, integrated heat and power network. Controls will be developed to allow for the most effective heat load allocation and power distribution scenarios. Furthermore, the system will develop the prosumer concept, where consumers are both buyers and sellers of energy in both heat and power systems. This paper describes the initial phase of project SCENIC, achieving truly distributed generation within a heat network. The first of its kind, the system has a four pipe network configuration, consisting of a network flow loop to supply heat to homes, and a generation loop to collect energy from residential heating systems and supply it to a centralised thermal store. To achieve the design, IES-VE steady state heat load and dynamic building modelling have been used. A pre-insulated Rehau Rauthermex piping diameter was sized using flow rate calculations. Pipe diameter is reduced in line with distance from the central pump and associated pressure losses. The diameter ranges from 40 to 25mm, with a heat loss as low as 7.0 W/m. In addition, flow rates will fluctuate below a maximum of 1.99 l/s. Danfoss – 7 Series BS flatstations have been selected as the network-building heat interface units (HIU), to satisfy a calculated peak design heating loads of between 36.74 and 44.06 kW. Furthermore, to enable the prosumer concept and associated business models an adapted Danfoss Flatstations – 3 Series BS was selected to interface the distributed heat sources with the network. This paper gives details of the novel system configuration and concept, energy flows, as well as calculation and modelling results for the heat network. A premise is given to maintaining low temperatures in the network to ensure system efficiency in line with the latest research thinking.
{"title":"A System Design for Distributed Energy Generation in Low-Temperature District Heating (LTDH) Networks","authors":"S. Jones, M. Gillott, R. Boukhanouf, G. Walker, Michele Tunzi, D. Tetlow, Lucelia Rodrigues, M. Sumner","doi":"10.5334/FCE.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/FCE.44","url":null,"abstract":"Project SCENIC (Smart Controlled Energy Networks Integrated in Communities) involves connecting properties at the University of Nottingham’s Creative Energy Homes test site in a community scale, integrated heat and power network. Controls will be developed to allow for the most effective heat load allocation and power distribution scenarios. Furthermore, the system will develop the prosumer concept, where consumers are both buyers and sellers of energy in both heat and power systems. \u0000 \u0000This paper describes the initial phase of project SCENIC, achieving truly distributed generation within a heat network. The first of its kind, the system has a four pipe network configuration, consisting of a network flow loop to supply heat to homes, and a generation loop to collect energy from residential heating systems and supply it to a centralised thermal store. \u0000 \u0000To achieve the design, IES-VE steady state heat load and dynamic building modelling have been used. A pre-insulated Rehau Rauthermex piping diameter was sized using flow rate calculations. Pipe diameter is reduced in line with distance from the central pump and associated pressure losses. The diameter ranges from 40 to 25mm, with a heat loss as low as 7.0 W/m. In addition, flow rates will fluctuate below a maximum of 1.99 l/s. \u0000 \u0000Danfoss – 7 Series BS flatstations have been selected as the network-building heat interface units (HIU), to satisfy a calculated peak design heating loads of between 36.74 and 44.06 kW. Furthermore, to enable the prosumer concept and associated business models an adapted Danfoss Flatstations – 3 Series BS was selected to interface the distributed heat sources with the network. \u0000 \u0000This paper gives details of the novel system configuration and concept, energy flows, as well as calculation and modelling results for the heat network. A premise is given to maintaining low temperatures in the network to ensure system efficiency in line with the latest research thinking.","PeriodicalId":36755,"journal":{"name":"Future Cities and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46927078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Paris Climate Accord and recent IPCC analysis urges to strive towards carbon neutrality by the middle of this century. As most of the end-use energy in Europe is for heating, or well above 60%, these targets will stress more actions in the heating sector. So far, much of the focus in the emission reduction has been on the electricity sector. For instance, the European Union has set as goal to have a carbon-free power system by 2050. Therefore, the efficient coupling of renewable energy integration to heat and heating will be part of an optimal clean energy transition. This paper applies optimization-based energy system models on national (Finland) and sub-national level (Helsinki) to include the heating sector in an energy transition. The models are based on transient simulation of the energy system, coupling variable renewable energies (VRE) through curtailment and power-to-heat schemes to the heat production system. We used large-scale wind power schemes as VRE in both cases. The results indicate that due to different energy system limitations and boundary conditions, stronger curtailment strategies accompanied with large heat pump schemes would be necessary to bring a major impact in the heating sector through wind power. On a national level, wind-derived heat could meet up to 40% of the annual heat demand. On a city level, the use of fossil fuel in combined heat and power production (CHP), typical for northern climates, could significantly be reduced leading even close to 70% CO2 emission reductions in Helsinki. Though these results were site specific, they indicate major opportunities for VRE in sectoral coupling to heat production and hence also a potential role in reducing the emissions.
{"title":"Coupling Variable Renewable Electricity Production to the Heating Sector through Curtailment and Power-to-heat Strategies for Accelerated Emission Reduction","authors":"V. Arabzadeh, Sannamari Pilpola, P. Lund","doi":"10.5334/FCE.58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/FCE.58","url":null,"abstract":"The Paris Climate Accord and recent IPCC analysis urges to strive towards carbon neutrality by the middle of this century. As most of the end-use energy in Europe is for heating, or well above 60%, these targets will stress more actions in the heating sector. So far, much of the focus in the emission reduction has been on the electricity sector. For instance, the European Union has set as goal to have a carbon-free power system by 2050. Therefore, the efficient coupling of renewable energy integration to heat and heating will be part of an optimal clean energy transition. This paper applies optimization-based energy system models on national (Finland) and sub-national level (Helsinki) to include the heating sector in an energy transition. The models are based on transient simulation of the energy system, coupling variable renewable energies (VRE) through curtailment and power-to-heat schemes to the heat production system. We used large-scale wind power schemes as VRE in both cases. The results indicate that due to different energy system limitations and boundary conditions, stronger curtailment strategies accompanied with large heat pump schemes would be necessary to bring a major impact in the heating sector through wind power. On a national level, wind-derived heat could meet up to 40% of the annual heat demand. On a city level, the use of fossil fuel in combined heat and power production (CHP), typical for northern climates, could significantly be reduced leading even close to 70% CO2 emission reductions in Helsinki. Though these results were site specific, they indicate major opportunities for VRE in sectoral coupling to heat production and hence also a potential role in reducing the emissions.","PeriodicalId":36755,"journal":{"name":"Future Cities and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45375952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-12DOI: 10.1186/s40984-016-0014-2
S. Riffat, Richard J. Powell, Devrim Aydin
{"title":"Future cities and environmental sustainability","authors":"S. Riffat, Richard J. Powell, Devrim Aydin","doi":"10.1186/s40984-016-0014-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40984-016-0014-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36755,"journal":{"name":"Future Cities and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40984-016-0014-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44999124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-04DOI: 10.1186/S40984-017-0026-6
M. Lecaro, Benson Lau, Lucelia Rodrigues, D. Jarman
{"title":"The application of vernacular Australian environmental design principles in Glenn Murcutt’s architecture","authors":"M. Lecaro, Benson Lau, Lucelia Rodrigues, D. Jarman","doi":"10.1186/S40984-017-0026-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/S40984-017-0026-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36755,"journal":{"name":"Future Cities and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/S40984-017-0026-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47347594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-21DOI: 10.1186/S40984-017-0025-7
Dirk Monien, A. Strzalka, A. Koukofikis, V. Coors, U. Eicker
{"title":"Comparison of building modelling assumptions and methods for urban scale heat demand forecasting","authors":"Dirk Monien, A. Strzalka, A. Koukofikis, V. Coors, U. Eicker","doi":"10.1186/S40984-017-0025-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/S40984-017-0025-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36755,"journal":{"name":"Future Cities and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/S40984-017-0025-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47674896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-03DOI: 10.1186/S40984-016-0024-0
J. Dorfner, Patrick Krystallas, Magdalena Durst, Tobias Massier
{"title":"District cooling network optimization with redundancy constraints in Singapore","authors":"J. Dorfner, Patrick Krystallas, Magdalena Durst, Tobias Massier","doi":"10.1186/S40984-016-0024-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/S40984-016-0024-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36755,"journal":{"name":"Future Cities and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/S40984-016-0024-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45725835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-22DOI: 10.1186/S40984-016-0022-2
Christian Fertner, G. Jørgensen, T. Nielsen, K. Nilsson
{"title":"Urban sprawl and growth management – drivers, impacts and responses in selected European and US cities","authors":"Christian Fertner, G. Jørgensen, T. Nielsen, K. Nilsson","doi":"10.1186/S40984-016-0022-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/S40984-016-0022-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36755,"journal":{"name":"Future Cities and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/S40984-016-0022-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65770845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-05DOI: 10.1186/S40984-016-0021-3
Steffen Lehmann
{"title":"Sustainable urbanism: towards a framework for quality and optimal density?","authors":"Steffen Lehmann","doi":"10.1186/S40984-016-0021-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/S40984-016-0021-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36755,"journal":{"name":"Future Cities and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/S40984-016-0021-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65770836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-08DOI: 10.1186/S40984-016-0020-4
L. Bourikas, P. James, A. Bahaj, M. Jentsch, Tianfeng Shen, D.H.C Chow, J. Darkwa
{"title":"Transforming typical hourly simulation weather data files to represent urban locations by using a 3D urban unit representation with micro-climate simulations","authors":"L. Bourikas, P. James, A. Bahaj, M. Jentsch, Tianfeng Shen, D.H.C Chow, J. Darkwa","doi":"10.1186/S40984-016-0020-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/S40984-016-0020-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36755,"journal":{"name":"Future Cities and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/S40984-016-0020-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65770823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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