Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.54555/ccjls.3769.30145
C. Call
Image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) involves the sharing or distribution of erotic material without the consent of the subject in the material. A common scenario of IBSA revolves around an individual sharing erotic material of their former intimate partner following the dissolution of the relationship in order to humiliate or harass that former partner for a perceived wrongdoing. This scenario has caused IBSA to be referred to as “revenge porn” in the past, but that phrase does not capture the full breadth of IBSA behaviors and motivations. IBSA is a relatively new phenomenon, having emerged in the last decade, and few studies have examined public perceptions of the activity. In the present study, the attitudes of a national sample (_n_ = 1,023) of Americans were examined on IBSA-related issues. Results of this study showed that the general public largely disapproves of IBSA and supports its criminalization; however, the public also attributes blame to the victims of IBSA. Several factors influence these perceptions including sex, race, age, parental status, political orientation, and sexting history.
{"title":"Perceptions of Image-Based Sexual Abuse Among the American Public","authors":"C. Call","doi":"10.54555/ccjls.3769.30145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54555/ccjls.3769.30145","url":null,"abstract":"Image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) involves the sharing or distribution of erotic material without the consent of the subject in the material. A common scenario of IBSA revolves around an individual sharing erotic material of their former intimate partner following the dissolution of the relationship in order to humiliate or harass that former partner for a perceived wrongdoing. This scenario has caused IBSA to be referred to as “revenge porn” in the past, but that phrase does not capture the full breadth of IBSA behaviors and motivations. IBSA is a relatively new phenomenon, having emerged in the last decade, and few studies have examined public perceptions of the activity. In the present study, the attitudes of a national sample (_n_ = 1,023) of Americans were examined on IBSA-related issues. Results of this study showed that the general public largely disapproves of IBSA and supports its criminalization; however, the public also attributes blame to the victims of IBSA. Several factors influence these perceptions including sex, race, age, parental status, political orientation, and sexting history.","PeriodicalId":36774,"journal":{"name":"Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law and Society","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41956875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.54555/ccjls.3769.30143
Jeffrey Ian Ross, R. Tewksbury, Lauren Samuelsen, Tiara Caneff
Over the past century, many American correctional professionals (including correctional officers, wardens, and support staff) have written memoirs and autobiographies that described their experiences working at one or more facilities. Although the number of books of this nature pales in comparison to those that have been written and published by convicts and exconvicts, enough of them have been released in order to warrant a more in-depth analysis. This article presents the results of a content analysis of 30 English language, American based memoirs/autobiographies published between 1996 and 2017, on 14 variables. Not only does this study contextualize these books, but it also provides an analytic framework for their review. The conclusion points out areas where continued scholarship on this topic may be conducted. In particular, the article argues that more first-hand treatments need to be conducted on the prison institution by current or former correctional professionals who have experience working inside correctional institutions.
{"title":"War Stories? Analyzing Memoirs and Autobiographical Treatments Written by American Correctional Professionals","authors":"Jeffrey Ian Ross, R. Tewksbury, Lauren Samuelsen, Tiara Caneff","doi":"10.54555/ccjls.3769.30143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54555/ccjls.3769.30143","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past century, many American correctional professionals (including correctional officers, wardens, and support staff) have written memoirs and autobiographies that described their experiences working at one or more facilities. Although the number of books of this nature pales in comparison to those that have been written and published by convicts and exconvicts, enough of them have been released in order to warrant a more in-depth analysis. This article presents the results of a content analysis of 30 English language, American based memoirs/autobiographies published between 1996 and 2017, on 14 variables. Not only does this study contextualize these books, but it also provides an analytic framework for their review. The conclusion points out areas where continued scholarship on this topic may be conducted. In particular, the article argues that more first-hand treatments need to be conducted on the prison institution by current or former correctional professionals who have experience working inside correctional institutions.","PeriodicalId":36774,"journal":{"name":"Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law and Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46931736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-24DOI: 10.21202/1993-047X.14.2020.3.598-623
R. Morris
The rationale inspiring treatment for anti-social behavior is rooted in a sociogenic understanding of behavior. Community based mentoring programs begin with this assumption. This study addresses the theoretical debate between psychogenic and sociogenic arguments of anti-social behavior. The psychogenic arguments defining self-control found in the general theory of crime get compared to the sociogenic assumptions of social control theory. This paper frames self- and social control as two sides of the same social psychological coin, suggesting that key value-identities represent the core of self-control. A year of panel data were gathered from 173 children participating in a community-based mentoring program. Of key interest, this study provides an analysis of children facing acute risk for anti-social outcomes, including a group of children impacted by parental incarceration. Results find that self-control varies along different trajectories for different children across a year of social intervention, questioning the relative stability assumption in self-control theory. Children unimpacted by parental incarceration experience increases in self-control across a year of mentoring while children impacted by parental incarceration experience declines in self-control. Results suggest that social intervention programs serving children at-risk for intergenerational crime need to take a cue from clinical treatment models targeting criminogenic needs.
{"title":"Self-Control as a Criminogenic Need: A Longitudinal Test of Social Intervention to Improve Self-Control","authors":"R. Morris","doi":"10.21202/1993-047X.14.2020.3.598-623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21202/1993-047X.14.2020.3.598-623","url":null,"abstract":"The rationale inspiring treatment for anti-social behavior is rooted in a sociogenic understanding of behavior. Community based mentoring programs begin with this assumption. This study addresses the theoretical debate between psychogenic and sociogenic arguments of anti-social behavior. The psychogenic arguments defining self-control found in the general theory of crime get compared to the sociogenic assumptions of social control theory. This paper frames self- and social control as two sides of the same social psychological coin, suggesting that key value-identities represent the core of self-control. A year of panel data were gathered from 173 children participating in a community-based mentoring program. Of key interest, this study provides an analysis of children facing acute risk for anti-social outcomes, including a group of children impacted by parental incarceration. Results find that self-control varies along different trajectories for different children across a year of social intervention, questioning the relative stability assumption in self-control theory. Children unimpacted by parental incarceration experience increases in self-control across a year of mentoring while children impacted by parental incarceration experience declines in self-control. Results suggest that social intervention programs serving children at-risk for intergenerational crime need to take a cue from clinical treatment models targeting criminogenic needs.","PeriodicalId":36774,"journal":{"name":"Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law and Society","volume":"14 1","pages":"7738"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46151493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-25DOI: 10.21202/1993-047X.14.2020.2.352-380
J. Helfgott, William S. Parkin, Christopher Fisher
Objective: to study the features of misdemeanor arrests, charges, referrals, and case dispositions of behavioral crisis-flagged incidents in the largest city in the US north-west – Seattle. Methods: the study employs a quasi-experimental design to examine misdemeanor arrests, charges, referrals, and case dispositions of behavioral crisis-flagged incidents to better understand how individuals who are experiencing behavioral crisis are processed through the misdemeanor justice system. A sample of 505 cases of behavioral-crisis flagged incidents in Seattle from 2016-2018 are compared with a matched random sample of 1053 non-crisis cases examining similarities and differences in arrest, referral, charges, and case disposition. Results : misdemeanor offenses often involve individuals experiencing behavioral crises such as mental illness, drug and alcohol addiction, and homelessness. Little is known about how individuals in behavioral crisis arrested for misdemeanors are processed through the criminal justice system. In 2015, the Seattle Police Department implemented a Crisis Intervention Policy that employed a crisis template enabling systematic identification of incidents flagged by law enforcement as involving “behavioral crisis” to improve data collection and police response to incidents involving individuals in behavioral crisis. Implications for crisis intervention, case processing, and managing individuals who commit misdemeanors while in behavioral crisis are discussed. Scientific novelty: for the first time, the work substantiated the conclusion that individuals involved in crisis-flagged incidents are arrested at a consistently higher rate; are more likely to be charged, taken into custody, and incarcerated; and are more likely to be female. Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering the issues related to prevention and elimination crimes.
{"title":"Crisis-flagged Misdemeanors in Seattle: Arrests, Referrals, Charges, and Case Dispositions","authors":"J. Helfgott, William S. Parkin, Christopher Fisher","doi":"10.21202/1993-047X.14.2020.2.352-380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21202/1993-047X.14.2020.2.352-380","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: to study the features of misdemeanor arrests, charges, referrals, and case dispositions of behavioral crisis-flagged incidents in the largest city in the US north-west – Seattle. Methods: the study employs a quasi-experimental design to examine misdemeanor arrests, charges, referrals, and case dispositions of behavioral crisis-flagged incidents to better understand how individuals who are experiencing behavioral crisis are processed through the misdemeanor justice system. A sample of 505 cases of behavioral-crisis flagged incidents in Seattle from 2016-2018 are compared with a matched random sample of 1053 non-crisis cases examining similarities and differences in arrest, referral, charges, and case disposition. Results : misdemeanor offenses often involve individuals experiencing behavioral crises such as mental illness, drug and alcohol addiction, and homelessness. Little is known about how individuals in behavioral crisis arrested for misdemeanors are processed through the criminal justice system. In 2015, the Seattle Police Department implemented a Crisis Intervention Policy that employed a crisis template enabling systematic identification of incidents flagged by law enforcement as involving “behavioral crisis” to improve data collection and police response to incidents involving individuals in behavioral crisis. Implications for crisis intervention, case processing, and managing individuals who commit misdemeanors while in behavioral crisis are discussed. Scientific novelty: for the first time, the work substantiated the conclusion that individuals involved in crisis-flagged incidents are arrested at a consistently higher rate; are more likely to be charged, taken into custody, and incarcerated; and are more likely to be female. Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering the issues related to prevention and elimination crimes.","PeriodicalId":36774,"journal":{"name":"Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law and Society","volume":"14 1","pages":"9909"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44978579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-16DOI: 10.21202/1993-047X.12.2018.1.132-148
K. Bell
Minority men and women are significantly impacted by mass incarceration. Mass incarceration has also resulted in a growth in prison violence, and previous studies in this area have focused on individuals and not their interconnected statuses. This study specifically considers the role of intersectional criminology and the commitment of prison violence in a large western state on female inmates. Intersectional criminology is a theoretical approach that enables a critical look at the impact of individuals’ interconnected statuses in relation to crime. Findings suggest that an intersectional approach provides more definitive statistical results in the assessment of prison violence and show that minority females commit more violent infractions in prison than White women. As such, this study builds upon previous arguments that intersectionality should be more widely used in future research. Implications for the findings are discussed.
{"title":"Prison Violence and the Intersectionality of Race/Ethnicity and Gender","authors":"K. Bell","doi":"10.21202/1993-047X.12.2018.1.132-148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21202/1993-047X.12.2018.1.132-148","url":null,"abstract":"Minority men and women are significantly impacted by mass incarceration. Mass incarceration has also resulted in a growth in prison violence, and previous studies in this area have focused on individuals and not their interconnected statuses. This study specifically considers the role of intersectional criminology and the commitment of prison violence in a large western state on female inmates. Intersectional criminology is a theoretical approach that enables a critical look at the impact of individuals’ interconnected statuses in relation to crime. Findings suggest that an intersectional approach provides more definitive statistical results in the assessment of prison violence and show that minority females commit more violent infractions in prison than White women. As such, this study builds upon previous arguments that intersectionality should be more widely used in future research. Implications for the findings are discussed.","PeriodicalId":36774,"journal":{"name":"Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law and Society","volume":"12 1","pages":"1362"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41977028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-16DOI: 10.21202/1993-047X.12.2018.1.112-131
Danielle Marie Carkin, P. Tracy
This paper uses the official juvenile offenses among the delinquent boys in the 1958 Philadelphia Birth Cohort to investigate the nature of delinquency conduct, offense-by-offense, and its relationship to adult crime status. Although it is convenient to think of an offender’s delinquency career as a whole, such a career actually consists of one or more specific offenses, and offense conduct can be worth studying in its own right. Thus, it is necessary to determine whether the timing, type, severity, court disposition, and so on of these juvenile offenses can be used to predict adult career pathways. An extensive review of the literature revealed that investigations of early offense conduct and its connection to adult crime are exceedingly scarce. This study indicates as follows: First, the way a delinquent begins his criminal career is predictive of the adult trajectory that will be followed. Second, aspects of the first few offenses do influence whether delinquents continue committing crimes as an adult. The strongest predictor of adult crime status was juvenile court dispositions.
{"title":"Prediction of Adult Criminal Careers from Early Delinquency Offense Characteristics in the 1958 Philadelphia Birth Cohort","authors":"Danielle Marie Carkin, P. Tracy","doi":"10.21202/1993-047X.12.2018.1.112-131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21202/1993-047X.12.2018.1.112-131","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses the official juvenile offenses among the delinquent boys in the 1958 Philadelphia Birth Cohort to investigate the nature of delinquency conduct, offense-by-offense, and its relationship to adult crime status. Although it is convenient to think of an offender’s delinquency career as a whole, such a career actually consists of one or more specific offenses, and offense conduct can be worth studying in its own right. Thus, it is necessary to determine whether the timing, type, severity, court disposition, and so on of these juvenile offenses can be used to predict adult career pathways. An extensive review of the literature revealed that investigations of early offense conduct and its connection to adult crime are exceedingly scarce. This study indicates as follows: First, the way a delinquent begins his criminal career is predictive of the adult trajectory that will be followed. Second, aspects of the first few offenses do influence whether delinquents continue committing crimes as an adult. The strongest predictor of adult crime status was juvenile court dispositions.","PeriodicalId":36774,"journal":{"name":"Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law and Society","volume":"12 1","pages":"1360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45063401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-29DOI: 10.21202/1993-047X.10.2016.3.227-251
Jeffrey R. Wilson
This essay looks into the past of criminology as a way to think about its future. I take a philological approach to the word criminology, looking at the etymology and history of that word, to argue for a new definition of the field: criminology is the systematic study of crime, criminals, criminal law, criminal justice, and criminalization. I expand and explain this definition with respect to some common and (I argue) misguided dictates of criminology as it is traditionally understood. Specifically, I argue that criminology is usually but not necessarily academic and scientific, which means that criminology can be public and/or humanistic. I arrive at these thoughts by presenting some early English instances of the word criminology which predate the attempt to theorize a field of criminology in Italy and France in the 1880s, and I offer some new readings of those Italian and French texts. These philological analyses then come into conversation with some twentieth-century attempts to define the field and some twenty-first-century innovations in an effort to generate a definition of criminology that is responsive to the diversity of criminology in both its original formation and its ongoing transformations. Thus, the virtue of this new understanding of criminology is its inclusiveness: It normalizes unorthodox criminological research, which opens up new possibilities for jobs and funding in the name of criminology, which holds the promise of new perspectives on crime, new theories of criminology, and new policies for prevention and treatment.
{"title":"The Word \"Criminology\": A Philology and a Definition","authors":"Jeffrey R. Wilson","doi":"10.21202/1993-047X.10.2016.3.227-251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21202/1993-047X.10.2016.3.227-251","url":null,"abstract":"This essay looks into the past of criminology as a way to think about its future. I take a philological approach to the word criminology, looking at the etymology and history of that word, to argue for a new definition of the field: criminology is the systematic study of crime, criminals, criminal law, criminal justice, and criminalization. I expand and explain this definition with respect to some common and (I argue) misguided dictates of criminology as it is traditionally understood. Specifically, I argue that criminology is usually but not necessarily academic and scientific, which means that criminology can be public and/or humanistic. I arrive at these thoughts by presenting some early English instances of the word criminology which predate the attempt to theorize a field of criminology in Italy and France in the 1880s, and I offer some new readings of those Italian and French texts. These philological analyses then come into conversation with some twentieth-century attempts to define the field and some twenty-first-century innovations in an effort to generate a definition of criminology that is responsive to the diversity of criminology in both its original formation and its ongoing transformations. Thus, the virtue of this new understanding of criminology is its inclusiveness: It normalizes unorthodox criminological research, which opens up new possibilities for jobs and funding in the name of criminology, which holds the promise of new perspectives on crime, new theories of criminology, and new policies for prevention and treatment.","PeriodicalId":36774,"journal":{"name":"Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law and Society","volume":"16 1","pages":"405"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67946007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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