Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.54555/ccjls.4577.37337
Burcu Ozturk, Angela B. Pharris, Ricky T. Muñoz, D. McLeod
The United States has the highest levels of incarceration in the world, and finding ways to address this ever-growing concern has value both to system-involved individuals and broader society. "Diversion" programs are a pre-trial option that provides rehabilitation and personal development as alternatives to incarceration. Hope is an asset to coping with adversity, and studies have revealed that people who have lower levels of hope are at greater risk of becoming involved in the criminal justice system. One characteristic linked to success in navigating diversion programs is psychological resilience, with hope theory suggesting a hopeful mindset is an antecedent of that resilience. The current study (N = 52) evaluated this theory by testing a model of hope as a driver of resilience. Participants were receiving various diversion-related services in the Heartland of the United States. Participant surveys included established measures of both hope and resilience. First, item scores' principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that hope and resilience operated as unique psychological constructs within the sample. A subsequent path model analysis of hope as a predictor of resilience indicated that, as theorized, hope accounted for 17.2% of the variance in resilience across both race and gender. The results support that hope is essential to psychological resilience among diversion clients. The results suggest that future research into hope theory-based interventions with diversion clients is worthwhile.
{"title":"The Importance of Hope to Resilience in Criminal Justice Diversion Programs","authors":"Burcu Ozturk, Angela B. Pharris, Ricky T. Muñoz, D. McLeod","doi":"10.54555/ccjls.4577.37337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54555/ccjls.4577.37337","url":null,"abstract":"The United States has the highest levels of incarceration in the world, and finding ways to address this ever-growing concern has value both to system-involved individuals and broader society. \"Diversion\" programs are a pre-trial option that provides rehabilitation and personal development as alternatives to incarceration. Hope is an asset to coping with adversity, and studies have revealed that people who have lower levels of hope are at greater risk of becoming involved in the criminal justice system. One characteristic linked to success in navigating diversion programs is psychological resilience, with hope theory suggesting a hopeful mindset is an antecedent of that resilience. The current study (N = 52) evaluated this theory by testing a model of hope as a driver of resilience. Participants were receiving various diversion-related services in the Heartland of the United States. Participant surveys included established measures of both hope and resilience. First, item scores' principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that hope and resilience operated as unique psychological constructs within the sample. A subsequent path model analysis of hope as a predictor of resilience indicated that, as theorized, hope accounted for 17.2% of the variance in resilience across both race and gender. The results support that hope is essential to psychological resilience among diversion clients. The results suggest that future research into hope theory-based interventions with diversion clients is worthwhile.","PeriodicalId":36774,"journal":{"name":"Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law and Society","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85763543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.54555/ccjls.4577.37336
Krystal E. Noga-Styron, Sarah Britto
Historically, policy discussions and decisions by lawmakers have failed to sufficiently consider the emotional and behavioral reactions of campus community members and how these reactions might shape the academic environment when crafting campus carry laws. Such considerations are especially relevant given the paucity of data on whether open carry laws reduce crime. The current study, which surveyed students, faculty, staff, and administrators at two Pacific Northwest universities (one in Oregon and another in Washington) during the 2016 – 2017 academic year, expands on past research to include variables that measure one’s position on campus and state context. This study also expands on past research that focused primarily on support or opposition to campus carry measures, to include a more nuanced look at what various members of the campus community perceive will be the consequences of campus carry measures. Findings show that both students and faculty perceive negative consequences of campus carry laws and that faculty members would constrain their behaviors more than students if campus carry were allowed. A discussion of control variables and the implications of these findings are explored.
{"title":"Campus Carry and Constrained Behavior: Faculty and Students’ Perceptual Responses to Campus Carry Laws","authors":"Krystal E. Noga-Styron, Sarah Britto","doi":"10.54555/ccjls.4577.37336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54555/ccjls.4577.37336","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, policy discussions and decisions by lawmakers have failed to sufficiently consider the emotional and behavioral reactions of campus community members and how these reactions might shape the academic environment when crafting campus carry laws. Such considerations are especially relevant given the paucity of data on whether open carry laws reduce crime. The current study, which surveyed students, faculty, staff, and administrators at two Pacific Northwest universities (one in Oregon and another in Washington) during the 2016 – 2017 academic year, expands on past research to include variables that measure one’s position on campus and state context. This study also expands on past research that focused primarily on support or opposition to campus carry measures, to include a more nuanced look at what various members of the campus community perceive will be the consequences of campus carry measures. Findings show that both students and faculty perceive negative consequences of campus carry laws and that faculty members would constrain their behaviors more than students if campus carry were allowed. A discussion of control variables and the implications of these findings are explored.","PeriodicalId":36774,"journal":{"name":"Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law and Society","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83970462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.54555/ccjls.4577.37330
R. Morris, R. Lecount
In 2017, the hashtag #MeToo emerged as a sign of protest and solidarity challenging the status quo of sexual assault underreporting. Over the next year, reported cases of sexual assault increased by 86.5% (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2014-2018). As it began, #MeToo experienced broad support from across American society. Inflection points have tested this support, as for example, in Dr. Christine Blasey Ford’s testimony before congress (Wright et al., 2021). In an increasingly polarized era, we examine the role that self-reported political identity, participation with a religious community, and value-identities of Conformity, Security, and Tradition play in shaping attitudes about sexual assault reporting and the #MeToo movement. Our findings suggest that religiosity and political identity is complexly correlated with the increasingly politicized #MeToo movement. We also find that support for sexaul assault reporting and the #MeToo moment gets filtered through value-identities of Conformity, Security, and Tradition with the aggregate effect stifling support. We conclude that identities shaped by conservative politics, androcentric religious traditions, and values oriented toward Conformity, Security, and Tradition serve as foundational social psychological factors needing additional attention, as emerging research investigates the potential for movements increasingly defined by identity divisions, for example, rising Christian Nationalism and related protests.
2017年，#MeToo(我也是)标签作为抗议和团结的标志出现，挑战了性侵犯少报的现状。在接下来的一年里，性侵犯案件报告增加了86.5%(司法统计局，2014-2018)。#MeToo运动一开始就得到了美国社会的广泛支持。拐点已经测试了这种支持，例如，在Christine Blasey Ford博士在国会作证时(Wright et al.， 2021)。在一个日益两极分化的时代，我们研究了自我报告的政治身份、与宗教社区的参与以及一致性、安全性和传统的价值认同在塑造对性侵犯报告和#MeToo运动的态度方面所起的作用。我们的研究结果表明，宗教信仰和政治认同与日益政治化的#MeToo运动有着复杂的关联。我们还发现，对性侵犯报告和#MeToo运动的支持，会被符合性、安全性和传统的价值认同过滤掉，总体效应会抑制支持。我们得出的结论是，保守政治、以男性为中心的宗教传统和以顺从、安全和传统为导向的价值观塑造的身份是需要额外关注的基本社会心理因素，因为新兴的研究调查了越来越多的由身份分歧定义的运动的潜力，例如，兴起的基督教民族主义和相关的抗议活动。
{"title":"The Identity Thief: How Politics, Religion, and Values Stole Support for Sexual Assault Reporting and the #MeToo Movement","authors":"R. Morris, R. Lecount","doi":"10.54555/ccjls.4577.37330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54555/ccjls.4577.37330","url":null,"abstract":"In 2017, the hashtag #MeToo emerged as a sign of protest and solidarity challenging the status quo of sexual assault underreporting. Over the next year, reported cases of sexual assault increased by 86.5% (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2014-2018). As it began, #MeToo experienced broad support from across American society. Inflection points have tested this support, as for example, in Dr. Christine Blasey Ford’s testimony before congress (Wright et al., 2021). In an increasingly polarized era, we examine the role that self-reported political identity, participation with a religious community, and value-identities of Conformity, Security, and Tradition play in shaping attitudes about sexual assault reporting and the #MeToo movement. Our findings suggest that religiosity and political identity is complexly correlated with the increasingly politicized #MeToo movement. We also find that support for sexaul assault reporting and the #MeToo moment gets filtered through value-identities of Conformity, Security, and Tradition with the aggregate effect stifling support. We conclude that identities shaped by conservative politics, androcentric religious traditions, and values oriented toward Conformity, Security, and Tradition serve as foundational social psychological factors needing additional attention, as emerging research investigates the potential for movements increasingly defined by identity divisions, for example, rising Christian Nationalism and related protests.","PeriodicalId":36774,"journal":{"name":"Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law and Society","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79859313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.54555/ccjls.4577.37324
Jaclyn Cwick
Social disorganization theory posits that neighborhood social ties facilitate residents’ engagement in distinct forms of informal social control important for crime reduction, including private, parochial, and public controls (Bursik & Grasmik, 1993). Yet research examining how social ties contribute to various forms of informal social control is rare, despite a recent resurgence in efforts to clarify these measures (see Warner, 2014). The present study examines whether neighborhood social ties influence direct informal social control (i.e., residents’ perceptions that their neighbors will stop a crime themselves or will get another neighbor to help) and indirect informal social control (i.e., residents’ perceptions that their neighbors will call the police) within ordinary least squares regression. Findings indicate that previous studies, which have relied on global measures of informal social control, have concealed more nuanced relationships regarding social ties and forms of informal social control. More specifically, neighborhood social ties were positively related to direct informal social control at low levels of disadvantage, but were negatively related to direct informal social control in neighborhoods with high concentrated disadvantage, while social ties were positively related to indirect informal social control regardless of disadvantaged context. Findings point to the importance of including more specific measures of informal social control in current and future residential surveys.
{"title":"Neighborhood Social Ties and Informal Social Control: When do Neighbors Call the Police or Directly Intervene?","authors":"Jaclyn Cwick","doi":"10.54555/ccjls.4577.37324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54555/ccjls.4577.37324","url":null,"abstract":"Social disorganization theory posits that neighborhood social ties facilitate residents’ engagement in distinct forms of informal social control important for crime reduction, including private, parochial, and public controls (Bursik & Grasmik, 1993). Yet research examining how social ties contribute to various forms of informal social control is rare, despite a recent resurgence in efforts to clarify these measures (see Warner, 2014). The present study examines whether neighborhood social ties influence direct informal social control (i.e., residents’ perceptions that their neighbors will stop a crime themselves or will get another neighbor to help) and indirect informal social control (i.e., residents’ perceptions that their neighbors will call the police) within ordinary least squares regression. Findings indicate that previous studies, which have relied on global measures of informal social control, have concealed more nuanced relationships regarding social ties and forms of informal social control. More specifically, neighborhood social ties were positively related to direct informal social control at low levels of disadvantage, but were negatively related to direct informal social control in neighborhoods with high concentrated disadvantage, while social ties were positively related to indirect informal social control regardless of disadvantaged context. Findings point to the importance of including more specific measures of informal social control in current and future residential surveys.","PeriodicalId":36774,"journal":{"name":"Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law and Society","volume":"163 S342","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72407850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.54555/ccjls.4234.34105
Brooke N. Cooley
This paper explored why contact sex offenders lack reoffending, and a taxonomy was developed to better understand the desistance process, or more commonly, the non-reoffending process. Through qualitative conversational interviews with 29 contact sex offenders, it was found that contact sex offenders can be categorized into two broad groups. First, the criminal career sex offender who had persistent habitual offending. This category was comprised of a relatively small number of the sample (20.7%). This category can then be further broken down into two smaller categories, the desisters and the non-reoffenders. The desisters lacked reoffending due to cognitive transformations, while non-reoffenders were able to manage their sexual deviant behaviors due to strategies such as therapy, religious practices, and avoidance. Only two participants could be considered desisters, while the other participants were non-reoffenders. This is a noteworthy finding, demonstrating how rare it is to desist from contact sex offending based on scholars’ definitions of desistance as a process. Conversely, contact sex offenders who are not habitual persistent offenders lack reoffending because they never came to see themselves as “sex offenders” nor do they feel they have problems to address as their crimes were temporary and situational. This group contained the majority of the sample (79.3%) and was further divided into taxonomic subgroups. This study established the need to differentiate between career criminal sex offenders and those who are situational and temporary. Persistent offenders and situational offenders need different treatment practices, and they have different non-reoffending pathways.
{"title":"Desistance from Sexual Offending or Not Reoffending? A Taxonomy of Contact Sex Offenders","authors":"Brooke N. Cooley","doi":"10.54555/ccjls.4234.34105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54555/ccjls.4234.34105","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explored why contact sex offenders lack reoffending, and a taxonomy was developed to better understand the desistance process, or more commonly, the non-reoffending process. Through qualitative conversational interviews with 29 contact sex offenders, it was found that contact sex offenders can be categorized into two broad groups. First, the criminal career sex offender who had persistent habitual offending. This category was comprised of a relatively small number of the sample (20.7%). This category can then be further broken down into two smaller categories, the desisters and the non-reoffenders. The desisters lacked reoffending due to cognitive transformations, while non-reoffenders were able to manage their sexual deviant behaviors due to strategies such as therapy, religious practices, and avoidance. Only two participants could be considered desisters, while the other participants were non-reoffenders. This is a noteworthy finding, demonstrating how rare it is to desist from contact sex offending based on scholars’ definitions of desistance as a process. Conversely, contact sex offenders who are not habitual persistent offenders lack reoffending because they never came to see themselves as “sex offenders” nor do they feel they have problems to address as their crimes were temporary and situational. This group contained the majority of the sample (79.3%) and was further divided into taxonomic subgroups. This study established the need to differentiate between career criminal sex offenders and those who are situational and temporary. Persistent offenders and situational offenders need different treatment practices, and they have different non-reoffending pathways.","PeriodicalId":36774,"journal":{"name":"Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law and Society","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80890730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.54555/ccjls.4234.34102
S. Fallik, Erika R. Stone, Danielle Victory, Taylor Markevitch, Rolando Salvo, Alexis Mallalieu
Though revenge porn is a relatively new phenomenon in popular culture, the first instance can be dated back as early as the 1950s. Despite its nearly 70-year existence, very little is known about this crime or how it is expressed in criminal justice legislation. To further examine the former, the present study analyzes the legislation surrounding revenge porn and reflects upon the scant social science research through a content analysis of the nation’s state statutes. Though innovative revenge porn laws were observed, much of this legislation appeared inconsistent with how this crime is perpetrated and is best described as vague and medley. In light of these observations, policy implications and areas of future research are discussed.
{"title":"Revenge Porn: A Critical Content Analysis of the Nation’s Laws and Reflection upon Social Science Research","authors":"S. Fallik, Erika R. Stone, Danielle Victory, Taylor Markevitch, Rolando Salvo, Alexis Mallalieu","doi":"10.54555/ccjls.4234.34102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54555/ccjls.4234.34102","url":null,"abstract":"Though revenge porn is a relatively new phenomenon in popular culture, the first instance can be dated back as early as the 1950s. Despite its nearly 70-year existence, very little is known about this crime or how it is expressed in criminal justice legislation. To further examine the former, the present study analyzes the legislation surrounding revenge porn and reflects upon the scant social science research through a content analysis of the nation’s state statutes. Though innovative revenge porn laws were observed, much of this legislation appeared inconsistent with how this crime is perpetrated and is best described as vague and medley. In light of these observations, policy implications and areas of future research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":36774,"journal":{"name":"Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law and Society","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87515898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.54555/ccjls.4234.34104
A. Etopio, Emily R. Berthelot
Fear of crime researchers have long debated how to best define and measure fear of crime. There is disagreement about the definition of fear of crime, which has led to inconsistent measurement. Our goal was to develop a new fear of crime scale using a theory of emotion and rigorous methodology. Scale development involved five major stages: in-depth interviews to understand how people describe their fear of crime, qualitative analysis to develop questionnaire items, pretesting, factor analyses, and psychometric validation. Qualitative interviews (N = 29) revealed that people use words like “fear,” “worry,” and “concern” interchangeably. After qualitative analysis led to an initial item pool, factor analyses yielded a 10-item, one-factor scale. Quantitative analyses (N = 665) revealed standardized factor loadings between .715 and .888, an internal consistency of α = .945, and convergent and divergent validity. Our new measure will allow greater precision when researching fear of crime.
{"title":"Defining and Measuring Fear of Crime: A New Validated Scale Created from Emotion Theory, Qualitative Interviews, and Factor Analyses","authors":"A. Etopio, Emily R. Berthelot","doi":"10.54555/ccjls.4234.34104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54555/ccjls.4234.34104","url":null,"abstract":"Fear of crime researchers have long debated how to best define and measure fear of crime. There is disagreement about the definition of fear of crime, which has led to inconsistent measurement. Our goal was to develop a new fear of crime scale using a theory of emotion and rigorous methodology. Scale development involved five major stages: in-depth interviews to understand how people describe their fear of crime, qualitative analysis to develop questionnaire items, pretesting, factor analyses, and psychometric validation. Qualitative interviews (N = 29) revealed that people use words like “fear,” “worry,” and “concern” interchangeably. After qualitative analysis led to an initial item pool, factor analyses yielded a 10-item, one-factor scale. Quantitative analyses (N = 665) revealed standardized factor loadings between .715 and .888, an internal consistency of α = .945, and convergent and divergent validity. Our new measure will allow greater precision when researching fear of crime.","PeriodicalId":36774,"journal":{"name":"Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law and Society","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76194804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.54555/ccjls.4234.34103
Nicholas Goldrosen
In the past decade, several U.S. prosecutors, elected on reform-oriented platforms, have implemented policies categorically declining to prosecute certain low-level offenses. These progressive prosecutors argue that their policies alleviate some of the disproportionate and racially biased consequences of broken windows policing. This article uses one case study to examine whether these policies affect the rate at which police make arrests for low-level crimes that prosecutors will decline to prosecute. With arrest and citation data from New York City, this article uses a differences-in-differences design to examine whether marijuana enforcement changed in Brooklyn as a result of District Attorney Ken Thompson’s 2014 decision not to prosecute low-level marijuana possession. This analysis finds a null effect of that policy upon the rates of arrest and citation for low-level and more serious marijuana possession crimes. Arrests, even without prosecution, serve important functions for police and bring weighty consequences for arrestees; this null effect raises questions about how closely linked the purposes of arrests and prosecutions are in the view of patrol officers. Moreover, these findings might prompt questions about the ability of prosecutors to enact effective reforms on their own, given the highly siloed nature of discretion in the U.S. criminal legal system.
{"title":"Null Effects of a Progressive Prosecution Policy on Marijuana Enforcement","authors":"Nicholas Goldrosen","doi":"10.54555/ccjls.4234.34103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54555/ccjls.4234.34103","url":null,"abstract":"In the past decade, several U.S. prosecutors, elected on reform-oriented platforms, have implemented policies categorically declining to prosecute certain low-level offenses. These progressive prosecutors argue that their policies alleviate some of the disproportionate and racially biased consequences of broken windows policing. This article uses one case study to examine whether these policies affect the rate at which police make arrests for low-level crimes that prosecutors will decline to prosecute. With arrest and citation data from New York City, this article uses a differences-in-differences design to examine whether marijuana enforcement changed in Brooklyn as a result of District Attorney Ken Thompson’s 2014 decision not to prosecute low-level marijuana possession. This analysis finds a null effect of that policy upon the rates of arrest and citation for low-level and more serious marijuana possession crimes. Arrests, even without prosecution, serve important functions for police and bring weighty consequences for arrestees; this null effect raises questions about how closely linked the purposes of arrests and prosecutions are in the view of patrol officers. Moreover, these findings might prompt questions about the ability of prosecutors to enact effective reforms on their own, given the highly siloed nature of discretion in the U.S. criminal legal system.","PeriodicalId":36774,"journal":{"name":"Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law and Society","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86601494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.54555/ccjls.3769.30144
L. Charkoudian, Jamie L. Walter, Caroline Harmon‐Darrow, J. Bernstein
Diversion of criminal misdemeanors to mediation by district attorneys has been practiced since the 1970s, but research on its impact on critical outcomes like recidivism is scant and outdated. This quasi-experimental study compares 78 mediated cases from a county that diverts cases to mediation with 128 cases in a similar neighboring county that does not, using phone surveys and case review to ask whether recidivism in mediated cases differs from cases prosecuted or treated as usual over the subsequent year. Controlling for case factors and attitudes toward conflict, a case that is not mediated was five times more likely to result in judicial action, five times more likely to result in jury trial demand, and ten times more likely to result in supervised probation or jail time, and mediated cases were almost five times less likely to return to criminal court in the subsequent year than those that were not mediated.
{"title":"Mediation in Criminal Misdemeanor Cases","authors":"L. Charkoudian, Jamie L. Walter, Caroline Harmon‐Darrow, J. Bernstein","doi":"10.54555/ccjls.3769.30144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54555/ccjls.3769.30144","url":null,"abstract":"Diversion of criminal misdemeanors to mediation by district attorneys has been practiced since the 1970s, but research on its impact on critical outcomes like recidivism is scant and outdated. This quasi-experimental study compares 78 mediated cases from a county that diverts cases to mediation with 128 cases in a similar neighboring county that does not, using phone surveys and case review to ask whether recidivism in mediated cases differs from cases prosecuted or treated as usual over the subsequent year. Controlling for case factors and attitudes toward conflict, a case that is not mediated was five times more likely to result in judicial action, five times more likely to result in jury trial demand, and ten times more likely to result in supervised probation or jail time, and mediated cases were almost five times less likely to return to criminal court in the subsequent year than those that were not mediated.","PeriodicalId":36774,"journal":{"name":"Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law and Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45191051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.54555/ccjls.3769.30146
G. Walters
The goal of the current investigation was to determine whether prosocial peer associations can serve as protective factors by interacting with key components of the peer influence effect. A moderated mediation analysis performed on 2,474 youth (52% female) from the Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT) study (mean age = 12.13 years) revealed that Wave 2 prosocial peer associations moderated the peer delinquency–neutralization relationship. Alternately, Wave 3 prosocial peer associations moderated the neutralization–violent offending relationship. Hence, neutralization beliefs were disproportionately weaker in participants with fewer delinquent peer associations and more prosocial peer associations, whereas the effect of neutralization on delinquency was attenuated, though not eliminated, by strong prosocial peer associations. These results suggest that prosocial peer associations may serve a protective function at different points in the peer influence sequence and that they may be more than simply the converse of peer delinquency.
{"title":"The Moderating Effect of Prosocial Peers on the Relationships Between Peer Delinquency, Neutralization, and Violent Offending","authors":"G. Walters","doi":"10.54555/ccjls.3769.30146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54555/ccjls.3769.30146","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of the current investigation was to determine whether prosocial peer associations can serve as protective factors by interacting with key components of the peer influence effect. A moderated mediation analysis performed on 2,474 youth (52% female) from the Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT) study (mean age = 12.13 years) revealed that Wave 2 prosocial peer associations moderated the peer delinquency–neutralization relationship. Alternately, Wave 3 prosocial peer associations moderated the neutralization–violent offending relationship. Hence, neutralization beliefs were disproportionately weaker in participants with fewer delinquent peer associations and more prosocial peer associations, whereas the effect of neutralization on delinquency was attenuated, though not eliminated, by strong prosocial peer associations. These results suggest that prosocial peer associations may serve a protective function at different points in the peer influence sequence and that they may be more than simply the converse of peer delinquency.","PeriodicalId":36774,"journal":{"name":"Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law and Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49263900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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