Pub Date : 2022-12-26DOI: 10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-941-950
K. V. Orlova
Introduction. The edition titled ‘Federal Security Service Archives: Mongolia Documented, 1922–1936’ contains a Note by Advisor to the MPR Economic Council E. Stulov on [His] Journey to Arkhangai Aimag. The document is of certain interest primarily from a perspective of the current economic and political situation in the country. Advisor E. Stulov was staying in Tsetserleg, the capital of Arkhangai Aimag, from 1 to 10 June 1932, and compiled the Note on 25 June of the same year to be marked top secret. The author mentions the main objective of the journey was to ‘investigate essentials and causes of the uprising’ in the aimag. Personal files of Evgeny A. Stulov are housed at the Russian State Archive of the Economy (Collection of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Trade as of the Year 1925). The Note can be viewed as an extended report on events to have taken place not only in Arkhangai but also in other provinces, and be structured as follows: 1) causes and essentials of the 1932 uprising, 2) economic reasons of the uprising, 3) work of the party organization in the aimag and wider — that of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party nationwide. Goals. The article attempts an analysis of Stulov’s journey to Arkhangai Aimag and examines reasons — political and economic ones — of the uprising and related riots both in Arkhangai and across the bulk of the country. Materials. The paper examines archival documents, published sources, and academic literature. Results and conclusions. E. Stulov’s Note reveals reasons of social unrests across various Mongolian estates. The journey is sure to have been crucial to that the Soviet Government undertook prompt measures to tackle the dramatic events. The unrests had begun in April 1932, and already in May the Mongolian question was being discussed at a meeting of the Politburo (VKP(b) Central Committee), which dispatched a letter to Ulaanbaatar containing proposals aimed at eliminating errors and miscounts afforded. This is why in June the Advisor to the MPR Economic Council was missioned to the country for detailed insights, and the officer’s journey note did reveal actual reasons of what had happened.
{"title":"Е. А. Стулов и его поездка в Архангайский аймак в 1932 г.: по материалам сборника документов «Монголия в документах из архивов ФСБ России (1922–1936 гг.)»","authors":"K. V. Orlova","doi":"10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-941-950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-941-950","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The edition titled ‘Federal Security Service Archives: Mongolia Documented, 1922–1936’ contains a Note by Advisor to the MPR Economic Council E. Stulov on [His] Journey to Arkhangai Aimag. The document is of certain interest primarily from a perspective of the current economic and political situation in the country. Advisor E. Stulov was staying in Tsetserleg, the capital of Arkhangai Aimag, from 1 to 10 June 1932, and compiled the Note on 25 June of the same year to be marked top secret. The author mentions the main objective of the journey was to ‘investigate essentials and causes of the uprising’ in the aimag. Personal files of Evgeny A. Stulov are housed at the Russian State Archive of the Economy (Collection of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Trade as of the Year 1925). The Note can be viewed as an extended report on events to have taken place not only in Arkhangai but also in other provinces, and be structured as follows: 1) causes and essentials of the 1932 uprising, 2) economic reasons of the uprising, 3) work of the party organization in the aimag and wider — that of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party nationwide. Goals. The article attempts an analysis of Stulov’s journey to Arkhangai Aimag and examines reasons — political and economic ones — of the uprising and related riots both in Arkhangai and across the bulk of the country. Materials. The paper examines archival documents, published sources, and academic literature. Results and conclusions. E. Stulov’s Note reveals reasons of social unrests across various Mongolian estates. The journey is sure to have been crucial to that the Soviet Government undertook prompt measures to tackle the dramatic events. The unrests had begun in April 1932, and already in May the Mongolian question was being discussed at a meeting of the Politburo (VKP(b) Central Committee), which dispatched a letter to Ulaanbaatar containing proposals aimed at eliminating errors and miscounts afforded. This is why in June the Advisor to the MPR Economic Council was missioned to the country for detailed insights, and the officer’s journey note did reveal actual reasons of what had happened.","PeriodicalId":36786,"journal":{"name":"Oriental Studies","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87458382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-26DOI: 10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-963-978
Alexandr N. Komandzhaev, Evgeniy A. Komandzhaev, B. V. Ochirov
Introduction. The current community demand for ethnic identity search and its paths makes insights into everyday life of the past topical enough. So, there is also a growing interest in past Kalmyk everyday life which proves unique in many respects. Another research motive is that the phenomenon remains understudied and is limited to some fragmentary observations of a small circle of authors. Goals. The paper aims at characterizing a history of Kalmyk everyday life through the example of deeds and concerns of one shabinar clan to have inhabited Kalmyk Steppe of Astrakhan Governorate. The chronological framework — mid-19th to early 20th centuries — is explained by the abundance of innovations witnessed by the period to have caused essential changes in the slow-paced nomadic life. Materials and methods. The study analyzes a wide range of archival sources to focus on records management documents housed at the National Archive of Kalmykia (collections ‘Kalmyk People’s Executive Department’ and ‘Executive Office of Baga Dorbet Ulus’) and thus introduced into scientific circulation. The study employs a complex of general scientific and special historical methods, with a fundamental role to be played by the civilizational/cultural and interdisciplinary approaches in combination with the principles of historicism and objectivity together supposed to yield maximum truthfulness in descriptions of examined phenomena. Results. The period under study is distinguished by a dramatic destruction of the clan/tribal isolation once inherent to Kalmyk society, this caused by both administrative measures (the 1910 consolidation of aimaks and khotons) and socioeconomic changes to have resulted in essential stratification of society and labor migrations of impoverished individuals and families (including beyond borders of Governorate proper). The latter processes were aggravated by Russian peasant inflows to Kalmyk Steppe and additional land-related problems.
{"title":"К истории калмыцкой повседневности: дела и заботы Ики-Хурулова Шебенерова рода (вторая половина XIX – начало ХХ в.)","authors":"Alexandr N. Komandzhaev, Evgeniy A. Komandzhaev, B. V. Ochirov","doi":"10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-963-978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-963-978","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The current community demand for ethnic identity search and its paths makes insights into everyday life of the past topical enough. So, there is also a growing interest in past Kalmyk everyday life which proves unique in many respects. Another research motive is that the phenomenon remains understudied and is limited to some fragmentary observations of a small circle of authors. Goals. The paper aims at characterizing a history of Kalmyk everyday life through the example of deeds and concerns of one shabinar clan to have inhabited Kalmyk Steppe of Astrakhan Governorate. The chronological framework — mid-19th to early 20th centuries — is explained by the abundance of innovations witnessed by the period to have caused essential changes in the slow-paced nomadic life. Materials and methods. The study analyzes a wide range of archival sources to focus on records management documents housed at the National Archive of Kalmykia (collections ‘Kalmyk People’s Executive Department’ and ‘Executive Office of Baga Dorbet Ulus’) and thus introduced into scientific circulation. The study employs a complex of general scientific and special historical methods, with a fundamental role to be played by the civilizational/cultural and interdisciplinary approaches in combination with the principles of historicism and objectivity together supposed to yield maximum truthfulness in descriptions of examined phenomena. Results. The period under study is distinguished by a dramatic destruction of the clan/tribal isolation once inherent to Kalmyk society, this caused by both administrative measures (the 1910 consolidation of aimaks and khotons) and socioeconomic changes to have resulted in essential stratification of society and labor migrations of impoverished individuals and families (including beyond borders of Governorate proper). The latter processes were aggravated by Russian peasant inflows to Kalmyk Steppe and additional land-related problems.","PeriodicalId":36786,"journal":{"name":"Oriental Studies","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87803623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-26DOI: 10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-930-940
L. V. Kuras, Tsyden S. Ochirov, Bazar D. Tsybenov
Introduction. The 20th-century shaping and development of the intelligentsia in China’s Inner Mongolia remains understudied in Russian Mongolian studies. Goals. The study aims at exploring the development of Inner Mongolia’s education system, including in Daur-inhabited areas, in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, at determining the place and role of the Mongolian-Tibetan Special School in training of Inner Mongolia’s advanced youth. Materials and methods. The article analyzes a wide range of sources, including documents from the Russian State Archive of Sociopolitical History (RGASPI) and Central Archives of the Federal Security Service of Russia (CA FSB). It also examines a number of publications, such as collected documents and memoirs titled ‘Notes of Disasters and Sufferings’, one reference book on Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner, and the Neimenggu ribao (Inner Mongolia Daily) newspaper. Certain attention is paid to works by Russian and foreign historians that touch upon some aspects of education development in ethnic regions of China. Results. In the early 20th century, the youth of Inner Mongolia gained opportunities to study at educational institutions of China and other countries. Subsequently, the revolutionary youth to further constitute a large proportion of the Mongolian intelligentsia took an active part in the sociopolitical events of the examined period. Conclusions. The reforms of the Qing and ROC governments in ethnic minorities education system gave rise to a large number of educational institutions to be attended by commoners’ children in Inner Mongolia. This proved a crucial factor to have formed a new social stratum in the region throughout the 1920s and 1930s. The latter was shaped by young Mongols to have undergone training not only in China but also in Japan, Mongolia, and the USSR. They played a significant role in the all-Mongolian national liberation movement. The paper asserts important impacts of the Mongolian-Tibetan Special School which had educated political elites of 20th-century Inner Mongolia.
{"title":"Формирование монгольской интеллигенции во Внутренней Монголии Китая в начале XX в.","authors":"L. V. Kuras, Tsyden S. Ochirov, Bazar D. Tsybenov","doi":"10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-930-940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-930-940","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The 20th-century shaping and development of the intelligentsia in China’s Inner Mongolia remains understudied in Russian Mongolian studies. Goals. The study aims at exploring the development of Inner Mongolia’s education system, including in Daur-inhabited areas, in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, at determining the place and role of the Mongolian-Tibetan Special School in training of Inner Mongolia’s advanced youth. Materials and methods. The article analyzes a wide range of sources, including documents from the Russian State Archive of Sociopolitical History (RGASPI) and Central Archives of the Federal Security Service of Russia (CA FSB). It also examines a number of publications, such as collected documents and memoirs titled ‘Notes of Disasters and Sufferings’, one reference book on Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner, and the Neimenggu ribao (Inner Mongolia Daily) newspaper. Certain attention is paid to works by Russian and foreign historians that touch upon some aspects of education development in ethnic regions of China. Results. In the early 20th century, the youth of Inner Mongolia gained opportunities to study at educational institutions of China and other countries. Subsequently, the revolutionary youth to further constitute a large proportion of the Mongolian intelligentsia took an active part in the sociopolitical events of the examined period. Conclusions. The reforms of the Qing and ROC governments in ethnic minorities education system gave rise to a large number of educational institutions to be attended by commoners’ children in Inner Mongolia. This proved a crucial factor to have formed a new social stratum in the region throughout the 1920s and 1930s. The latter was shaped by young Mongols to have undergone training not only in China but also in Japan, Mongolia, and the USSR. They played a significant role in the all-Mongolian national liberation movement. The paper asserts important impacts of the Mongolian-Tibetan Special School which had educated political elites of 20th-century Inner Mongolia.","PeriodicalId":36786,"journal":{"name":"Oriental Studies","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89741478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-26DOI: 10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-904-918
Vitaliy A. Babenko, Marina E. Kolesnikova, Khachatur R. Stepanyan
Introduction. The article deals with the issue of Christian communities of different denominations to have resided in the city of Majar, the latter localized around Majar hillfort on the Kuma riverside. Christian cult objects have been discovered in the commercial and crafts quarter of the hillfort. Archaeological and written sources make it possible to identify certain groups of Christians — Orthodox, Catholic, and Gregorian (Armenian) ones — within the city’s population. Goals. The study aims to summarize data on Christians in Majar. Nowadays, there is archaeological evidence confirming Majar had been also inhabited by ethnic Russians and Armenians. Materials and methods. The work analyzes the First Sophia Chronicle, sources on Latin missionary activity in the Golden Horde published by Ph. Bruun, A. Malyshev, and R. Hautala, a 1774 map of the Caucasus compiled by Georg Treitel, and archaeological materials. The study employs a number of research methods, such as the historical/systemic, historical/comparative, and cartographic ones. Results. The year 1245 had witnessed earliest contacts between the papacy and the Mongol Empire. In 1260, relations between the Golden Horde and the Byzantine Empire were set up. And in 1267, Metropolitan Kirill II of Kiev received a jarlig from Khan Mengu-Timur. Rulers of the Golden Horde were seeking to achieve various domestic and foreign policy goals through the agenda of religious tolerance. Franciscan missions, parishes of the Alan Metropolitanate, Diocese of Sarai, and the Armenian Church were functioning across the early 14th-century North Caucasus. Some 16th–18th century written sources attest to the presence of a Christian temple within the hillfort of Majar. Materials published by Ph. Bruun, A. Malyshev, and R. Hautala provide evidence Majar and its neighborhood used to host several Franciscan missions throughout the 14th century. Christian cult objects (encolpion cross, copper icon) discovered in the territory of Majar’s trade and crafts quarter testify to that Orthodox Christians had also lived there and had a temple of their own. The Armenian cross-stone (khachkar) which had been part of a church and found at the ancient site suggests there may have been an Armenian community and an Armenian temple too. Conclusions. The available evidence of the presence of different Christian denominations in Majar insufficiently reveals their role in the city’s life. And it gets urgent to localize the Christian quarter at the ancient site of Majar. So, the search for archival materials and archaeological explorations of the site should be continued.
{"title":"Христианское население города Маджара и его округи по данным археологических и письменных источников","authors":"Vitaliy A. Babenko, Marina E. Kolesnikova, Khachatur R. Stepanyan","doi":"10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-904-918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-904-918","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article deals with the issue of Christian communities of different denominations to have resided in the city of Majar, the latter localized around Majar hillfort on the Kuma riverside. Christian cult objects have been discovered in the commercial and crafts quarter of the hillfort. Archaeological and written sources make it possible to identify certain groups of Christians — Orthodox, Catholic, and Gregorian (Armenian) ones — within the city’s population. Goals. The study aims to summarize data on Christians in Majar. Nowadays, there is archaeological evidence confirming Majar had been also inhabited by ethnic Russians and Armenians. Materials and methods. The work analyzes the First Sophia Chronicle, sources on Latin missionary activity in the Golden Horde published by Ph. Bruun, A. Malyshev, and R. Hautala, a 1774 map of the Caucasus compiled by Georg Treitel, and archaeological materials. The study employs a number of research methods, such as the historical/systemic, historical/comparative, and cartographic ones. Results. The year 1245 had witnessed earliest contacts between the papacy and the Mongol Empire. In 1260, relations between the Golden Horde and the Byzantine Empire were set up. And in 1267, Metropolitan Kirill II of Kiev received a jarlig from Khan Mengu-Timur. Rulers of the Golden Horde were seeking to achieve various domestic and foreign policy goals through the agenda of religious tolerance. Franciscan missions, parishes of the Alan Metropolitanate, Diocese of Sarai, and the Armenian Church were functioning across the early 14th-century North Caucasus. Some 16th–18th century written sources attest to the presence of a Christian temple within the hillfort of Majar. Materials published by Ph. Bruun, A. Malyshev, and R. Hautala provide evidence Majar and its neighborhood used to host several Franciscan missions throughout the 14th century. Christian cult objects (encolpion cross, copper icon) discovered in the territory of Majar’s trade and crafts quarter testify to that Orthodox Christians had also lived there and had a temple of their own. The Armenian cross-stone (khachkar) which had been part of a church and found at the ancient site suggests there may have been an Armenian community and an Armenian temple too. Conclusions. The available evidence of the presence of different Christian denominations in Majar insufficiently reveals their role in the city’s life. And it gets urgent to localize the Christian quarter at the ancient site of Majar. So, the search for archival materials and archaeological explorations of the site should be continued.","PeriodicalId":36786,"journal":{"name":"Oriental Studies","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86656140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-26DOI: 10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-1008-1021
Konstantin N. Maksimov
Introduction. The article introduces newly discovered documents from Kalmykia’s National Archive and the State Archive of Russia (supplemented with other historical sources) to continue insights into pre-army training and conscription among the Kalmyks from the perspective of strengthening Soviet defense capability in pre-war years. Goals. The paper seeks to analyze mobilization arrangements to have aimed at increasing the country’s defense potentials on the basis of a mixed army recruitment system (professional and territorial principles) — in the period prior to the transition to a regular commissioned staff system. Results. The work shows the mid-1930s witnessed a completion of the military reforms to have introduced a mixed army recruitment system. Over two thousand ethnic Kalmyks were conscripted into the Red Army to undergo military, political, physical training — and become professional soldiers qualified enough to defend Motherland. Somewhat seven thousand enlistment-age residents of Kalmykia received paramilitary training (foundations of military science, weapons handling) and joined the country’s military manpower pool. Still, by the mid-1930s, the Soviet Government faced a severe necessity to take additional measures to ensure national security. First of all, they needed a regular professional army with increased numbers of forces, high efficiency standards, combat and mobilization readiness, officers with expertise in new weapons and contemporary combat tactics. That required another radical military reform — a transition from the mixed professional-militia system to the one based on compulsory military service of Soviet citizens.
{"title":"Мобилизационные мероприятия в Калмыкии в контексте укрепления обороноспособности СССР (конец 1920-х – 1930-е гг.)","authors":"Konstantin N. Maksimov","doi":"10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-1008-1021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-1008-1021","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article introduces newly discovered documents from Kalmykia’s National Archive and the State Archive of Russia (supplemented with other historical sources) to continue insights into pre-army training and conscription among the Kalmyks from the perspective of strengthening Soviet defense capability in pre-war years. Goals. The paper seeks to analyze mobilization arrangements to have aimed at increasing the country’s defense potentials on the basis of a mixed army recruitment system (professional and territorial principles) — in the period prior to the transition to a regular commissioned staff system. Results. The work shows the mid-1930s witnessed a completion of the military reforms to have introduced a mixed army recruitment system. Over two thousand ethnic Kalmyks were conscripted into the Red Army to undergo military, political, physical training — and become professional soldiers qualified enough to defend Motherland. Somewhat seven thousand enlistment-age residents of Kalmykia received paramilitary training (foundations of military science, weapons handling) and joined the country’s military manpower pool. Still, by the mid-1930s, the Soviet Government faced a severe necessity to take additional measures to ensure national security. First of all, they needed a regular professional army with increased numbers of forces, high efficiency standards, combat and mobilization readiness, officers with expertise in new weapons and contemporary combat tactics. That required another radical military reform — a transition from the mixed professional-militia system to the one based on compulsory military service of Soviet citizens.","PeriodicalId":36786,"journal":{"name":"Oriental Studies","volume":"169 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80649623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-26DOI: 10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-951-962
Vladimir T. Tepkeev
Introduction. The article scrutinizes the 1727 Kalmyk-Kuban contacts and — within the latter — the role of the rebellious Sultan Bahti Giray of Kuban to have dramatically destabilized the Russian-Ottoman steppe frontier. The recent years witness an increasing interest in Bahti Giray’s biography examined in a series of special publications. Goals. The paper aims to introduce some newly discovered data on Kalmyk-Kuban relations. Materials. The work focuses on materials from the National Archive of Kalmykia to have collected unique documents of correspondence between Kalmyk princes and South Russian authorities, as well as secret eyewitness reports on Kalmyk-Kuban contacts. Results. The article provides a detailed historical review of Kalmyk-Kuban relations as of 1727. Conclusions. In 1726–1727, Bahti Giray — after a number of misfortunes — joined another struggle for power in Kuban with the military aid of the Kalmyks. Kalmyk leaders were eager to seize the opportunity for minimizing any threats from Kuban rather than for regaining control over Yedisan and Jamboiluk Nogais. So, those were common military and political interests that brought Bahti Giray and Kalmyk chieftains together. Meanwhile, the Russian Government was worried enough by the tense situation in the Russian-Turkish frontier and sought for various means to neutralize the rebellious sultan — from political murder to proclamation of a protectorate, the latter having been welcomed by both the sultan himself and most Kalmyk princes that took an active part in the negotiation process. However, Colonel V. Beklemishev who was acting as Russia’s chief representative throughout the negotiations did fear the two parties may have initiated a political imitation but had no efficient levers to influence the situation and cancel the forthcoming Kuban campaign.
{"title":"Участие калмыков в переговорах о вступлении кубанского султана Бахта-Гирея под российскую протекцию в 1727 г.","authors":"Vladimir T. Tepkeev","doi":"10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-951-962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-951-962","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article scrutinizes the 1727 Kalmyk-Kuban contacts and — within the latter — the role of the rebellious Sultan Bahti Giray of Kuban to have dramatically destabilized the Russian-Ottoman steppe frontier. The recent years witness an increasing interest in Bahti Giray’s biography examined in a series of special publications. Goals. The paper aims to introduce some newly discovered data on Kalmyk-Kuban relations. Materials. The work focuses on materials from the National Archive of Kalmykia to have collected unique documents of correspondence between Kalmyk princes and South Russian authorities, as well as secret eyewitness reports on Kalmyk-Kuban contacts. Results. The article provides a detailed historical review of Kalmyk-Kuban relations as of 1727. Conclusions. In 1726–1727, Bahti Giray — after a number of misfortunes — joined another struggle for power in Kuban with the military aid of the Kalmyks. Kalmyk leaders were eager to seize the opportunity for minimizing any threats from Kuban rather than for regaining control over Yedisan and Jamboiluk Nogais. So, those were common military and political interests that brought Bahti Giray and Kalmyk chieftains together. Meanwhile, the Russian Government was worried enough by the tense situation in the Russian-Turkish frontier and sought for various means to neutralize the rebellious sultan — from political murder to proclamation of a protectorate, the latter having been welcomed by both the sultan himself and most Kalmyk princes that took an active part in the negotiation process. However, Colonel V. Beklemishev who was acting as Russia’s chief representative throughout the negotiations did fear the two parties may have initiated a political imitation but had no efficient levers to influence the situation and cancel the forthcoming Kuban campaign.","PeriodicalId":36786,"journal":{"name":"Oriental Studies","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72419223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-15DOI: 10.22162/2619-0990-2022-61-4-882-894
Bayrta B. Mandzhieva
Introduction. Despite quite a number of Jangar-related issues have been duly studied, questions pertaining to existence, continuity (transmission) and preservation of the Xinjiang Oirat epic tradition, biographies of jangarchis and their repertoires remain somewhat insufficiently answered by Russia-based folklorists and, thus, seem as relevant enough. Goals. The article attempts an academic insight into the storytelling tradition of Xinjiang Oirat jangarchis, considers geographical borders of the epic, determines the role of a storyteller as bearer, keeper and performer of the epic heritage inherent to China’s Oirats. Materials and methods. The descriptive and comparative methods prove most instrumental in exploring the storytelling tradition of Xinjiang Oirats. The narratives examined are related editions in Oirat (Clear Script), Mongolian, and Kalmyk. Conclusions. Analysis of the Xinjiang Oirat storytelling tradition shows that the Jangar Epic was widely present in all ethnic groups of Xinjiang Oirats — the Torghut, Olet, Tsakhar, Khoshut, Zakhchins, and Uryankhai — throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, each population to have had renown jangarchis of their own with extensive repertoires numbering at least ten (and more) Jangar epic songs. The identified lines and patterns of transmission were clan-oriented. So, many jangarchis learnt epic narratives from storytellers of their clan — fathers, grandfathers, uncles, and brothers. The epic tradition was also contributed to by talented female storytellers who — having been unable to participate in meetings and contests since women were traditionally banned from epic storytelling — would recite texts in the family circle and teach storytelling to their children and grandchildren. In mid-to-late 20th century, the Xinjiang Oirat oral epic tradition started being paralleled by a written one.
{"title":"Синьцзян-ойратские сказители: хранители эпической традиции «Джангара»","authors":"Bayrta B. Mandzhieva","doi":"10.22162/2619-0990-2022-61-4-882-894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-61-4-882-894","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Despite quite a number of Jangar-related issues have been duly studied, questions pertaining to existence, continuity (transmission) and preservation of the Xinjiang Oirat epic tradition, biographies of jangarchis and their repertoires remain somewhat insufficiently answered by Russia-based folklorists and, thus, seem as relevant enough. Goals. The article attempts an academic insight into the storytelling tradition of Xinjiang Oirat jangarchis, considers geographical borders of the epic, determines the role of a storyteller as bearer, keeper and performer of the epic heritage inherent to China’s Oirats. Materials and methods. The descriptive and comparative methods prove most instrumental in exploring the storytelling tradition of Xinjiang Oirats. The narratives examined are related editions in Oirat (Clear Script), Mongolian, and Kalmyk. Conclusions. Analysis of the Xinjiang Oirat storytelling tradition shows that the Jangar Epic was widely present in all ethnic groups of Xinjiang Oirats — the Torghut, Olet, Tsakhar, Khoshut, Zakhchins, and Uryankhai — throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, each population to have had renown jangarchis of their own with extensive repertoires numbering at least ten (and more) Jangar epic songs. The identified lines and patterns of transmission were clan-oriented. So, many jangarchis learnt epic narratives from storytellers of their clan — fathers, grandfathers, uncles, and brothers. The epic tradition was also contributed to by talented female storytellers who — having been unable to participate in meetings and contests since women were traditionally banned from epic storytelling — would recite texts in the family circle and teach storytelling to their children and grandchildren. In mid-to-late 20th century, the Xinjiang Oirat oral epic tradition started being paralleled by a written one.","PeriodicalId":36786,"journal":{"name":"Oriental Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86820330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-15DOI: 10.22162/2619-0990-2022-61-4-871-881
Altana D. Bazarzhapova, M. D. Voeikova
Introduction. The article analyzes problem-solving mechanisms occurring in Buryat-Russian bilingual oral speech, the former being universal communicative strategies that enable bilinguals to construct and maintain Buryat language communication in the absence of some language resources and skills. Goals. The study attempts an analysis of extensive speech materials that include certain problem-solving mechanisms and aims at describing features of bilingual speech and essentials of social bilingualism from across the territories of ethnic Buryatia, as well as at showing analyses of such mechanisms be rewarding for explorations of Buryat-Russian bilingualism. Material and methods. The work examines recordings (speech narratives) of Tükherig TV Quiz Show (2019–2020) to have been attended by 285 bilinguals from different areas of ethnic Buryatia and with differing Buryat language proficiency levels. Speech portraits of the bilinguals contain details of their speech behavior individually indicating a certain problem faced and a mechanism employed to solve the latter. Reference editions prove instrumental in assessing efficiency of each specific mechanism activated and calculating correlations between age characteristics of the informants and task fulfillment rates, including actual communication language choices. Results. The paper reveals quite a number of various problem-solving mechanisms, identifies their activation reasons and logic. The narratives — though specific enough — make it possible to delineate features of social bilingualism in the region. Conclusions. The observations vividly confirm and illustrate findings of other researchers as to that the region’s communication paradigm is distinctly two-coded, with large layers of Buryat vocabulary remaining passive for Buryat-Russian bilinguals. This results in that though actively used basic words enable bilinguals to generate utterances in Buryat, the latter largely prove inaccurate and demonstrate no semantic diversity.
{"title":"Опыт анализа проблемно-разрешительных механизмов в бурятско-русской билингвальной речи","authors":"Altana D. Bazarzhapova, M. D. Voeikova","doi":"10.22162/2619-0990-2022-61-4-871-881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-61-4-871-881","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article analyzes problem-solving mechanisms occurring in Buryat-Russian bilingual oral speech, the former being universal communicative strategies that enable bilinguals to construct and maintain Buryat language communication in the absence of some language resources and skills. Goals. The study attempts an analysis of extensive speech materials that include certain problem-solving mechanisms and aims at describing features of bilingual speech and essentials of social bilingualism from across the territories of ethnic Buryatia, as well as at showing analyses of such mechanisms be rewarding for explorations of Buryat-Russian bilingualism. Material and methods. The work examines recordings (speech narratives) of Tükherig TV Quiz Show (2019–2020) to have been attended by 285 bilinguals from different areas of ethnic Buryatia and with differing Buryat language proficiency levels. Speech portraits of the bilinguals contain details of their speech behavior individually indicating a certain problem faced and a mechanism employed to solve the latter. Reference editions prove instrumental in assessing efficiency of each specific mechanism activated and calculating correlations between age characteristics of the informants and task fulfillment rates, including actual communication language choices. Results. The paper reveals quite a number of various problem-solving mechanisms, identifies their activation reasons and logic. The narratives — though specific enough — make it possible to delineate features of social bilingualism in the region. Conclusions. The observations vividly confirm and illustrate findings of other researchers as to that the region’s communication paradigm is distinctly two-coded, with large layers of Buryat vocabulary remaining passive for Buryat-Russian bilinguals. This results in that though actively used basic words enable bilinguals to generate utterances in Buryat, the latter largely prove inaccurate and demonstrate no semantic diversity.","PeriodicalId":36786,"journal":{"name":"Oriental Studies","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72503262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-15DOI: 10.22162/2619-0990-2022-61-4-649-662
A. S. Zuev, Dmitry K. Popov
Introduction. The paper provides a first historiographic insight into official ranks and social status of Russian diplomats to have been dispatched on diplomatic missions to leaders of nomadic military/political associations across Northern Central Asia in the 17th century. Goals. The study aims to determine essentials of how the Tsardom of Russia tended to perceive its counterparties’ status through the analysis of official positions and social backgrounds of Russian diplomats. Materials and methods. The article analyzes a wide range of published and unpublished documents, systemizes and generalizes qualitative and quantitative data pertaining to official ranks of Russian diplomats discovered in records management papers, such as Tsar’s ukazes, nakazes and reminder nakazes, as well as those referred to as stateyny spisok (list of officers) and otpiska voevody (governor’s report). Results. The work reveals diplomatic missions to Kirghiz and Teleut lands, Dzungaria and Mongolia were usually headed by offsprings of the nobility (deti boyarskie) and regular servicemen (nachalnye lyudi) — Cossack leaders, atamans, squadron (pyatidesyatnik) and section (desyatnik) commanders. However, it was not that rare when such diplomatic endeavors were entrusted to servicemen of lower ranks and, occasionally, representatives of indigenous (non-Russian) populations. Conclusions. In terms of 16th–17th century Russian ambassadorial semiotics, the choice of diplomats from commoners and those characterized by lower social status was definitely purposeful and aimed at demonstrating that Turkic and Mongolian nomadic rulers were to enjoy fewer honors due to a higher standing of the Russian Tsar. Since the Tsardom of Muscovy was seeking to gain control over the nomadic military/political alliances of Northern Central Asia and bring nomadic elites under ‘the higher hand of the monarch’, the appointments of lower-ranked servicemen as heads of diplomatic missions were to meet the goals (and logic) of Russian expansionist policy. Low ranks of dispatched diplomats indicated not only the Russian Tsar’s political superiority over nomadic rulers but also attested to that Russians already tended to perceive nomads as potential subjects of the Tsar.
{"title":"Чиновный статус русских дипломатов в посольских отношениях Русского государства с кочевниками севера Центральной Азии в XVII в.","authors":"A. S. Zuev, Dmitry K. Popov","doi":"10.22162/2619-0990-2022-61-4-649-662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-61-4-649-662","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The paper provides a first historiographic insight into official ranks and social status of Russian diplomats to have been dispatched on diplomatic missions to leaders of nomadic military/political associations across Northern Central Asia in the 17th century. Goals. The study aims to determine essentials of how the Tsardom of Russia tended to perceive its counterparties’ status through the analysis of official positions and social backgrounds of Russian diplomats. Materials and methods. The article analyzes a wide range of published and unpublished documents, systemizes and generalizes qualitative and quantitative data pertaining to official ranks of Russian diplomats discovered in records management papers, such as Tsar’s ukazes, nakazes and reminder nakazes, as well as those referred to as stateyny spisok (list of officers) and otpiska voevody (governor’s report). Results. The work reveals diplomatic missions to Kirghiz and Teleut lands, Dzungaria and Mongolia were usually headed by offsprings of the nobility (deti boyarskie) and regular servicemen (nachalnye lyudi) — Cossack leaders, atamans, squadron (pyatidesyatnik) and section (desyatnik) commanders. However, it was not that rare when such diplomatic endeavors were entrusted to servicemen of lower ranks and, occasionally, representatives of indigenous (non-Russian) populations. Conclusions. In terms of 16th–17th century Russian ambassadorial semiotics, the choice of diplomats from commoners and those characterized by lower social status was definitely purposeful and aimed at demonstrating that Turkic and Mongolian nomadic rulers were to enjoy fewer honors due to a higher standing of the Russian Tsar. Since the Tsardom of Muscovy was seeking to gain control over the nomadic military/political alliances of Northern Central Asia and bring nomadic elites under ‘the higher hand of the monarch’, the appointments of lower-ranked servicemen as heads of diplomatic missions were to meet the goals (and logic) of Russian expansionist policy. Low ranks of dispatched diplomats indicated not only the Russian Tsar’s political superiority over nomadic rulers but also attested to that Russians already tended to perceive nomads as potential subjects of the Tsar.","PeriodicalId":36786,"journal":{"name":"Oriental Studies","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84769182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-15DOI: 10.22162/2619-0990-2022-61-4-708-730
Rayma G. Saryaeva
Introduction. The 260-year history of Russia Germans is still of interest to researchers. The Germans of Kalmykia, their history, life and culture remain somewhat understudied. Goals. The work aims at revealing circumstances to have surrouned the arrival and strengthening of Germans in Kalmykia, analyzes available sources for an overview of historical milestones experienced by the ethnic group in the Republic. To facilitate this, the paper shall consider reasons of the German immigration to Russia, provide a comprehensive description of the latter, reveal causes of the subsequent deportation and problems of rehabilitation and emigration. Materials. The study investigates archival sources, publications dealing with the history of Russia Germans, periodicals and author’s field data. Results. The analysis of sources yields a history of Kalmykia Germans from their arrival in nomadic territories of Bolshederbetovsky Ulus to the modern era. The perestroika witnessed mass migrations of Kalmykia Germans back to Germany to have resulted from the loss of mother tongue, and harsh economic conditions.
{"title":"Немцы Калмыкии: вехи истории — вехи судьбы","authors":"Rayma G. Saryaeva","doi":"10.22162/2619-0990-2022-61-4-708-730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-61-4-708-730","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The 260-year history of Russia Germans is still of interest to researchers. The Germans of Kalmykia, their history, life and culture remain somewhat understudied. Goals. The work aims at revealing circumstances to have surrouned the arrival and strengthening of Germans in Kalmykia, analyzes available sources for an overview of historical milestones experienced by the ethnic group in the Republic. To facilitate this, the paper shall consider reasons of the German immigration to Russia, provide a comprehensive description of the latter, reveal causes of the subsequent deportation and problems of rehabilitation and emigration. Materials. The study investigates archival sources, publications dealing with the history of Russia Germans, periodicals and author’s field data. Results. The analysis of sources yields a history of Kalmykia Germans from their arrival in nomadic territories of Bolshederbetovsky Ulus to the modern era. The perestroika witnessed mass migrations of Kalmykia Germans back to Germany to have resulted from the loss of mother tongue, and harsh economic conditions.","PeriodicalId":36786,"journal":{"name":"Oriental Studies","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85087222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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