I am very sensible of the great honor that you have bestowed upon me by asking me to give the opening paper in what I am certain will prove to be a most useful and productive symposium on the topic of scientific and numeric computation. In order to comply with Gene Golub's request I have been forced once again to think over what these terms mean now and what they have meant throughout time. At least in my case this is usually a worthwhile task requiring me to reappraise the subject and ask myself if this is what was intended by the fathers of the field.
{"title":"Keynote address—Remembrance of things past","authors":"H. Goldstine","doi":"10.1145/41579.41580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/41579.41580","url":null,"abstract":"I am very sensible of the great honor that you have bestowed upon me by asking me to give the opening paper in what I am certain will prove to be a most useful and productive symposium on the topic of scientific and numeric computation. In order to comply with Gene Golub's request I have been forced once again to think over what these terms mean now and what they have meant throughout time. At least in my case this is usually a worthwhile task requiring me to reappraise the subject and ask myself if this is what was intended by the fathers of the field.","PeriodicalId":369076,"journal":{"name":"Conference on History of Scientific and Numeric Computation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129240978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scientific computing was established in Switzerland by E. Stiefel, assisted by H. Rutishauser, A.P. Speiser, and others. We cover the years from the foundation of the Institute for Applied Mathematics at the ETH in 1948 to the completion of the ERMETH, the electronic computer built in this institute, in 1956/57. In this period, Stiefel's team also solved a large number of real-world computational problems on another computer, Zuse's Z4, rented by the institute. Along with this work went major contributions to numerical analysis by Rutishauser and Stiefel, and Rutishauser's seminal work on compiling programs, which was later followed by his strong commitment in ALGOL. We have tried to include some background information and to complement H.R. Schwarz's article [Scw81] on the same subject.
{"title":"The pioneer days of scientific computing in Switzerland","authors":"M. Gutknecht","doi":"10.1145/41579.41585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/41579.41585","url":null,"abstract":"Scientific computing was established in Switzerland by E. Stiefel, assisted by H. Rutishauser, A.P. Speiser, and others. We cover the years from the foundation of the Institute for Applied Mathematics at the ETH in 1948 to the completion of the ERMETH, the electronic computer built in this institute, in 1956/57. In this period, Stiefel's team also solved a large number of real-world computational problems on another computer, Zuse's Z4, rented by the institute. Along with this work went major contributions to numerical analysis by Rutishauser and Stiefel, and Rutishauser's seminal work on compiling programs, which was later followed by his strong commitment in ALGOL.\u0000We have tried to include some background information and to complement H.R. Schwarz's article [Scw81] on the same subject.","PeriodicalId":369076,"journal":{"name":"Conference on History of Scientific and Numeric Computation","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133737869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Some historic comments on finite elements","authors":"J. Oden","doi":"10.1145/41579.41592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/41579.41592","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":369076,"journal":{"name":"Conference on History of Scientific and Numeric Computation","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115152151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1. An Outline of His Career James Hardy Wilkinson died suddenly at his London home on October 5, 1986, at the age of 67. Here is a very brief account of his professional life. He won an open competition scholarship in mathematics to Trinity College, Cambridge, when he was 16 years old. He won two coveted prizes (the Pemberton and the Mathieson) while he was an undergraduate at Trinity College and graduated with first class honors before he was 20 years old. He worked aa a mathematician for the Ministry of Supply throughout World War II and it was there that he met and married his wife Heather. In 1947 he joined the recently formed group of numerical analysts at the National Physical Laboratory in Bushy Park on the outskirts of London. He was to stay there until his retirement in 1980. Soon after his arrival he began to work with Alan Turing on the design of a digital computer. That work led to the pilot (prototype) machine ACE which executed its first scientific calculations in 1953. Wilkinson designed the multiplication unit for ACE and its successor DEUCE. One could say that the decade 1947-1957 was the exciting learning period in which Wilkinson, and his colleagues at NPL, discovered how automatic computation differed from human computation assisted by desk top calculating machines. By dint of trying every method that they could think of and watching the progress of their computations on punched cards, paper tape, or even lights on the control console, these pioneers won an invaluable practical understanding of how algorithms behave when implemented on computers. Some algorithms that are guaranteed to deliver the solution after a fixed number of primitive arithmetic operations IN EXACT ARITHMETIC can produce, on some problems, completely wrong yet plausible output on a digital computer. That is the fundamental challenge of the branch of numerical analysis that Wilkinson helped to develop. 'The author gratefully acknowledges partial support from Office of Naval Research Contract ONR N00014-85-K-0180. The period 1958-1973 saw the development, articulation, and dissemination of this understanding of dense matrix computations. It was in 1958 that Wilkinson began giving short courses at the University of Michigan Summer College of Engineering. The notes served as the preliminary versions of his first two books. The lectures themselves introduced his work to an audience broader than the small group of specialists who had been brought together in …
{"title":"J. H. Wilkinson's work and influence on matrix computations","authors":"B. Parlett","doi":"10.1145/41579.41593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/41579.41593","url":null,"abstract":"1. An Outline of His Career James Hardy Wilkinson died suddenly at his London home on October 5, 1986, at the age of 67. Here is a very brief account of his professional life. He won an open competition scholarship in mathematics to Trinity College, Cambridge, when he was 16 years old. He won two coveted prizes (the Pemberton and the Mathieson) while he was an undergraduate at Trinity College and graduated with first class honors before he was 20 years old. He worked aa a mathematician for the Ministry of Supply throughout World War II and it was there that he met and married his wife Heather. In 1947 he joined the recently formed group of numerical analysts at the National Physical Laboratory in Bushy Park on the outskirts of London. He was to stay there until his retirement in 1980. Soon after his arrival he began to work with Alan Turing on the design of a digital computer. That work led to the pilot (prototype) machine ACE which executed its first scientific calculations in 1953. Wilkinson designed the multiplication unit for ACE and its successor DEUCE. One could say that the decade 1947-1957 was the exciting learning period in which Wilkinson, and his colleagues at NPL, discovered how automatic computation differed from human computation assisted by desk top calculating machines. By dint of trying every method that they could think of and watching the progress of their computations on punched cards, paper tape, or even lights on the control console, these pioneers won an invaluable practical understanding of how algorithms behave when implemented on computers. Some algorithms that are guaranteed to deliver the solution after a fixed number of primitive arithmetic operations IN EXACT ARITHMETIC can produce, on some problems, completely wrong yet plausible output on a digital computer. That is the fundamental challenge of the branch of numerical analysis that Wilkinson helped to develop. 'The author gratefully acknowledges partial support from Office of Naval Research Contract ONR N00014-85-K-0180. The period 1958-1973 saw the development, articulation, and dissemination of this understanding of dense matrix computations. It was in 1958 that Wilkinson began giving short courses at the University of Michigan Summer College of Engineering. The notes served as the preliminary versions of his first two books. The lectures themselves introduced his work to an audience broader than the small group of specialists who had been brought together in …","PeriodicalId":369076,"journal":{"name":"Conference on History of Scientific and Numeric Computation","volume":"48 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113959575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
into one of the truly outstanding Departments of Computer Science anywhere, a position it has continued to hold. George died very suddenly of cancer in the Spring of 1972. His untimely death was a shock to all his many colleagues and friends, and resulted in several memorials and dedications: an article in the a special Stanford memorial resolution by Harriot et al., available from the Stanford archives; and a special issue of the SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis (April 1973), with a dedication by Alston Householder. Moreover, when a new building to house the Computation Centre was built in 1980, it was named after him. Two national awards bear his name: the ACM undergraduate paper competition, and the SIGNUM memorial lecturer award for leadership in numerical mathematics, 3. His Research George's early interest in scientific computation was fostered by the meteorological problems he was involved with during the War. Then while at NBS, he interacted with many of the early pioneers in scientific computation, when this group was coming to grips with the intricacies of basic floating-point computation. His early work on the numerical solution of partial differential equations culminated in his 1960 book with Wasow, Finite Difference Methods for Partial Differential Equations. This book remained a standard in the field for many years. He also made contributions to the use of orthogonal polynomials in scientific computation and to our understanding of various aspects of the solution of linear systems. Two other textbooks remain in use today: He was instrumental in pointing out the significance of finite arithmetic in the computational solution of fundamental mathematical problems-his article Pitfalls in Computation, published in the American Math. Monthly in 1970, for example, is still an excellent source of instructional material on the subject.
{"title":"The work of George Forsythe and his students","authors":"J. Varah","doi":"10.1145/41579.41594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/41579.41594","url":null,"abstract":"into one of the truly outstanding Departments of Computer Science anywhere, a position it has continued to hold. George died very suddenly of cancer in the Spring of 1972. His untimely death was a shock to all his many colleagues and friends, and resulted in several memorials and dedications: an article in the a special Stanford memorial resolution by Harriot et al., available from the Stanford archives; and a special issue of the SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis (April 1973), with a dedication by Alston Householder. Moreover, when a new building to house the Computation Centre was built in 1980, it was named after him. Two national awards bear his name: the ACM undergraduate paper competition, and the SIGNUM memorial lecturer award for leadership in numerical mathematics, 3. His Research George's early interest in scientific computation was fostered by the meteorological problems he was involved with during the War. Then while at NBS, he interacted with many of the early pioneers in scientific computation, when this group was coming to grips with the intricacies of basic floating-point computation. His early work on the numerical solution of partial differential equations culminated in his 1960 book with Wasow, Finite Difference Methods for Partial Differential Equations. This book remained a standard in the field for many years. He also made contributions to the use of orthogonal polynomials in scientific computation and to our understanding of various aspects of the solution of linear systems. Two other textbooks remain in use today: He was instrumental in pointing out the significance of finite arithmetic in the computational solution of fundamental mathematical problems-his article Pitfalls in Computation, published in the American Math. Monthly in 1970, for example, is still an excellent source of instructional material on the subject.","PeriodicalId":369076,"journal":{"name":"Conference on History of Scientific and Numeric Computation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131079069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mathematical software started as a scientific activity almost as soon as serious scientific computing. The field was brought into focus at the symposium Mathematical Software held at Purdue University on April 1-3, 1970. The symposium's organizing committee was John Rice (chairman), Robert Ashenhurst, Charles Lawson, Stuart Lynn and Joseph Traub. It was sponsored by ACM and SIGNUM and financially supported by the Office of Naval Research. Mathematical software was defined then as the set of algorithms in the area of mathematics and it was noted that this definition is much broader than traditional numerical analysis. Even today there are large areas of mathematical software which have yet to be studied systematically or seriously (e.g., geometric algorithms). The first chapter of the symposium proceedings, Mathematical Software [Rice, 1971] presents a brief history of the field up to that point. It is noted there that the first mathematical software published was an EDVAC machine language program to convert base 10 integers to binary; it was in Mathematical Tables and Aids to Computations (now called Mathematics of Computation) on pages 427-431 of Volume 3, 1949. Further noted is that the book [Wilkes, Wheeler and Gill, 1951] contains a thorough discussion of the mathematical software (subroutine library) for the EDSAC. The second chapter of Mathematical Software is The Distribution and Sources of Mathematical Software which summarizes the state of the field as of 1970. The recent book, Sources and Development of Mathematical Software [Cowell, 1984] contains as first chapter the essay Observations on the Mathematical Software Effort by W. J. Cody. Many of the other 13 chapters of Cowell's book contain historical remarks about specific mathematical software areas. Chapter 3 of Mathematical Software is The Challenge for Mathematical Software which raises many points still completely unresolved. It concludes with recommendations for the establishment of:A Journal of Mathematical Software A Center or Focal Point for Mathematical Software The implementation of the first recommendation is the focal point of this article, the other recommendation has yet to be carried out. Perhaps mathematical software is now too big for a “Center” to cover the whole field, but a focal point would still serve a very important scientific function.
数学软件作为一项科学活动几乎与严肃的科学计算同时开始。1970年4月1日至3日在普渡大学举行的数学软件研讨会使该领域成为焦点。研讨会的组织委员会由约翰·赖斯(主席)、罗伯特·阿申赫斯特、查尔斯·劳森、斯图尔特·林恩和约瑟夫·特劳布组成。它由ACM和SIGNUM赞助，由海军研究办公室提供财政支持。数学软件当时被定义为数学领域的一套算法，人们注意到，这个定义比传统的数值分析要广泛得多。即使在今天，仍有大量的数学软件尚未被系统地或认真地研究(例如，几何算法)。研讨会论文集的第一章《数学软件》[Rice, 1971]简要介绍了该领域到那时为止的历史。值得注意的是，第一个发布的数学软件是一个EDVAC机器语言程序，用于将十进制整数转换为二进制;在1949年第3卷第427-431页的《数学表与计算辅助》(现称为《计算数学》)中。进一步指出的是，这本书[Wilkes, Wheeler and Gill, 1951]包含了对EDSAC数学软件(子程序库)的全面讨论。数学软件的第二章是数学软件的分布和来源，总结了截至1970年该领域的现状。最近出版的《数学软件的来源和发展》[Cowell, 1984]一书的第一章包含了W. J. Cody关于数学软件工作的观察的文章。在Cowell的书的其他13章中，许多章节都包含了关于特定数学软件领域的历史评论。数学软件的第三章是数学软件的挑战，其中提出了许多尚未解决的问题。最后提出了建立数学软件期刊中心或数学软件焦点的建议。第一个建议的实施是本文的重点，另一个建议尚未实施。也许数学软件现在对于一个“中心”来说太大了，无法覆盖整个领域，但一个焦点仍然可以发挥非常重要的科学功能。
{"title":"Mathematical software and ACM Publications","authors":"J. R. Rice","doi":"10.1145/41579.41584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/41579.41584","url":null,"abstract":"Mathematical software started as a scientific activity almost as soon as serious scientific computing. The field was brought into focus at the symposium Mathematical Software held at Purdue University on April 1-3, 1970. The symposium's organizing committee was John Rice (chairman), Robert Ashenhurst, Charles Lawson, Stuart Lynn and Joseph Traub. It was sponsored by ACM and SIGNUM and financially supported by the Office of Naval Research. Mathematical software was defined then as the set of algorithms in the area of mathematics and it was noted that this definition is much broader than traditional numerical analysis. Even today there are large areas of mathematical software which have yet to be studied systematically or seriously (e.g., geometric algorithms).\u0000The first chapter of the symposium proceedings, Mathematical Software [Rice, 1971] presents a brief history of the field up to that point. It is noted there that the first mathematical software published was an EDVAC machine language program to convert base 10 integers to binary; it was in Mathematical Tables and Aids to Computations (now called Mathematics of Computation) on pages 427-431 of Volume 3, 1949. Further noted is that the book [Wilkes, Wheeler and Gill, 1951] contains a thorough discussion of the mathematical software (subroutine library) for the EDSAC. The second chapter of Mathematical Software is The Distribution and Sources of Mathematical Software which summarizes the state of the field as of 1970. The recent book, Sources and Development of Mathematical Software [Cowell, 1984] contains as first chapter the essay Observations on the Mathematical Software Effort by W. J. Cody. Many of the other 13 chapters of Cowell's book contain historical remarks about specific mathematical software areas.\u0000Chapter 3 of Mathematical Software is The Challenge for Mathematical Software which raises many points still completely unresolved. It concludes with recommendations for the establishment of:A Journal of Mathematical Software\u0000A Center or Focal Point for Mathematical Software\u0000\u0000The implementation of the first recommendation is the focal point of this article, the other recommendation has yet to be carried out. Perhaps mathematical software is now too big for a “Center” to cover the whole field, but a focal point would still serve a very important scientific function.","PeriodicalId":369076,"journal":{"name":"Conference on History of Scientific and Numeric Computation","volume":"200 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114403272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At the invitation of the Mathematical Association of America, John Todd and I have written a short history of the Institute for Numerical Analysis, 1947-1954, located on the campus of UCLA. This Institute, called INA, was a Section of the National Applied Mathematical Laboratories, which formed the Applied Mathematics Division of the National Bureau of Standards, a part of the Department of Commerce. In this brief history we were concerned mainly with the mathematical aspects of this program. In particular, we were concerned about who participated in the project, what did they do, and what was their University affiliation. It is not my intention to repeat the material presented in this history except perhaps for some special items of interest.
应美国数学协会(Mathematical Association of America)的邀请，约翰·托德(John Todd)和我撰写了一部关于位于加州大学洛杉矶分校校园内的数值分析研究所(Institute for Numerical Analysis, 1947-1954)的简史。这个研究所被称为INA，是国家应用数学实验室的一个部门，国家应用数学实验室组成了商务部下属的国家标准局应用数学处。在这段简短的历史中，我们主要关注的是这个项目的数学方面。特别是，我们关心的是谁参与了这个项目，他们做了什么，他们的大学隶属关系是什么。我不打算重复这段历史中所提供的材料，也许除了一些特别感兴趣的项目。
{"title":"Conjugacy and gradients in variational theory and analysis","authors":"M. Hestenes","doi":"10.1145/41579.41586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/41579.41586","url":null,"abstract":"At the invitation of the Mathematical Association of America, John Todd and I have written a short history of the Institute for Numerical Analysis, 1947-1954, located on the campus of UCLA. This Institute, called INA, was a Section of the National Applied Mathematical Laboratories, which formed the Applied Mathematics Division of the National Bureau of Standards, a part of the Department of Commerce. In this brief history we were concerned mainly with the mathematical aspects of this program. In particular, we were concerned about who participated in the project, what did they do, and what was their University affiliation. It is not my intention to repeat the material presented in this history except perhaps for some special items of interest.","PeriodicalId":369076,"journal":{"name":"Conference on History of Scientific and Numeric Computation","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128538257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication a>d its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission.
{"title":"The prehistory and ancient history of computation at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards","authors":"J. Todd","doi":"10.1145/41579.41582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/41579.41582","url":null,"abstract":"Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication a>d its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission.","PeriodicalId":369076,"journal":{"name":"Conference on History of Scientific and Numeric Computation","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126450877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
*The preparation of this paper was supported in part by The National Science Foundation through Grant DCR - 8518722, by the Department of Energy through Grant A505-81ER10954, and the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research and Development through Grant AF-85-0052. The U.S. Government retains a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so for U.S. Government purposes.
{"title":"An historical review of iterative methods","authors":"D. Young","doi":"10.1145/41579.41591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/41579.41591","url":null,"abstract":"*The preparation of this paper was supported in part by The National Science Foundation through Grant DCR - 8518722, by the Department of Energy through Grant A505-81ER10954, and the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research and Development through Grant AF-85-0052. The U.S. Government retains a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so for U.S. Government purposes.","PeriodicalId":369076,"journal":{"name":"Conference on History of Scientific and Numeric Computation","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132534792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of methods of using computers for calculations in the early fifties at Cambridge and Illinois Universities. They are the recollections of a participant.
五十年代初在剑桥大学和伊利诺斯大学使用计算机进行计算的方法的发展。它们是参与者的回忆。
{"title":"Programmed computing at the Universities of Cambridge and Illinois in the early fifties","authors":"D. Wheeler","doi":"10.1145/41579.41583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/41579.41583","url":null,"abstract":"The development of methods of using computers for calculations in the early fifties at Cambridge and Illinois Universities. They are the recollections of a participant.","PeriodicalId":369076,"journal":{"name":"Conference on History of Scientific and Numeric Computation","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126558503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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