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Ecosystem condition underpins the generation of ecosystem services: an accounting perspective 生态系统条件是生态系统服务产生的基础:一个会计视角
Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-06-08 DOI: 10.3897/oneeco.7.e81487
A. La Notte, B. Czúcz, S. Vallecillo, C. Polce, J. Maes
There is a linkage between the condition of ecosystems and the services they provide. In the accounting framework set by the United Nations System of integrated Environmental Economic Accounting – Ecosystem Accounts (SEEA EA), two different sets of accounts assess and monitor ecosystem condition and ecosystem services, respectively. The former are reported as indicators in an asset account format, while the latter are reported as supply and use tables. Without a concrete linkage, the two sets of accounts run in parallel: only an ex-post correlation analysis could confirm (or not) a common path. On the other hand, a clear linkage could create a sequence that justifies and supports the statement that any change in ecosystem condition will affect services and, in turn, the benefits provided to economy and society. Concrete applications undertaken under the project “Integrated system for Natural Capital Accounts” demonstrate at which stage a direct connection can occur between ecosystem condition and ecosystem services accounting. The paper starts with a theoretical background meant to set the basic concepts underlying the transition from condition to services. Next, the accounting framework for condition accounts is briefly presented: the specific ecosystem services case studies concern flood control and crop pollination. In the discussion, a simple proposal is drafted to facilitate a possible procedure for those practitioners interested in having condition and ES accounts operationally linked.
生态系统的状况与其提供的服务之间存在联系。在联合国环境经济综合核算体系-生态系统账户(SEEA EA)制定的会计框架中,两套不同的账户分别评估和监测生态系统状况和生态系统服务。前者以资产账户格式作为指标报告,而后者以供应和使用表报告。在没有具体联系的情况下,这两组账户并行运行:只有事后相关性分析才能确认(或不确认)共同路径。另一方面,明确的联系可以创造一个序列,证明并支持生态系统状况的任何变化都将影响服务,进而影响为经济和社会提供的利益的说法。在“自然资本账户综合系统”项目下进行的具体应用表明,在哪个阶段,生态系统状况和生态系统服务核算之间可以发生直接联系。本文从一个理论背景开始,旨在设定从条件到服务转变的基本概念。接下来,简要介绍了条件账户的会计框架:具体的生态系统服务案例研究涉及防洪和作物授粉。在讨论中,起草了一份简单的提案,为那些有兴趣将条件和ES账户操作联系起来的从业者提供一个可能的程序。
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引用次数: 7
Approach to user group-specific assessment of urban green spaces for a more equitable supply exemplified by the elderly population 针对特定用户群体的城市绿地评估方法,以老年人口为例,实现更公平的供应
Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-05-18 DOI: 10.3897/oneeco.7.e83325
Celina H. Stanley, R. Hecht, S. Cakir, P. Brzoska
The use of urban green spaces (UGS) depends on its quality, which is perceived very differently by diverse socio-demographic groups. In particular, elderly people have special demands on the UGS quality. It is essential to know these demands to create an equitable UGS supply. We present an approach to determining some qualitative aspects and the supply of cultural ecosystem services of diverse forms of UGS. This is realised by combining user demands with actual UGS features. In a concrete example, we assessed the UGS quality and supply for both the general population and the subset of elderly people. For the latter group, the activities of relaxing and observing nature, as well as the UGS feature of benches, were found to be significantly more important than for the general population. Nevertheless, this had only a minor impact on the assessed aspects of UGS quality and supply, with little differences detected between the two groups. In Dresden (Germany), we determined that almost half of the elderly population are not provided with high-quality UGS. In these areas, urban planning must increase the UGS quality while taking user demands into account to ensure just access to the positive benefits of UGS for the elderly.
城市绿地(UGS)的使用取决于其质量,不同的社会人口群体对其的看法非常不同。特别是老年人对UGS的质量有特殊的要求。了解这些需求对于创造公平的UGS供应至关重要。我们提出了一种方法来确定一些定性方面和不同形式的UGS的文化生态系统服务的供应。这是通过将用户需求与实际UGS功能相结合来实现的。在一个具体的例子中,我们评估了UGS对一般人群和老年人子集的质量和供应。对于后者来说,放松和观察自然的活动,以及UGS长凳的特征,被发现比一般人群更重要。然而,这对UGS质量和供应的评估方面只有很小的影响,两组之间几乎没有发现差异。在德累斯顿(德国),我们确定几乎一半的老年人口没有提供高质量的UGS。在这些地区,城市规划必须提高UGS的质量,同时考虑到用户的需求,以确保老年人能够获得UGS的积极好处。
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引用次数: 2
Assessing ecosystem condition at the national level in Hungary - indicators, approaches, challenges 评估匈牙利国家一级的生态系统状况——指标、方法和挑战
Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-05-05 DOI: 10.3897/oneeco.7.e81543
E. Tanács, Ákos Bede‐Fazekas, A. Csecserits, Lívia Kisné Fodor, L. Pásztor, I. Somodi, T. Standovár, A. Zlinszky, Zita Zsembery, Á. Vári
The availability of robust and reliable spatial information on ecosystem condition is of increasing importance in informing conservation policy. Recent policy requirements have sparked a renewed interest in conceptual questions related to ecosystem condition and practical aspects like indicator selection, resulting in the emergence of conceptual frameworks, such as the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting - Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA-EA) and its Ecosystem Condition Typology (ECT). However, while such frameworks are essential to ensure that condition assessments are comprehensive and comparable, large-scale practical implementation often poses challenges that need to be tackled within stringent time and cost frames. We present methods and experiences of the national-level mapping and assessment of ecosystem condition in Hungary. The assessments covered the whole country, including all major ecosystem types present. The methodology constitutes four approaches of quantifying and mapping condition, based on different interpretations of naturalness and hemeroby, complemented by two more using properties that ‘overarch’ ecosystem types, such as soil and landscape attributes. In order to highlight their strengths and drawbacks, as well as to help reconcile aspects of conceptual relevance with practical limitations, we retrospectively evaluated the six mapping approaches (and the resulting indicators) against the indicator selection criteria suggested in the SEEA-EA. The results show that the various approaches have different strengths and weaknesses and, thus, their joint application has a higher potential to address the specific challenges related to large-scale ecosystem condition mapping.
关于生态系统状况的可靠空间信息的可用性在为保护政策提供信息方面越来越重要。最近的政策要求引发了人们对与生态系统状况和指标选择等实际方面有关的概念问题的新兴趣,导致出现了概念框架,如环境经济核算体系-生态系统核算及其生态系统状况类型学。然而,尽管这些框架对于确保条件评估的全面性和可比性至关重要,但大规模的实际实施往往会带来挑战,需要在严格的时间和成本框架内加以解决。我们介绍了匈牙利国家级生态系统状况测绘和评估的方法和经验。评估覆盖了整个国家,包括所有主要的生态系统类型。该方法包括四种量化和绘制条件的方法,基于对自然度和裙带率的不同解释,再加上另外两种使用“超越”生态系统类型的特性的方法,如土壤和景观属性。为了突出它们的优点和缺点,并帮助协调概念相关性和实际局限性,我们根据SEEA-EA中建议的指标选择标准,对六种绘图方法(以及由此产生的指标)进行了回顾性评估。结果表明,各种方法有不同的优势和劣势,因此,它们的联合应用更有可能解决与大规模生态系统状况测绘相关的具体挑战。
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引用次数: 7
Guidelines and a supporting toolbox for parameterising key soil hydraulic properties in hydrological studies and broader integrated modelling 水文研究和更广泛的综合建模中关键土壤水力特性参数化的指南和支持工具箱
Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-19 DOI: 10.3897/oneeco.7.e76410
N. Dang, B. Jackson, S. Tomscha, L. Lilburne, Kremena Burkhard, D. Tran, Long Phi, R. Benavidez
Information on soil hydraulic properties (e.g. soil moisture pressure relationships and hydraulic conductivity) is valuable for a wide range of disciplines including hydrology, ecology, environmental management and agriculture. However, this information is often not readily available as direct measurements are costly and time-consuming. Furthermore, as more complex representations of soils are being built into environmental models, users and developers often require sound hydraulic property information, while having limited access to specialist knowledge. Although indirect methods have been developed to obtain soil hydraulic properties from easily measurable or readily available soil properties via pedo-transfer functions (PTFs), few articles provide guidance for obtaining soil hydraulic properties over a wide range of geoclimatic and regional data availability contexts. The aim of this study is, therefore, to develop guidelines and an associated spatially referenced toolbox, NB_PTFs, to speed the process of acquiring sensible soil hydraulic properties for different geoclimatic and data-rich/sparse regions. The guide compiles available information about soil hydraulic properties, as well as a large number (151) of PTFs, not collated in any other guidance to date. NB_PTFs is an open-source ArcGIS toolbox which allows users to quickly get values, graphs and spatial distributions of soil hydraulic properties. The soil hydraulic properties, obtained using the guide and the toolbox, can be used as inputs for various models amongst other purposes. To demonstrate the use of the guidelines and the toolbox in different geoclimatic and data-availability contexts, the paper presents two case studies: the Vietnamese Mekong Delta and New Zealand Hurunui catchment. The Vietnamese Mekong Delta shows the use of these guidelines in a tropical, flat location with limited information on soil physical, chemical and hydraulic properties. The Hurunui catchment represents a case study for a semi-arid and hilly area in an area with detailed soil information.
关于土壤水力特性的信息(如土壤水分压力关系和导水率)对包括水文、生态学、环境管理和农业在内的广泛学科都很有价值。然而,由于直接测量成本高昂且耗时,因此这些信息通常不容易获得。此外,由于环境模型中正在构建更复杂的土壤表示,用户和开发商通常需要可靠的水力特性信息,而获得专业知识的机会有限。尽管已经开发了通过土壤传递函数(PTF)从易于测量或易于获得的土壤性质中获得土壤水力性质的间接方法,但很少有文章为在广泛的地理气候和区域数据可用性背景下获得土壤水力特性提供指导。因此,本研究的目的是制定指南和相关的空间参考工具箱NB_PTFs,以加快获取不同地理气候和数据丰富/稀疏区域的敏感土壤水力特性的过程。该指南汇编了有关土壤水力特性的可用信息,以及迄今为止任何其他指南中都没有整理的大量(151)PTF。NB_PTFs是一个开源的ArcGIS工具箱,用户可以快速获得土壤水力特性的值、图形和空间分布。使用指南和工具箱获得的土壤水力特性可作为各种模型的输入以及其他用途。为了证明指南和工具箱在不同的地理气候和数据可用性背景下的使用,本文介绍了两个案例研究:越南湄公河三角洲和新西兰胡鲁努伊流域。越南湄公河三角洲显示了这些指南在热带平坦地区的使用,土壤物理、化学和水力特性方面的信息有限。Hurunui流域是一个半干旱和丘陵地区的案例研究,该地区有详细的土壤信息。
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引用次数: 1
Green balance in urban areas as an indicator for policy support: a multi-level application 城市地区绿色平衡作为政策支持指标的多层次应用
Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-03-11 DOI: 10.3897/oneeco.7.e72685
G. Zulian, Federica Marando, L. Mentaschi, Claudia Alzetta, B. Wilk, J. Maes
Green spaces are increasingly recognised as key elements in enhancing urban resilience as they provide several ecosystem services. Therefore, their implementation and monitoring in cities are crucial to meet sustainability targets. In this paper, we provide a methodology to compute an indicator that assesses changes in vegetation cover within Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI). Such an indicator is adopted as one of the indicators for reporting on the key area “nature and biodiversity” in the Green City Accord (GCA). In the first section, the key steps to derive the indicator are described and a script, which computes the trends in vegetation cover using Google Earth Engine (GEE), is provided. The second section describes the application of the indicator in a multi-scale, policy-orientated perspective. The analysis has been carried out in 696 European Functional Urban Areas (FUAs), considering changes in vegetation cover inside UGI between 1996 and 2018. Results were analysed for the EU and the United Kingdom. The Municipality of Padua (Italy) is used as a case study to illustrate the results at the local level. Over the last 22 years, a slight upward trend characterised the vegetation growth within UGI in European FUAs. Within core cities and densily built-upcommuting zones, the trend was stable; in non-densely built-up areas, an upward trend was recorded. Vegetation cover in UGI has been relatively stable in European cities. However, a negative balance between abrupt changes in greening and browning has been recorded, affecting most parts of European cities (75% of core cities and 77% of commuting zones in densely built-up areas). This still indicates ongoing land take with no compensation of green spaces that are lost to artificial areas. Focusing on the FUA of Padua, a downward trend was observed in 33.3% and 12.9% of UGI in densely built-up and not-densely built-up areas, respectively. Within the FUA of Padua, most municipalities are characterised by a negative balance between abrupt greening and browning, both in non-densely built-up and densely built-up areas. This approach complements traditional metrics, such as the extent of UGI or tree canopy cover, by providing a valuable measure of condition of urban ecosystems and an instrument to monitor the impact of land take.
绿地越来越被认为是增强城市韧性的关键因素,因为它们提供了多种生态系统服务。因此,它们在城市中的实施和监测对于实现可持续性目标至关重要。在本文中,我们提供了一种计算指标的方法,该指标用于评估城市绿色基础设施(UGI)内植被覆盖的变化。这一指标被采纳为《绿色城市协议》中关于“自然和生物多样性”关键领域的报告指标之一。在第一节中,描述了导出指标的关键步骤,并提供了一个脚本,该脚本使用谷歌地球引擎(GEE)计算植被覆盖的趋势。第二节从多尺度、政策导向的角度介绍了该指标的应用。该分析已在696个欧洲功能城区(FUA)进行,考虑到1996年至2018年间UGI内植被覆盖的变化。对欧盟和联合王国的结果进行了分析。帕多瓦市(意大利)被用作案例研究,以说明地方一级的结果。在过去的22年里,欧洲FUA UGI内的植被生长呈轻微上升趋势。在核心城市和密集建设的通勤区内,这一趋势是稳定的;在非密集建筑区,有上升趋势。在欧洲城市,UGI的植被覆盖相对稳定。然而,绿化和褐变的突然变化之间存在负平衡,影响了欧洲大部分城市(75%的核心城市和77%的密集建成区通勤区)。这仍然表明正在进行的土地征用没有补偿因人工区域而损失的绿地。以帕多瓦的FUA为重点,在人口密集和非人口密集地区,分别有33.3%和12.9%的UGI呈下降趋势。在帕多瓦的FUA中,无论是在非密集建成区还是密集建成区,大多数市政当局的特点都是突然绿化和褐变之间的负平衡。这种方法通过提供城市生态系统状况的有价值的衡量标准和监测土地征用影响的工具,补充了传统指标,如UGI或树冠覆盖的程度。
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引用次数: 3
U-shaped deep-learning models for island ecosystem type classification, a case study in Con Dao Island of Vietnam 岛屿生态系统类型分类的U型深度学习模型——以越南康岛岛为例
Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-02-14 DOI: 10.3897/oneeco.7.e79160
Kinh Bac Dang, T. Nguyen, H. Nguyen, Q. Truong, Thi Phuong Vu, Hanh Nguyen Pham, T. Duong, Van Trong Giang, Duc Minh Nguyen, Thu Huong Bui, Benjamin Burkhard
The monitoring of ecosystem dynamics utilises time and resources from scientists and land-use managers, especially in wetland ecosystems in islands that have been affected significantly by both the current state of oceans and human-made activities. Deep-learning models for natural and anthropogenic ecosystem type classification, based on remote sensing data, have become a tool to potentially replace manual image interpretation. This study proposes a U-Net model to develop a deep learning model for classifying 10 island ecosystems with cloud- and shadow-based data using Sentinel-2, ALOS and NOAA remote sensing data. We tested and compared different optimiser methods with two benchmark methods, including support vector machines and random forests. In total, 48 U-Net models were trained and compared. The U-Net model with the Adadelta optimiser and 64 filters showed the best result, because it could classify all island ecosystems with 93 percent accuracy and a loss function value of 0.17. The model was used to classify and successfully manage ecosystems on a particular island in Vietnam. Compared to island ecosystems, it is not easy to detect coral reefs due to seasonal ocean currents. However, the trained deep-learning models proved to have high performances compared to the two traditional methods. The best U-Net model, which needs about two minutes to create a new classification, could become a suitable tool for island research and management in the future.
生态系统动态监测利用了科学家和土地利用管理者的时间和资源,特别是在受到当前海洋状况和人类活动严重影响的岛屿湿地生态系统中。基于遥感数据的自然和人为生态系统类型分类的深度学习模型已成为一种可能取代手动图像解释的工具。本研究提出了一个U-Net模型,以开发一个深度学习模型,利用Sentinel-2、ALOS和NOAA遥感数据,利用基于云和阴影的数据对10个岛屿生态系统进行分类。我们测试并比较了不同的优化器方法与两种基准方法,包括支持向量机和随机森林。总共训练和比较了48个U-Net模型。使用阿达德尔塔优化器和64个滤波器的U-Net模型显示出最好的结果,因为它可以以93%的准确率和0.17的损失函数值对所有岛屿生态系统进行分类。该模型被用于对越南某个特定岛屿的生态系统进行分类并成功管理。与岛屿生态系统相比,由于季节性洋流的影响,检测珊瑚礁并不容易。然而,与两种传统方法相比,训练的深度学习模型被证明具有较高的性能。最好的U-Net模型需要大约两分钟的时间来创建一个新的分类,它可能成为未来岛屿研究和管理的合适工具。
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引用次数: 5
General guidance for custom-built structural equation models 定制结构方程模型的通用指南
Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.3897/oneeco.7.e72780
J. Grace
Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) represents a quantitative methodology for specifying and evaluating causal network hypotheses. The application of SEM typically involves the use of specialised software packages that implement estimation procedures and automate model checking and the output of summary results. There are times when the specification details an investigator wishes to implement to represent their data relationships are not supported by available SEM packages. In such cases, it may be desirable to develop and evaluate SE models “by hand”, using specialised regression tools. In this paper, I demonstrate a general approach to custom-built applications of SEM. The approach illustrated can be used for a wide array of specialised applications of non-linear, multi-level and other custom specifications in SE models.
结构方程建模(SEM)代表了一种用于指定和评估因果网络假设的定量方法。SEM的应用通常涉及使用专门的软件包,这些软件包可以实现估计程序、自动化模型检查和汇总结果的输出。有时,研究人员希望实现的用于表示其数据关系的规范细节不受可用SEM包的支持。在这种情况下,可能需要使用专门的回归工具“手工”开发和评估SE模型。在本文中,我展示了一种定制SEM应用的通用方法。所示方法可用于SE模型中非线性、多级和其他自定义规范的广泛专业应用。
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引用次数: 3
Assessing ecosystem services of abandoned agricultural lands: a case study in the forested zone of European Russia 评估废弃农业用地的生态系统服务:以俄罗斯欧洲林区为例
Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.3897/oneeco.7.e77969
Daria Anpilogova, A. Pakina
The massive abandonment of arable land in Russia in the 1990s had a heavy impact on the country’s land-use structure. The cessation of cultivation leads to a decrease of provisioning ecosystem services within the landscape, while creating an opportunity to enhance the supply of diverse regulation services. Consideration of this opportunity is increasingly important for environmental management and landscape planning. In this article, we present an approach for assessing the environmental benefits of ecosystems developing on abandoned arable lands in the forested zone of European Russia. The proposed methodology is established on a land-cover based framework – ecosystem services assessment matrix. For assessment purposes, abandoned arable lands at different stages of vegetation recovery succession (ruderal, grassland and small-leaved forest) are considered as different land-cover types. Four classes of regulating ecosystem services are subject to qualitative analysis: regulation of the chemical composition of the atmosphere, control of erosion rates, regulation of soil quality and pollination. An exemplary application of the proposed methodology for the case study area located in the Moscow Region of Russia is presented in the article. The results of the qualitative assessment revealed an association between the stage of vegetation recovery succession which corresponds with the time since land abandonment and the supply of regulating ecosystem services. The recovery of natural vegetation leads to higher levels of carbon sequestration, more effective erosion mitigation, soil recovery and increased pollinator abundance. Cropland was proven to be a recipient of the services provided by natural ecosystems. Thus, the return of all uncultivated fields to agricultural use will cause a substantial decrease in the ecological value of the study area.
20世纪90年代,俄罗斯大规模放弃耕地,对该国的土地利用结构产生了严重影响。停止种植导致景观内供应生态系统服务的减少,同时创造了加强各种调节服务供应的机会。考虑到这一机会对环境管理和景观规划越来越重要。在本文中,我们提出了一种评估生态系统在俄罗斯欧洲森林区废弃耕地上发展的环境效益的方法。建议的方法是建立在基于土地覆盖的框架-生态系统服务评估矩阵。在评价中,撂荒耕地在植被恢复演替的不同阶段(草原、草地和小叶林)被视为不同的土地覆盖类型。对四类调节生态系统服务进行定性分析:调节大气化学成分、控制侵蚀速率、调节土壤质量和授粉。文章中提出了在俄罗斯莫斯科地区的案例研究区域中所提出的方法的示范应用。定性评价结果揭示了与土地撂荒时间相对应的植被恢复演替阶段与调节生态系统服务供给之间的关系。自然植被的恢复导致更高水平的碳固存、更有效地减缓侵蚀、土壤恢复和传粉媒介丰富度的增加。事实证明,农田是自然生态系统所提供服务的接受者。因此,将所有未开垦的土地转为农业用途将导致研究区域的生态价值大幅下降。
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引用次数: 3
Mapping and assessment of ecosystem services at Troodos National Forest Park in Cyprus 塞浦路斯特洛多斯国家森林公园生态系统服务测绘和评估
Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-01-31 DOI: 10.3897/oneeco.7.e77584
Constantinos Kounnamas, M. Andreou
Troodos National Forest Park is located in the centre of Troodos mountain range and it is one of the most important natural environments of Cyprus. It has been included to the Natura 2000 network of the Island due to its important natural ecosystems and its great biodiversity. Based on the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES 5.1), 36 ecosystem services have been identified in the area. The majority of ecosystem services are concentrated at the Troodos peak and the nearby areas. The same pattern applies for the Cultural Services. Provisioning and Regulation-Maintenance services are concentrated at the centre and western part of the site. The site’s habitat types were mapped and their distribution in the area is presented in respective maps. Carbon stored in plants was 622,705 tonnes in total (73.18 t C per ha), calculated as per habitat type (according to Directive 92/43/EEC - Habitats Directive) and as per TESSA habitat classification. Seven TESSA and 10 Annex I habitat types were identified. The largest part of the site is dominated by Evergreen Broadleaf Forests (7799 ha), followed by Mixed Forests (624 ha) and Deciduous Broadleaf Forests (60 ha). The carbon stock included in AGB (Above Ground Biomass), BGB (Below Ground Biomass), Dead Wood & Litter and SOM (Soil Organic Matter) was evaluated for each habitat type. The annual carbon biomass removal (roundwood and fuelwood) is 80.82 t C y-1 (0.009 t C y-1 per ha), while the carbon sequestered in Troodos National Forest Park is 11,880.33 t CO2 eq y-1 (0.38 t C y-1 per ha). The information produced serves as a useful tool to competent authorities for raising awareness on the importance of ecosystem services and increase the public’s support in the area’s conservation.
特罗多斯国家森林公园位于特罗多斯山脉的中心,是塞浦路斯最重要的自然环境之一。由于其重要的自然生态系统和丰富的生物多样性,它已被列入岛上的Natura 2000网络。根据国际生态系统服务功能共同分类(CICES 5.1),确定了36种生态系统服务功能。大部分生态系统服务功能集中在Troodos峰及其附近地区。同样的模式也适用于文化服务。供应和管理-维护服务集中在基地的中部和西部。绘制了该地点的生境类型,并在各自的地图上展示了它们在该地区的分布。根据栖息地类型(根据指令92/43/EEC -栖息地指令)和TESSA栖息地分类计算,植物中储存的碳总量为622,705吨(每公顷73.18吨碳)。确定了7种TESSA和10种附件一生境类型。其中以常绿阔叶林(7799公顷)为主,其次是混交林(624公顷)和落叶阔叶林(60公顷)。对不同生境类型的地上生物量(AGB)、地下生物量(BGB)、枯枝凋落物和土壤有机质(SOM)中的碳储量进行了评价。年碳生物量去除量(圆木和薪材)为80.82 t cy -1(每公顷0.009 t cy -1),而Troodos国家森林公园的碳固存量为11,880.33 t CO2当量-1(每公顷0.38 t cy -1)。所产生的信息是主管当局提高对生态系统服务重要性的认识和增加公众对该地区保护的支持的有用工具。
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引用次数: 0
Developing peatland ecosystem accounts to guide targets for restoration 建立泥炭地生态系统核算体系,指导泥炭地恢复目标
Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-12-22 DOI: 10.3897/oneeco.6.e76838
C. Farrell, Lisa Coleman, D. Norton, M. Kelly-Quinn, C. Obst, M. Eigenraam, C. O’Donoghue, Stephen Kinsella, F. Smith, Iseult Sheehy, J. Stout
The United Nations System of Environmental and Economic Accounting - Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EA) is a geospatial approach, whereby existing data on ecosystem stocks and flows are collated to show changes over time. The framework has been proposed as a means to track and monitor ecosystem restoration targets across the EU. Condition is a key consideration in the conservation assessment of habitats protected under the EU Habitats Directive and ecosystem condition accounts are also integral to the SEEA EA. While SEEA EA accounts have been developed at EU level for an array for ecosystem types, condition accounts remain the least developed. Collating available datasets under the SEEA EA framework, we developed extent and rudimentary condition accounts for peatland ecosystems at catchment scale in Ireland. Information relating to peatland ecosystem sub-types or habitat types was collated for peatland habitats listed under Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive, as well as degraded peatlands not included in EU nature conservation networks. While data relating to peatland condition were limited, understanding changes in ecosystem extent and incorporating knowledge of habitat types and degradation served as a proxy for ecosystem condition in the absence of more comprehensive data. This highlighted the importance of the ecosystem extent account, which underpins all other accounts in the SEEA EA framework. Reflecting findings at EU level, drainage, disturbance and land conversion were identified as the main pressures affecting peatland condition. We highlighted a number of options to gather data to build more robust, time-series extent and condition accounts for peatlands at varying accounting scales. Overall, despite the absence of comprehensive data, bringing information under the SEEA EA framework is considered a good starting point, with the integration of expert ecological opinion considered essential to ensure development of reliable accounts, particularly when working at ecosystem sub-type (habitat type) and catchment scale.
联合国环境和经济核算系统-生态系统核算(SEEA - EA)是一种地理空间方法,据此对生态系统存量和流量的现有数据进行整理,以显示随时间的变化。该框架被提议作为跟踪和监测整个欧盟生态系统恢复目标的一种手段。在欧盟生境指令保护的生境保护评估中,条件是一个关键的考虑因素,生态系统条件帐户也是SEEA EA的组成部分。虽然SEEA EA帐户已经在欧盟一级开发了一系列生态系统类型,但条件帐户仍然是最不发达的。在SEEA EA框架下整理现有数据集,我们开发了爱尔兰集水区泥炭地生态系统的范围和基本条件。对欧盟生境指令附件一中列出的泥炭地生境以及未列入欧盟自然保护网络的退化泥炭地进行了有关泥炭地生态系统亚型或生境类型的信息整理。虽然与泥炭地状况有关的数据有限,但在缺乏更全面的数据的情况下,了解生态系统范围的变化和纳入栖息地类型和退化的知识可以作为生态系统状况的代表。这突出了生态系统范围核算的重要性,它是SEEA EA框架中所有其他核算的基础。根据欧盟层面的调查结果,排水、干扰和土地转换被确定为影响泥炭地状况的主要压力。我们强调了一些收集数据的选项,以便在不同的会计尺度下为泥炭地建立更可靠的时间序列范围和条件核算。总体而言,尽管缺乏全面的数据,但将信息纳入SEEA - EA框架被认为是一个良好的起点,整合专家生态学意见被认为是确保建立可靠帐户的必要条件,特别是在生态系统亚型(生境类型)和集水区规模方面。
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引用次数: 2
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One Ecosystem
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