Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1515/9783110888423.88
A. Cohen
{"title":"Errors of speech and their implication for understanding the strategy of language users","authors":"A. Cohen","doi":"10.1515/9783110888423.88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110888423.88","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":369207,"journal":{"name":"IPO Annual Progress Report","volume":"311 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132155336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper a model of the essential stages of the early-visual system for normal-sighted persons is proposed. The model is based on summation of neural activity within and over a number of size-varying channels and is capable of predicting the influence of contrast reduction and blur on visual acuity, which is thought to be the most important visual variable determining reading performance and rate. The model gives a meaningful description of the early-visual mechanisms involved in detail perception and can be used to derive guidelines for text enhancement for subjects with low vision.
{"title":"A multiple-scales concept for describing visual acuity","authors":"Aaj Roelofs, Fjj Frans Blommaert","doi":"10.1037/e493332004-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e493332004-001","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper a model of the essential stages of the early-visual system for normal-sighted persons is proposed. The model is based on summation of neural activity within and over a number of size-varying channels and is capable of predicting the influence of contrast reduction and blur on visual acuity, which is thought to be the most important visual variable determining reading performance and rate. The model gives a meaningful description of the early-visual mechanisms involved in detail perception and can be used to derive guidelines for text enhancement for subjects with low vision.","PeriodicalId":369207,"journal":{"name":"IPO Annual Progress Report","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127122868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper I will first show that a purely syntactic condition, closely related to the Binding Theory, imposes a restriction on the interpretation of definite descriptions. This restriction has, to my knowledge, not been observed before. Next, I will make a proposal as to how this condition can best be incorporated in a grammar model. I suggest that the condition can be naturally incorporated in the rules for interpreting syntactic discourse models. The proposal has additional advantages for the analysis of natural language, making it possible to avoid unnecessary and defer real ambiguities.
{"title":"A syntactic condition on definite descriptions","authors":"J. Odijk","doi":"10.1037/e493132004-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e493132004-001","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper I will first show that a purely syntactic condition, closely related to the Binding Theory, imposes a restriction on the interpretation of definite descriptions. This restriction has, to my knowledge, not been observed before. Next, I will make a proposal as to how this condition can best be incorporated in a grammar model. I suggest that the condition can be naturally incorporated in the rules for interpreting syntactic discourse models. The proposal has additional advantages for the analysis of natural language, making it possible to avoid unnecessary and defer real ambiguities.","PeriodicalId":369207,"journal":{"name":"IPO Annual Progress Report","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128382334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes recent experiments investigating temporal processing in the auditory system. Subjects had to discriminate sinusoidal signals with a flat temporal envelope from those with a sinusoidal amplitude modulation. The modulation depth at threshold was measured for a wide range of carrier frequencies, carrier levels and modulation rates. For modulation rates up to 100Hz, thresholds remained constant and were the same for all centre frequencies tested. For higher rates, modulation thresholds initially increased and then decreased rapidly, reflecting the subjects' ability to resolve the sidebands spectrally. Detection thresholds generally improved with increasing carrier level. Most of these observations differ from results obtained for modulated broadband noises, and some are not consistent with published results for sinusoidal carriers.
{"title":"Modulation detection as a function of carrier frequency and level","authors":"R. Fassel, A. Kohlrausch","doi":"10.1037/e495542004-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e495542004-001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes recent experiments investigating temporal processing in the auditory system. Subjects had to discriminate sinusoidal signals with a flat temporal envelope from those with a sinusoidal amplitude modulation. The modulation depth at threshold was measured for a wide range of carrier frequencies, carrier levels and modulation rates. For modulation rates up to 100Hz, thresholds remained constant and were the same for all centre frequencies tested. For higher rates, modulation thresholds initially increased and then decreased rapidly, reflecting the subjects' ability to resolve the sidebands spectrally. Detection thresholds generally improved with increasing carrier level. Most of these observations differ from results obtained for modulated broadband noises, and some are not consistent with published results for sinusoidal carriers.","PeriodicalId":369207,"journal":{"name":"IPO Annual Progress Report","volume":"72 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126979471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we provide an outline of a model for the flow information in conversations. We explain the model by means of a metaphor. We propose that certain natural language phrases (i.e., anaphoric expressions and questions) are used to express gaps. These gaps are what gives rise to information flow in conversations. After dealing with a simple conversational exchange in terms of this approach, we proceed to deal with different forms of indirect information transfer in conversations as they are manifested by bridging anaphors and indirect answers. At that point, we will leave the metaphorical presentation behind us and examine some of the details of our logic-based model itself. For the full details of the model we refer to Piwek (1998).
{"title":"Information flow and gaps","authors":"Pla Paul Piwek","doi":"10.1037/e491592004-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e491592004-001","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we provide an outline of a model for the flow information in conversations. We explain the model by means of a metaphor. We propose that certain natural language phrases (i.e., anaphoric expressions and questions) are used to express gaps. These gaps are what gives rise to information flow in conversations. After dealing with a simple conversational exchange in terms of this approach, we proceed to deal with different forms of indirect information transfer in conversations as they are manifested by bridging anaphors and indirect answers. At that point, we will leave the metaphorical presentation behind us and examine some of the details of our logic-based model itself. For the full details of the model we refer to Piwek (1998).","PeriodicalId":369207,"journal":{"name":"IPO Annual Progress Report","volume":"147 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127750301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a production and a perception study, the relation between the emotion or attitude expressed in an utterance, and the intonation pattern realized on that utterance was investigated. In the production study, the pitch contours of emotional utterances were labelled in terms of the IPO intonation grammar. One intonation pattern, the I&A, was produced in all emotions studied. Some other patterns were specifically used in expressing some emotions. In the perception study checking the perceptual relevance of these findings, the role of the patterns present in the database was tested. A listening test provided converging evidence on the contribution of specific intonation patterns in the perception of some of the emotions and attitudes studied. Some intonation patterns, such as final3C and 12, which were specifically produced in some emotion, e.g., indignation, also introduced a perceptual bias towards that emotion. In that sense, the results from the perception study supported the results from the production study.
{"title":"A study of intonation patterns in speech expressing emotion or attitude: production and perception","authors":"Sjl Mozziconacci, D. Hermes","doi":"10.1037/e494262004-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e494262004-001","url":null,"abstract":"In a production and a perception study, the relation between the emotion or attitude expressed in an utterance, and the intonation pattern realized on that utterance was investigated. In the production study, the pitch contours of emotional utterances were labelled in terms of the IPO intonation grammar. One intonation pattern, the I&A, was produced in all emotions studied. Some other patterns were specifically used in expressing some emotions. In the perception study checking the perceptual relevance of these findings, the role of the patterns present in the database was tested. A listening test provided converging evidence on the contribution of specific intonation patterns in the perception of some of the emotions and attitudes studied. Some intonation patterns, such as final3C and 12, which were specifically produced in some emotion, e.g., indignation, also introduced a perceptual bias towards that emotion. In that sense, the results from the perception study supported the results from the production study.","PeriodicalId":369207,"journal":{"name":"IPO Annual Progress Report","volume":"302 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133175580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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