Pub Date : 2019-02-26DOI: 10.26789/AEB.2019.01.003
Jie Wei, Shi Gui, Junqing Wu, Dandan Xu, Yun Sun, Xiaoying Dong, Yang Dai, Yongfeng Li
The depletion of non-renewable resources and pollution of industrial wastewater are major challenges to the human security. Using green renewable resources to address the above problems coincides with the sustainable development of human society. In this study, we attend to design hybrid aerogel, derived from nanocellulose and graphene oxide (GO), to realize wastewater purification via adsorption behavior, benefitting from its high specific surface area and high porosity. Nanocellulose, isolated from Amorpha fruticosa Linn. as a shrub plant, and graphene oxide were combinely employed to prepare the hybird aerogel via freeze-drying process; and its purification ability to remove methylene blue(MB), congo red (CR) and waste oil in waste water was tested. The results indicate that the isolated nanocellulose bears abundant hydroxyl groups and high aspect ratio of ~500 with average diameter of ~30 nm, which is well distributed on the surface of graphene oxide sheet with side length of about 1~3 μm, both of which form the hybrid aerogel with porosity larger than 99%. The nanomaterials physically assemble its orignial aggregation state. When the mass ratio of nanocellulose and graphene oxide is 8 : 2, the hybrid aerogel reaches the highest adsorption capacity of 265.6mg/g and 21.5mg/g for MB and CR, respectively. The hybrid aerogel after hydrophobic treatment shows excellent oil adsorption capacity up to 25.6 g/g, which is beneficial to oil/water separation. This strategy provides potential great-application of the nanocellulose in water purification.
{"title":"Nanocellulose-Graphene Oxide Hybrid Aerogel to Water Purification","authors":"Jie Wei, Shi Gui, Junqing Wu, Dandan Xu, Yun Sun, Xiaoying Dong, Yang Dai, Yongfeng Li","doi":"10.26789/AEB.2019.01.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26789/AEB.2019.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"The depletion of non-renewable resources and pollution of industrial wastewater are major challenges to the human security. Using green renewable resources to address the above problems coincides with the sustainable development of human society. In this study, we attend to design hybrid aerogel, derived from nanocellulose and graphene oxide (GO), to realize wastewater purification via adsorption behavior, benefitting from its high specific surface area and high porosity. Nanocellulose, isolated from Amorpha fruticosa Linn. as a shrub plant, and graphene oxide were combinely employed to prepare the hybird aerogel via freeze-drying process; and its purification ability to remove methylene blue(MB), congo red (CR) and waste oil in waste water was tested. The results indicate that the isolated nanocellulose bears abundant hydroxyl groups and high aspect ratio of ~500 with average diameter of ~30 nm, which is well distributed on the surface of graphene oxide sheet with side length of about 1~3 μm, both of which form the hybrid aerogel with porosity larger than 99%. The nanomaterials physically assemble its orignial aggregation state. When the mass ratio of nanocellulose and graphene oxide is 8 : 2, the hybrid aerogel reaches the highest adsorption capacity of 265.6mg/g and 21.5mg/g for MB and CR, respectively. The hybrid aerogel after hydrophobic treatment shows excellent oil adsorption capacity up to 25.6 g/g, which is beneficial to oil/water separation. This strategy provides potential great-application of the nanocellulose in water purification.","PeriodicalId":36987,"journal":{"name":"Applied Environmental Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47668084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-19DOI: 10.26789/AEB.2019.01.002
Jianlong Wang, W. Gu, Shi-fa Wang
New N-alkylfurfurylacetamides were synthesized and characterized from abundant biomass derived furfural by a simple and straightforward procedure with overall yields of 51 to 92%. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized compounds were then investigated and it was found that N-benzyl-N-furfurylacetamide and N-cyclohexyl-N-furfurylacetamide showed promising activity against bacteria, particularly white-rot-fungi, suggesting a feasible new type of anti-fungal agent in applications to protection and conservation of cultural heritage.
以丰富的生物质糠醛为原料，用简单、直接的方法合成了n -烷基糠酰乙酰胺，总收率为51 ~ 92%。对合成的化合物进行抑菌活性研究，发现n -苄基- n -糠酰乙酰胺和n -环己基- n -糠酰乙酰胺对细菌特别是白腐菌具有良好的抑菌活性，为文物保护提供了一种可行的新型抑菌剂。
{"title":"Inhibition of bacteria and white-rot-fungi by newly synthesized furfural derivatives","authors":"Jianlong Wang, W. Gu, Shi-fa Wang","doi":"10.26789/AEB.2019.01.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26789/AEB.2019.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"New N-alkylfurfurylacetamides were synthesized and characterized from abundant biomass derived furfural by a simple and straightforward procedure with overall yields of 51 to 92%. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized compounds were then investigated and it was found that N-benzyl-N-furfurylacetamide and N-cyclohexyl-N-furfurylacetamide showed promising activity against bacteria, particularly white-rot-fungi, suggesting a feasible new type of anti-fungal agent in applications to protection and conservation of cultural heritage.","PeriodicalId":36987,"journal":{"name":"Applied Environmental Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46713094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-26DOI: 10.26789/AEB.2018.01.003
T. N. P. Nguyen, Y. Ho
The objective of this writing was to conduct a bibliometric analysis of all plant cell publications during the period from 1992 to 2016 by using the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) in the Clarivate Analytics Web of Science database. Basic analysis includes document types, languages, journals, Web of Science categories, distribution by countries and institutes. Indicators such as total, independent, collaborative, first author, corresponding author, and single author publications were applied to compare publication performances by specific countries and institutions of the top ranking. The G7 dominated most of the high impact publications in plant cell research. The high-ranked contributing institutions were non-universities from France, China, Russia, Spain, and USA. University of Tokyo in Japan was the most productive university single out on the top. Plant cell articles were published mainly in Web of Science of plant sciences. Plant Physiology , Plant Journal , and Plant Cell were the top three productive journals on this subject. In addition, top cited and the high impact articles in recent years were also compared. Distributions of words in title, author keywords, and KeyWords Plus in different periods were used for searching research focuses.
本文的目的是通过使用Clarivate Analytics Web of Science数据库中的科学引文索引扩展(SCI-EXPANDED)，对1992年至2016年期间的所有植物细胞出版物进行文献计量学分析。基本分析包括文献类型、语言、期刊、科学网分类、国家和研究所分布。采用总发表量、独立发表量、合作发表量、第一作者发表量、通讯作者发表量和单作者发表量等指标来比较排名靠前的特定国家和机构的发表表现。七国集团主导了植物细胞研究中大多数高影响力的出版物。排名靠前的机构是来自法国、中国、俄罗斯、西班牙和美国的非大学。日本的东京大学是最具生产力的大学。植物细胞的文章主要发表在植物科学的Web of Science上。《植物生理学》、《植物杂志》和《植物细胞》是这一领域产量最高的三种期刊。此外，还对近年来的高被引文章和高影响文章进行了比较。利用标题、作者关键词、keywords Plus在不同时期的词分布来搜索研究热点。
{"title":"Trend and impact of plant cell publications: a bibliometric analysis of global research output from 1992 to 2016","authors":"T. N. P. Nguyen, Y. Ho","doi":"10.26789/AEB.2018.01.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26789/AEB.2018.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this writing was to conduct a bibliometric analysis of all plant cell publications during the period from 1992 to 2016 by using the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) in the Clarivate Analytics Web of Science database. Basic analysis includes document types, languages, journals, Web of Science categories, distribution by countries and institutes. Indicators such as total, independent, collaborative, first author, corresponding author, and single author publications were applied to compare publication performances by specific countries and institutions of the top ranking. The G7 dominated most of the high impact publications in plant cell research. The high-ranked contributing institutions were non-universities from France, China, Russia, Spain, and USA. University of Tokyo in Japan was the most productive university single out on the top. Plant cell articles were published mainly in Web of Science of plant sciences. Plant Physiology , Plant Journal , and Plant Cell were the top three productive journals on this subject. In addition, top cited and the high impact articles in recent years were also compared. Distributions of words in title, author keywords, and KeyWords Plus in different periods were used for searching research focuses.","PeriodicalId":36987,"journal":{"name":"Applied Environmental Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47329417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-26DOI: 10.26789/AEB.2018.01.006
Xiao-Zhang Yu, Chun-Jiao Lu, Yu-Xi Feng
Chemical forms of chromium (Cr) in rice seedlings ( Oryza sativa L. cv. BX139) exposed to either potassium chromate Cr(VI) or chromium nitrate Cr(III) were clarified using a hydroponic study. Seven chemical fractions of Cr in different rice tissues were extracted using a sequential extraction method. Results indicated that exposures to both Cr valents resulted in significant accumulation of Cr in rice tissues and Cr(III) was more bioavailable for rice seedlings than Cr(VI). However, Cr chemical forms were inconsistent in both plant materials (root/shoots) as well as in two different Cr variants. Although both Cr variants caused dose-dependent inhibition on relative growth rates of rice seedlings, different inhibition mechanisms most likely exited using a partial correlation analysis. Both fractions of Cr in cell wall and in intracellular location in roots significantly inhibited the relative growth rates of rice seedlings exposed to Cr(VI), while inhibition of the relative growth rate of rice seedlings exposed to Cr(III) was largely stemmed from Cr partition in intracellular fraction in shoots.
{"title":"Chemical forms of chromium in rice plants: does this fraction determine its phytotoxicity?","authors":"Xiao-Zhang Yu, Chun-Jiao Lu, Yu-Xi Feng","doi":"10.26789/AEB.2018.01.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26789/AEB.2018.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical forms of chromium (Cr) in rice seedlings ( Oryza sativa L. cv. BX139) exposed to either potassium chromate Cr(VI) or chromium nitrate Cr(III) were clarified using a hydroponic study. Seven chemical fractions of Cr in different rice tissues were extracted using a sequential extraction method. Results indicated that exposures to both Cr valents resulted in significant accumulation of Cr in rice tissues and Cr(III) was more bioavailable for rice seedlings than Cr(VI). However, Cr chemical forms were inconsistent in both plant materials (root/shoots) as well as in two different Cr variants. Although both Cr variants caused dose-dependent inhibition on relative growth rates of rice seedlings, different inhibition mechanisms most likely exited using a partial correlation analysis. Both fractions of Cr in cell wall and in intracellular location in roots significantly inhibited the relative growth rates of rice seedlings exposed to Cr(VI), while inhibition of the relative growth rate of rice seedlings exposed to Cr(III) was largely stemmed from Cr partition in intracellular fraction in shoots.","PeriodicalId":36987,"journal":{"name":"Applied Environmental Biotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42368100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-26DOI: 10.26789/AEB.2018.01.008
J. Gu
Many synthetic chemicals are widely used in our daily products and they are in constant contacts with humans through many different routes of exposure. In addition to the toxic environmental pollutants known with diminishing usage, plasticizers, a new class of emerging chemicals, are becoming of human health concerns increasingly. Microbial degradation of plasticizers is generally known, but the toxicity and other effects on human and animals are less well understood, especially in terms of reproductive development and endocrine-disrupting activity. Their major impact to Earth is the large quantities of them used on a daily basis and close contacts with biota of the biosphere. Knowledge of their impact shall be focused more specifically on developmental and endocrine system of animals than mortality in traditional toxicology as an end-point to better assess the threats to the biosphere. New directions on this research topic are presented to advance new knowledge in the future research and development.
{"title":"The endocrine-disrupting plasticizers will stay with us for a long time","authors":"J. Gu","doi":"10.26789/AEB.2018.01.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26789/AEB.2018.01.008","url":null,"abstract":"Many synthetic chemicals are widely used in our daily products and they are in constant contacts with humans through many different routes of exposure. In addition to the toxic environmental pollutants known with diminishing usage, plasticizers, a new class of emerging chemicals, are becoming of human health concerns increasingly. Microbial degradation of plasticizers is generally known, but the toxicity and other effects on human and animals are less well understood, especially in terms of reproductive development and endocrine-disrupting activity. Their major impact to Earth is the large quantities of them used on a daily basis and close contacts with biota of the biosphere. Knowledge of their impact shall be focused more specifically on developmental and endocrine system of animals than mortality in traditional toxicology as an end-point to better assess the threats to the biosphere. New directions on this research topic are presented to advance new knowledge in the future research and development.","PeriodicalId":36987,"journal":{"name":"Applied Environmental Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48237292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-26DOI: 10.26789/AEB.2018.01.002
W. Au, Xiao-Zhang Yu, J. Gu
This paper reviewed the physical and chemical properties of cyanide species - free cyanide and iron-cyanide complexes, and the potential of cyanide phytoremediation with reference to the phytotoxicity of free cyanide and iron-cyanide complexes in plants. There are three possible pathways, which are β-cyanoalanine synthase, sulfur transferase and formamide hydrolase pathways, for transforming and assimilating endogenous free cyanide in plants. Iron-cyanide complexes are generally resistant to microbial and fungal degradation. It is suggested that there may be undiscovered degradation pathways involved in assimilating iron-cyanide complexes in plants; however the detailed pathways of assimilation of iron-cyanides are still unknown. While uptake of free cyanide is mainly by simple diffusion, as iron-cyanide complexes are membrane-impermeable, it is suggested that the complexes may be transported into the plants through the mode of protein mediated uptake. Upon uptake, biological fates of cyanide species vary with different species of cyanide, depending on their chemical properties and concentrations. Phytotoxicity of free cyanide in plants is much higher than that of iron-cyanide complexes as plants could generally withstand a higher concentration of iron-cyanide complexes comparing with free cyanide. However, it is still unsure if the iron-cyanide complexes are toxic themselves or if they disrupt the metabolism of plants indirectly. It is known that endogenous cyanogenic compounds play a role in providing sources of nitrogen and acting as precursors in some biochemical processes in plants. Studies suggested that exogenous cyanide species, to a certain extent, could benefit the plants through providing nutrition to them. However, there is still no study conclusively indicates that there is a direct acquisition of exogenous cyanide species by plants as their alternative source of nitrogen. Further investigations on the degradation pathways of iron-cyanide complexes and the essential enzymes involved in phyto-assimilation of iron-cyanide complexes are required for better understanding of the degradation and assimilation pathways of cyanogenic compounds in plants.
{"title":"Phytoremediation of cyanide and iron cyanide complexes and the mechanisms involved","authors":"W. Au, Xiao-Zhang Yu, J. Gu","doi":"10.26789/AEB.2018.01.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26789/AEB.2018.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviewed the physical and chemical properties of cyanide species - free cyanide and iron-cyanide complexes, and the potential of cyanide phytoremediation with reference to the phytotoxicity of free cyanide and iron-cyanide complexes in plants. There are three possible pathways, which are β-cyanoalanine synthase, sulfur transferase and formamide hydrolase pathways, for transforming and assimilating endogenous free cyanide in plants. Iron-cyanide complexes are generally resistant to microbial and fungal degradation. It is suggested that there may be undiscovered degradation pathways involved in assimilating iron-cyanide complexes in plants; however the detailed pathways of assimilation of iron-cyanides are still unknown. While uptake of free cyanide is mainly by simple diffusion, as iron-cyanide complexes are membrane-impermeable, it is suggested that the complexes may be transported into the plants through the mode of protein mediated uptake. Upon uptake, biological fates of cyanide species vary with different species of cyanide, depending on their chemical properties and concentrations. Phytotoxicity of free cyanide in plants is much higher than that of iron-cyanide complexes as plants could generally withstand a higher concentration of iron-cyanide complexes comparing with free cyanide. However, it is still unsure if the iron-cyanide complexes are toxic themselves or if they disrupt the metabolism of plants indirectly. It is known that endogenous cyanogenic compounds play a role in providing sources of nitrogen and acting as precursors in some biochemical processes in plants. Studies suggested that exogenous cyanide species, to a certain extent, could benefit the plants through providing nutrition to them. However, there is still no study conclusively indicates that there is a direct acquisition of exogenous cyanide species by plants as their alternative source of nitrogen. Further investigations on the degradation pathways of iron-cyanide complexes and the essential enzymes involved in phyto-assimilation of iron-cyanide complexes are required for better understanding of the degradation and assimilation pathways of cyanogenic compounds in plants.","PeriodicalId":36987,"journal":{"name":"Applied Environmental Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47446028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-26DOI: 10.26789/AEB.2018.01.004
J. Gu, W. McGill
This study was carried out to estimate N-15 allocation into different components of the above- and below-ground plant parts, and to quantify biological N-fixation in faba bean using N-15 dilution method, and both canola and barley as reference crops. Four samplings were conducted during the crop growing season, both above- and below-ground plant parts, and soil were sampled. The above-ground plant was fractionated into leaves, stems, shell, and seeds for faba bean and canola; and dead-leaves, live-leaves, stems, sheaths, husks, and seeds for barley. Roots were extracted from soil by root-washing technique and further separated from dead debris by water floatation and hand-picking. N-15 excess of faba bean above-ground parts was lower than its roots, but the reverse was true for the non-legumes (canola and barley). N-15 fractionation was apparently taking place in various plant parts. Reproductive organs of faba bean had lower N-15 excess than the vegetative ones, but reproductive organs of non-legumes (canola and barley) had higher N-15 excess than the vegetative ones. N-fixation in faba bean was quantified by using N-15 dilution method with either canola or barley as a reference crop, the quantity of N derived from atmospheric fixation was 183-199 kg N/ha/yr in the above-ground parts of faba bean and 18-22 kg N/ha/yr in faba bean roots by September 1, when faba beans were not fully matured. Either canola or barley can be a valid reference crop for N-fixation estimation in N-15 dilution method. Total difference method agreed with N-15 dilution method with less than 10% variation in this study. A peak of N-fixation was observed after faba bean flowering and the rate of N-fixation during this period was 4.0-4.7 kg N /ha/day. This study provides the key inofmration for the quantity of N-fixation from atmosphere in faba bean growing on this soil of Canada.
本研究旨在估计N-15在地上和地下植物部分不同成分中的分配，并使用N-15稀释法量化蚕豆的生物固氮，以油菜和大麦为参考作物。在作物生长季节进行了四次采样，包括地上和地下植物部分，并对土壤进行了采样。地上植物被分成叶子、茎、壳和种子，用于蚕豆和油菜；大麦的枯叶、活叶、茎、鞘、壳和种子。采用洗根技术从土壤中提取根系，并采用气浮和手工采摘的方法从死渣中进一步分离。地上部分蚕豆的N-15过量量低于其根部，但非豆类作物（油菜和大麦）的情况正好相反。N-15的分馏作用明显发生在植物的各个部位。蚕豆生殖器官的N－15含量低于营养器官，而非豆类（油菜和大麦）生殖器官的氮－15含量高于营养器官。以油菜或大麦为参考作物，采用N-15稀释法对蚕豆的氮固定进行定量，到9月1日蚕豆还没有完全成熟时，蚕豆地上部分的大气固定氮量为183-199 kg N/ha/yr，蚕豆根部的氮量为18-22 kg N/ha/yr。在N-15稀释法中，油菜或大麦都可以作为估算固氮的有效参考作物。总差值法与N-15稀释法一致，在本研究中变化小于10%。蚕豆开花后出现固氮高峰，在此期间的固氮率为4.0-4.7kg/ha/天。本研究为在加拿大这片土地上生长的蚕豆大气固氮量的确定提供了关键。
{"title":"Quantification of symbiotically fixed N2 by faba bean and allocation of 15N among above- and below-ground components of faba bean, canola, and barley on a Gray Luvisol","authors":"J. Gu, W. McGill","doi":"10.26789/AEB.2018.01.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26789/AEB.2018.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to estimate N-15 allocation into different components of the above- and below-ground plant parts, and to quantify biological N-fixation in faba bean using N-15 dilution method, and both canola and barley as reference crops. Four samplings were conducted during the crop growing season, both above- and below-ground plant parts, and soil were sampled. The above-ground plant was fractionated into leaves, stems, shell, and seeds for faba bean and canola; and dead-leaves, live-leaves, stems, sheaths, husks, and seeds for barley. Roots were extracted from soil by root-washing technique and further separated from dead debris by water floatation and hand-picking. N-15 excess of faba bean above-ground parts was lower than its roots, but the reverse was true for the non-legumes (canola and barley). N-15 fractionation was apparently taking place in various plant parts. Reproductive organs of faba bean had lower N-15 excess than the vegetative ones, but reproductive organs of non-legumes (canola and barley) had higher N-15 excess than the vegetative ones. N-fixation in faba bean was quantified by using N-15 dilution method with either canola or barley as a reference crop, the quantity of N derived from atmospheric fixation was 183-199 kg N/ha/yr in the above-ground parts of faba bean and 18-22 kg N/ha/yr in faba bean roots by September 1, when faba beans were not fully matured. Either canola or barley can be a valid reference crop for N-fixation estimation in N-15 dilution method. Total difference method agreed with N-15 dilution method with less than 10% variation in this study. A peak of N-fixation was observed after faba bean flowering and the rate of N-fixation during this period was 4.0-4.7 kg N /ha/day. This study provides the key inofmration for the quantity of N-fixation from atmosphere in faba bean growing on this soil of Canada.","PeriodicalId":36987,"journal":{"name":"Applied Environmental Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46104902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-26DOI: 10.26789/AEB.2018.01.005
C. Wan, J. Gu
Microbial biofilm formation on surfaces of materials is important information to better understand the adhesion mechanisms and to prevent bacterial colonization. Atomic force microscopy is a useful tool for examining bacterial biofilms formed on metal surfaces. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the metal surface properties including roughness for attachment of the bacterium Janthinobacterium lividum isolated from drinking-water catridge and to establish the relationship between surface modification through galvanization and susceptibility to biofilm formation. Four metal coupons used in this study were Al Galvanic 0.3%, 5%, 55% and a pure zinc plate. The results showed that several roughness parameters including autocovariance, Z -range, mean roughness, and maximum height increased with bacterial attachment on the selective metal type surfaces. There was a strong positive correlation between different roughness parameters and the number of bacteria attached on the specific metal types. The highest population number of bacteria was observed on Al Galvanized 55% coupon, which was also the roughest surface among the test coupons with different galvanization treatments. Our data suggest that prevention of bacterial attachment on metal surfaces can be achieved by surface treatment to obtain better morphological characteristics.
{"title":"Surface physical roughness correlating to biofilm attachment on galvanized aluminum surfaces by bacteria","authors":"C. Wan, J. Gu","doi":"10.26789/AEB.2018.01.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26789/AEB.2018.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial biofilm formation on surfaces of materials is important information to better understand the adhesion mechanisms and to prevent bacterial colonization. Atomic force microscopy is a useful tool for examining bacterial biofilms formed on metal surfaces. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the metal surface properties including roughness for attachment of the bacterium Janthinobacterium lividum isolated from drinking-water catridge and to establish the relationship between surface modification through galvanization and susceptibility to biofilm formation. Four metal coupons used in this study were Al Galvanic 0.3%, 5%, 55% and a pure zinc plate. The results showed that several roughness parameters including autocovariance, Z -range, mean roughness, and maximum height increased with bacterial attachment on the selective metal type surfaces. There was a strong positive correlation between different roughness parameters and the number of bacteria attached on the specific metal types. The highest population number of bacteria was observed on Al Galvanized 55% coupon, which was also the roughest surface among the test coupons with different galvanization treatments. Our data suggest that prevention of bacterial attachment on metal surfaces can be achieved by surface treatment to obtain better morphological characteristics.","PeriodicalId":36987,"journal":{"name":"Applied Environmental Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45100187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-26DOI: 10.26789/AEB.2018.01.007
Mei Zhang, Wenxiu Fan, Jingyue Wang, Limin Cao
The ability to engineer the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to efficiently convert lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol remains a considerable challenge. Here, we propose a new reprogrammable strategy to optimize the expression level of the xylose isomerase (XI) gene with the induction of mutations in S . cerevisiae to improve efficient ethanol production and productivity. We sought to fine-tune the xylose uptake and catabolism abilities of S. cerevisiae during fermentation by improving efficiency of the xylose transporter, which was fused with four copies of the XI gene under the control of different promoters to obtain recombinant yeast strains. In fermentation experiments, the optimized strain CW9 cultured in yeast extract-peptone (YP) medium containing approximately 65 g/L glucose and 55 g/L xylose produced consistent ethanol yields of 0.45 g/g total sugar in about 72 h, which was close to 90% of the theoretical yield. These promising results indicate that strain CW9 is the best producer of ethanol from mixed sugar when synthetically regulating the xylose assimilation pathway. Overall, this study provides an optimal method to control XI expression levels to find better conditions for enhancing biofuel production.
{"title":"Optimized xylose isomerase uptake and expression level in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for improving ethanol production","authors":"Mei Zhang, Wenxiu Fan, Jingyue Wang, Limin Cao","doi":"10.26789/AEB.2018.01.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26789/AEB.2018.01.007","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to engineer the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to efficiently convert lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol remains a considerable challenge. Here, we propose a new reprogrammable strategy to optimize the expression level of the xylose isomerase (XI) gene with the induction of mutations in S . cerevisiae to improve efficient ethanol production and productivity. We sought to fine-tune the xylose uptake and catabolism abilities of S. cerevisiae during fermentation by improving efficiency of the xylose transporter, which was fused with four copies of the XI gene under the control of different promoters to obtain recombinant yeast strains. In fermentation experiments, the optimized strain CW9 cultured in yeast extract-peptone (YP) medium containing approximately 65 g/L glucose and 55 g/L xylose produced consistent ethanol yields of 0.45 g/g total sugar in about 72 h, which was close to 90% of the theoretical yield. These promising results indicate that strain CW9 is the best producer of ethanol from mixed sugar when synthetically regulating the xylose assimilation pathway. Overall, this study provides an optimal method to control XI expression levels to find better conditions for enhancing biofuel production.","PeriodicalId":36987,"journal":{"name":"Applied Environmental Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45211270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, a sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) system for the simultaneous biodegradation of organic matter and detoxification of hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) was investigated. The total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate of the SMFC with Cr (VI) was 30.07%, which was significantly higher than that in a SMFC without Cr (VI) (13.74%). In the SMFC with Cr (VI), the maximum values of open-circuit voltage (OCV) and power density were 408 mV and 4.8 mW/m 2 , respectively. During the long-term operation of the SMFC with Cr (VI), 25 mg/L of Cr (VI) were completely reduced from all four consecutive batches over 48 days. MiSeq sequencing revealed that the biofilm microbial community of the anode comprised of Bacteroidetes (42.9%), Proteobacteria (33.6%), Chloroflexi (7.5%), and Euryarchaeota (7.5%) as the predominant phyla. Compared with that of the sediment, certain families were enriched; they included Pseudomonadaceae (46.88-fold), Flavobacteriaceae (5.05-fold), and Syntrophaceae (4.48-fold), which are organic matter-degrading bacteria. These results suggest that SMFCs are useful for TOC removal and detoxification of heavy metals in remediation of contaminated lakes.
{"title":"Enhanced organic matter degradation by a sediment microbial fuel cell system using hexavalent chromium as an electron acceptor","authors":"Yongyan Niu, Khan Aman, Zhengjun Chen, Shuai Zhao, Kejia Wu, Xinglong Xiao, Xiangkai Li","doi":"10.26789/AEB.2018.01.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26789/AEB.2018.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) system for the simultaneous biodegradation of organic matter and detoxification of hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) was investigated. The total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate of the SMFC with Cr (VI) was 30.07%, which was significantly higher than that in a SMFC without Cr (VI) (13.74%). In the SMFC with Cr (VI), the maximum values of open-circuit voltage (OCV) and power density were 408 mV and 4.8 mW/m 2 , respectively. During the long-term operation of the SMFC with Cr (VI), 25 mg/L of Cr (VI) were completely reduced from all four consecutive batches over 48 days. MiSeq sequencing revealed that the biofilm microbial community of the anode comprised of Bacteroidetes (42.9%), Proteobacteria (33.6%), Chloroflexi (7.5%), and Euryarchaeota (7.5%) as the predominant phyla. Compared with that of the sediment, certain families were enriched; they included Pseudomonadaceae (46.88-fold), Flavobacteriaceae (5.05-fold), and Syntrophaceae (4.48-fold), which are organic matter-degrading bacteria. These results suggest that SMFCs are useful for TOC removal and detoxification of heavy metals in remediation of contaminated lakes.","PeriodicalId":36987,"journal":{"name":"Applied Environmental Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44418729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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