The aim of this study is to explore the information-seeking behaviour of international tourists in relation to Ghanaian cuisine. The study employed both the origin and destination context to gain an understanding of international tourists’ local food information search process. A grounded theory approach was used for both data collection and analysis. A total of 40 in-depth interviews were conducted in the process. The paper shows that most international tourists do not search or engage in an adequate information search on local food before their journeys. The findings further reveal that contextual conditions such as tourist typology and repeat visit shape tourists’ level of knowledge on local food, which in turn affect the information search strategies adopted at the destination. It is concluded that international tourists visiting Ghana are generally ignorant of the local cuisine; therefore, the Ghana Tourism Authority should find innovative ways of getting information on local cuisine to tourists upon arrival into the country.
{"title":"A model for tourists' information search behaviour on Ghanaian cuisine","authors":"Stephen E. Hiamey, E. Amenumey","doi":"10.47963/ajthm.v1i2.142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47963/ajthm.v1i2.142","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000The aim of this study is to explore the information-seeking behaviour of international tourists in relation to Ghanaian cuisine. The study employed both the origin and destination context to gain an understanding of international tourists’ local food information search process. A grounded theory approach was used for both data collection and analysis. A total of 40 in-depth interviews were conducted in the process. The paper shows that most international tourists do not search or engage in an adequate information search on local food before their journeys. The findings further reveal that contextual conditions such as tourist typology and repeat visit shape tourists’ level of knowledge on local food, which in turn affect the information search strategies adopted at the destination. It is concluded that international tourists visiting Ghana are generally ignorant of the local cuisine; therefore, the Ghana Tourism Authority should find innovative ways of getting information on local cuisine to tourists upon arrival into the country. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":369961,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128025911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ensuring there is regular supply of electricity to support industrial growth and development is a huge challenge for countries the world over. However, Ghana’s power supply challenges culminated into a four-year electricity crisis (2012-2016) that earned the name “dumsor,” meaning “on and off” in the Akan language. The crisis was different in its intensity, complexity, and reach from any previously recorded case. At its peak, a greater expanse of southern Ghana endured a load shedding schedule of 12 hours with electricity and 24 hours without electricity, with the capital city (Accra) being the worse affected. Heavy electricity consumers were among the hardest hit businesses since the dumsor did not only increase operational cost and reduce productivity but also resulted in significant withdrawal of investments. The narrative was progressively dismal for hotels because the industry has high entry and exit costs and their success and reputation is based on rendering quality services at a comparatively lower price. Thus, any compromise on their product results in disproportionate decline in patronage due to poor reviews and bad word-of-mouth. Given the above, a review of the socio-economic effects of dumsor on hotels and adopted coping strategies were needed to lay a framework to examine the effects of electricity crises on the tourism industry. Adopting a mixed- method approach, seventy-three (73) hotels in the Accra Metropolitan Area were engaged. The results reveal an increase in both operational cost and customer complaints. This brought about the adoption of diesel-fuelled generators as an immediate stop-gap measure to curb the crisis.
{"title":"Socio-economic effects of electricity crisis and coping strategies","authors":"M. A. Moore","doi":"10.47963/ajthm.v1i2.140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47963/ajthm.v1i2.140","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Ensuring there is regular supply of electricity to support industrial growth and development is a huge challenge for countries the world over. However, Ghana’s power supply challenges culminated into a four-year electricity crisis (2012-2016) that earned the name “dumsor,” meaning “on and off” in the Akan language. The crisis was different in its intensity, complexity, and reach from any previously recorded case. At its peak, a greater expanse of southern Ghana endured a load shedding schedule of 12 hours with electricity and 24 hours without electricity, with the capital city (Accra) being the worse affected. Heavy electricity consumers were among the hardest hit businesses since the dumsor did not only increase operational cost and reduce productivity but also resulted in significant withdrawal of investments. The narrative was progressively dismal for hotels because the industry has high entry and exit costs and their success and reputation is based on rendering quality services at a comparatively lower price. Thus, any compromise on their product results in disproportionate decline in patronage due to poor reviews and bad word-of-mouth. Given the above, a review of the socio-economic effects of dumsor on hotels and adopted coping strategies were needed to lay a framework to examine the effects of electricity crises on the tourism industry. Adopting a mixed- method approach, seventy-three (73) hotels in the Accra Metropolitan Area were engaged. The results reveal an increase in both operational cost and customer complaints. This brought about the adoption of diesel-fuelled generators as an immediate stop-gap measure to curb the crisis. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":369961,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121514599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper assessed industry practitioners’ and educators’ views on the competencies required by the hospitality industry in Ghana. Data was collected through a survey of 111 respondents. Means were used to rank the competencies, whilst T- test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to explore the differences in competencies perceived to be required by the industry practitioners and educators. It was found out in terms of importance that practitioners preferred leadership, administrative, conceptual and technical competencies whilst educators favoured conceptual, leadership, administrative and technical competencies. Except for ability to maintain hygiene standards and ability to develop contingency plans, there were generally no statistically significant differences between the views of practitioners and educators with regards to competencies required by the industry. It is recommended that there should be more collaboration between hospitality practitioners and educators in Ghana.
{"title":"Hospitality management competency requirements of the hospitality industry in Ghana","authors":"G. Anthony, Ishmael Mensah, E. Amenumey","doi":"10.47963/ajthm.v1i1.136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47963/ajthm.v1i1.136","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000This paper assessed industry practitioners’ and educators’ views on the competencies required by the hospitality industry in Ghana. Data was collected through a survey of 111 respondents. Means were used to rank the competencies, whilst T- test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to explore the differences in competencies perceived to be required by the industry practitioners and educators. It was found out in terms of importance that practitioners preferred leadership, administrative, conceptual and technical competencies whilst educators favoured conceptual, leadership, administrative and technical competencies. Except for ability to maintain hygiene standards and ability to develop contingency plans, there were generally no statistically significant differences between the views of practitioners and educators with regards to competencies required by the industry. It is recommended that there should be more collaboration between hospitality practitioners and educators in Ghana. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":369961,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129448398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Fraikue, Pillai Janardhanan. Prasanna Kumar, E. Amenumey, S. Acquah
Makuea poo-ung is a highly nutritious fruity vegetable. The main objective of this study was to compare the nutritional contents of fresh and dried makuea poo-ung, then compare to nutrients presents in general eggplants. Makuea poo-ung was pre-treated before reagents and chemicals were used to identify the specific nutrients present, whilst independent T-Test was used to analyse the significant differences. Results revealed that fresh and dried makuea poo-ung contained the six food nutrients. However, comparison between fresh makuea poo-ung and general nutrients in eggplants revealed very substantial diversions. Apart from Vitamin A which fell within the range of eggplants reviewed, most nutrients present in makuea poo-ung compared to eggplants were either less or more than the range reviewed. Conclusively, fresh and dried makuea poo-ung are nutritious to consume and serve as food supplements. It is recommended that commercial/traditional caterers and home makers should patronize makuea poo-ung.
{"title":"Unveiling the potential nutrients present in fresh and dried Makuea Poo-Ung","authors":"F. Fraikue, Pillai Janardhanan. Prasanna Kumar, E. Amenumey, S. Acquah","doi":"10.47963/ajthm.v1i1.138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47963/ajthm.v1i1.138","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Makuea poo-ung is a highly nutritious fruity vegetable. The main objective of this study was to compare the nutritional contents of fresh and dried makuea poo-ung, then compare to nutrients presents in general eggplants. Makuea poo-ung was pre-treated before reagents and chemicals were used to identify the specific nutrients present, whilst independent T-Test was used to analyse the significant differences. Results revealed that fresh and dried makuea poo-ung contained the six food nutrients. However, comparison between fresh makuea poo-ung and general nutrients in eggplants revealed very substantial diversions. Apart from Vitamin A which fell within the range of eggplants reviewed, most nutrients present in makuea poo-ung compared to eggplants were either less or more than the range reviewed. Conclusively, fresh and dried makuea poo-ung are nutritious to consume and serve as food supplements. It is recommended that commercial/traditional caterers and home makers should patronize makuea poo-ung. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":369961,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132791092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ucc-journal Journal, R. Obour, Samua Domokana, P. Ankomah, T. Larson
Mole National Park (MNP), Ghana’s largest protected area and most notable wildlife destination, permits tourists to view elephants and other wildlife species in their natural habitat. The elephant, a charismatic mega-herbivore and one of the ‘Big Five’ plays a flagship role in attracting tourists world- wide to protected areas. The paucity of information on habitat conditions, elephant numbers, trends and distribution has brought some uncertainty regarding elephants in tourism activities of the park. This study used both spatial data and structured questionnaire to examine the prevalence and distribution of elephants in MNP and the likelihood of tourists encountering elephants while visiting the park. A total of 120 respondents formed the basis of the study. Results revealed a drastic decline in elephant encounters in 2009 accompanied by a slight increase in 2011. The study showed that presence of the elephants has a significant effect on tourists’ patronage of the park.
摩尔国家公园(Mole National Park, MNP)是加纳最大的保护区和最著名的野生动物目的地，游客可以在自然栖息地观赏大象和其他野生动物。大象是一种极具魅力的巨型食草动物，也是“五大动物”之一，在吸引世界各地的游客前往保护区方面发挥着旗舰作用。由于缺乏栖息地条件、大象数量、趋势和分布等方面的信息，使得公园的大象旅游活动存在一些不确定性。本研究采用空间数据和结构化问卷调查的方法，考察了大象在MNP的流行和分布，以及游客在参观公园时遇到大象的可能性。共有120名受访者构成了这项研究的基础。结果显示，2009年遭遇大象的次数急剧下降，2011年略有增加。研究表明，大象的存在对游客光顾公园有显著影响。
{"title":"Accessibility to elephants as tourism flagship species","authors":"Ucc-journal Journal, R. Obour, Samua Domokana, P. Ankomah, T. Larson","doi":"10.47963/ajthm.v1i1.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47963/ajthm.v1i1.135","url":null,"abstract":"Mole National Park (MNP), Ghana’s largest protected area and most notable wildlife destination, permits tourists to view elephants and other wildlife species in their natural habitat. The elephant, a charismatic mega-herbivore and one of the ‘Big Five’ plays a flagship role in attracting tourists world- wide to protected areas. The paucity of information on habitat conditions, elephant numbers, trends and distribution has brought some uncertainty regarding elephants in tourism activities of the park. This study used both spatial data and structured questionnaire to examine the prevalence and distribution of elephants in MNP and the likelihood of tourists encountering elephants while visiting the park. A total of 120 respondents formed the basis of the study. Results revealed a drastic decline in elephant encounters in 2009 accompanied by a slight increase in 2011. The study showed that presence of the elephants has a significant effect on tourists’ patronage of the park.","PeriodicalId":369961,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125719507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah Blankson-Stiles-Ocran, E. F. Amissah, Abigail Opoku Mensah
The purpose of this study was to investigate the determinants of emotional labour among frontline employees in Ghanaian hotels. Specifically, the study identified the determinants of emotional labour which were hypothesized to have significant effects on emotional labour. A total of 205 frontline employees participated in the paper-pencil survey. The questionnaires contained items measuring individual, situational and organisational factors of emotional labour. The results indicated that among the determinants, gender, age and variety of emotional displays had significant effects on emotional labour. These results suggest that gender, age and variety of emotional displays play a critical role in employees’ performance of emotional labour in hotels.
{"title":"Determinants of emotional labour among employees in the hospitality industry in Accra, Ghana","authors":"Sarah Blankson-Stiles-Ocran, E. F. Amissah, Abigail Opoku Mensah","doi":"10.47963/ajthm.v1i1.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47963/ajthm.v1i1.137","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000The purpose of this study was to investigate the determinants of emotional labour among frontline employees in Ghanaian hotels. Specifically, the study identified the determinants of emotional labour which were hypothesized to have significant effects on emotional labour. A total of 205 frontline employees participated in the paper-pencil survey. The questionnaires contained items measuring individual, situational and organisational factors of emotional labour. The results indicated that among the determinants, gender, age and variety of emotional displays had significant effects on emotional labour. These results suggest that gender, age and variety of emotional displays play a critical role in employees’ performance of emotional labour in hotels. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":369961,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management","volume":"742 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123005037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A number of risks are associated with the use of mobile phones. However, there is still a paucity of evidence on the extent to which demographics influence risk perceptions of smartphone usage. This paper examines backpackers’ perceived risk of smartphone usage and the extent to which demographic attributes influence risk perceptions. A survey involving 567 backpackers was conducted in Ghana. The CFA, ANOVA and independent samples t-test were used to analyse the data. The study showed the relevance of coalescing information technology and destination risks factors in measuring perceived risks towards smartphone usage before assessing the effects of demographics on perceived risk. Importantly, backpackers’ risk perceptions are a function of their demographic traits, such as sex, age, education, income, occupation, continent of origin and travel experience. The theoretical and managerial implications of the study are discussed.
{"title":"Do Demographic Traits Matter? Backpackers’ Information Technology and Destination-Related Risk Concerns Towards Smartphone Usage","authors":"F. Dayour","doi":"10.47963/ajthm.v1i1.134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47963/ajthm.v1i1.134","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000A number of risks are associated with the use of mobile phones. However, there is still a paucity of evidence on the extent to which demographics influence risk perceptions of smartphone usage. This paper examines backpackers’ perceived risk of smartphone usage and the extent to which demographic attributes influence risk perceptions. A survey involving 567 backpackers was conducted in Ghana. The CFA, ANOVA and independent samples t-test were used to analyse the data. The study showed the relevance of coalescing information technology and destination risks factors in measuring perceived risks towards smartphone usage before assessing the effects of demographics on perceived risk. Importantly, backpackers’ risk perceptions are a function of their demographic traits, such as sex, age, education, income, occupation, continent of origin and travel experience. The theoretical and managerial implications of the study are discussed. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":369961,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125749546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although studies on the relationship between corporate culture and organisational performance abound in other jurisdictions, the focus has been on the composite effect of corporate culture on performance, with little attention given to the predictive value of the corporate culture types on organisational performance. Using the four major corporate culture types (clan, hierarchy, market, and adhocracy) on both financial and non-financial performance of star-rated hotels in Ghana, the study hypothesized that each corporate culture type will exert a positive effect on both financial and non-financial performance. Out of a population of 640 star-rated hotels, 248 hotels were involved in the study, using the multi-stage sampling technique. Questionnaires were administered to managers of the selected hotels. In all, a total of 178 responses were retrieved and analyzed using descriptive statistics (such as mean and standard deviation) and partial least squares in structural equation modeling. Findings of the study indicate that market culture was the most prominent predictor of profitability, return on investment, growth in profit, and sales volume, although it recorded a weak effect size. Adhocracy and hierarchy cultures were also the most prominent in predicting trust, improving supplier relations, improving service quality delivery, and customer retention. The study recommends, for the promotion of market, hierarchy and adhocracy corporate cultures in order to improve both financial and non-financial organisational performance of star-rated hotels in Ghana.
{"title":"Effect of corporate culture on organisational performance of star-rated hotels in Ghana","authors":"D. Owusu","doi":"10.47963/ajthm.v1i2.139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47963/ajthm.v1i2.139","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Although studies on the relationship between corporate culture and organisational performance abound in other jurisdictions, the focus has been on the composite effect of corporate culture on performance, with little attention given to the predictive value of the corporate culture types on organisational performance. Using the four major corporate culture types (clan, hierarchy, market, and adhocracy) on both financial and non-financial performance of star-rated hotels in Ghana, the study hypothesized that each corporate culture type will exert a positive effect on both financial and non-financial performance. Out of a population of 640 star-rated hotels, 248 hotels were involved in the study, using the multi-stage sampling technique. Questionnaires were administered to managers of the selected hotels. In all, a total of 178 responses were retrieved and analyzed using descriptive statistics (such as mean and standard deviation) and partial least squares in structural equation modeling. Findings of the study indicate that market culture was the most prominent predictor of profitability, return on investment, growth in profit, and sales volume, although it recorded a weak effect size. Adhocracy and hierarchy cultures were also the most prominent in predicting trust, improving supplier relations, improving service quality delivery, and customer retention. The study recommends, for the promotion of market, hierarchy and adhocracy corporate cultures in order to improve both financial and non-financial organisational performance of star-rated hotels in Ghana. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":369961,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124778643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Melody Enyonam Appietu, Vincent Asimah, Christopher Mensah
Remarkably, exposures to hospitality workplaces through internships have been found to rather dissuade students from envisaging hospitality career. However, knowledge of this phenomenon remains inconclusive. Consequently, this study explored the effect of internship work experience on undergraduate students’ commitment and perception of the nature of hospitality work using before-and-after design. A convenience sample of 171 hospitality management students in a Ghanaian technical university completed paper- and-pencil questionnaires, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The majority of the students indicated positive perceptions of hospitality employment and were accordingly willing to work in hospitality-related jobs after graduation. Contrary to the commonly held view, commitment, attitude, and perceptions of hospitality work do not undergo significant reconsiderations post-internships.
{"title":"Does perception of hospitality employment change post internship?","authors":"Melody Enyonam Appietu, Vincent Asimah, Christopher Mensah","doi":"10.47963/ajthm.v1i2.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47963/ajthm.v1i2.141","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Remarkably, exposures to hospitality workplaces through internships have been found to rather dissuade students from envisaging hospitality career. However, knowledge of this phenomenon remains inconclusive. Consequently, this study explored the effect of internship work experience on undergraduate students’ commitment and perception of the nature of hospitality work using before-and-after design. A convenience sample of 171 hospitality management students in a Ghanaian technical university completed paper- and-pencil questionnaires, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The majority of the students indicated positive perceptions of hospitality employment and were accordingly willing to work in hospitality-related jobs after graduation. Contrary to the commonly held view, commitment, attitude, and perceptions of hospitality work do not undergo significant reconsiderations post-internships. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":369961,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122764899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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