Current Drug Research Reviews最新文献

Background: Understanding the genetic foundations of brain development has been made possible by the use of traditional biological models. However, these models frequently fail to capture the complexity of human brain development, particularly the considerable cortical expansion that sets humans apart from other vertebrates and non-human primates.

Objectives: The purpose of this review is to outline the methodology, applications, and potential prospects for using human brain organoids as sophisticated models for researching brain development and illness mechanisms.

Methods: Organoids, or three-dimensional (3-D) structures, are generated by utilizing adult or embryonic stem cells to mimic the main structural and functional features of the human brain. The present investigation emphasizes the advantages of these organoids over traditional two-dimensional (2-D) monolayer models in relation to cellular variety and the ability to create complex 3-D networks, addressing various methods established by researchers to culture these cells.

Results: Organoids precisely mimic numerous features of human brain development, overcoming the limitations of conventional models. They have demonstrated significant utility in investigating the mechanisms that contribute to neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, in addition to tumor biology, providing a valuable understanding of both the normal physiological processes and the underlying cause of the human brain.

Conclusion: Human brain organoids signify a notable progression in the field of neuroscience research, facilitating enhanced modeling of brain disorders. Future investigations will further enhance these methodologies and examine their applications, leading to innovative therapeutic strategies and broadening the knowledge of human brain disorders.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a prevalent virus across the world that belongs to the family Herpesviridae but remains dormant in the body unless the immune system is compromised. In addition, when the bacterium is compromised without any health risks, the infection spreads from one person to another person through body fluids, such as saliva, blood, etc. Ganciclovir is an anti- viral medication used in treating viral infections, especially in the treatment of CMV in people with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and immunity at risk. The quality control of ganciclovir in industries is carried out by using anti-green solvents in large volumes; these solvents are not safe in consideration of environmental factors and analysts. Also, the waste generation by these solvents causes hazardous effects on the environment. Further, using 12 green analytical chemistry principles promotes the awareness of analytical judgments among the research groups. It is a revolutionary step in the analytical field to enhance the safety of the environment, and analysts, apart from safety, help to control waste production and conserve energy-reducing occupational hazards. Many works have been carried out for the quality control of ganciclovir using different solvents, such as acetonitrile, methanol, etc. Despite this, there are no existing methods with green solvents or procedures to reduce energy and waste generation. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to understand the drug profile of ganciclovir and the methods developed.

Naturally occurring glycosylated hydroquinone Arbutin, has drawn interest due to its possible function in reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Arbutin is well-known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which are essential in preventing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Research has shown that arbutin might alter important physiological pathways connected to protein misfolding, synapse function, and neuronal survival processes linked to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Arbutin can also penetrate the blood- -brain barrier, which increases its therapeutic potential. Arbutin's neuroprotective properties and promise as a therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative illnesses are summarized in this review, which also emphasizes the need for further study into the molecular processes behind these effects.

Background: Ralstonia mannitolilytica is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that has been increasingly reported in clinical settings. Despite its low pathogenicity in immunocompetent individuals, it poses a significant threat to immunocompromised patients, particularly those with underlying medical conditions or invasive medical interventions.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical impact and management strategies based on the analysis of individual case reports on Ralstonia mannitolilytica .

Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed was conducted from inception until July 31, 2023, using the terms "Ralstonia mannitolilytica" and/or "Pseudomonas thomasii". Inclusion criteria for our systematic review included human-centered case reports of Ralstonia mannitolilytica infections, excluding case series and review articles. Data extraction followed PRISMA guidelines, including study details and patient characteristics. Case reports were systematically assessed using the JBI critical appraisal checklist, evaluating patient demographics, clinical history, diagnostic methods, interventions, post-intervention outcomes, adverse events, and lessons learned to minimize bias risk.

Results: A total of 17 case reports of Ralstonia mannitolilytica infections were included in our systematic review. Studies published from 2001 to 2023 revealed diverse global contributions, with 29.41% from China. Infection origins varied, with catheter-related cases being predominant. Mortality was reported in two studies. Antibiotic sensitivity analysis showed sensitivity to third-generation cephalosporins, notably Ceftazidime. Quality appraisal revealed that all studies had a low risk of bias, ensuring the overall robustness of the case reports.

Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of understanding Ralstonia mannitolilytica infections, given their varied clinical presentations and antibiotic responses. The study also underscores the necessity for precise identification, customized treatments, and ongoing research to manage these infections effectively.

Pharmaceutical excipients play a crucial role in determining the outcome of delivered therapeutic cargo density. By far, polymers have captured the biggest share in the excipients market. This surge in demand motivated researchers to look for newer and novel polymeric platforms. Interpenetrating polymeric networks (IPN) are a class of polymer in the same polymer blend league, where two different polymer chains penetrate; and align with each other without any sustainable covalent bond. The novel agreement between the polymer chains equips the IPN with the characteristic features of each participating polymer unit, thus making IPN superior to its predecessors. IPN has crossed a long path, especially in the pharmaceutical medicine field, from the mere coinage of the term to widespread usage, especially in drug delivery, where they increased the bioavailability and efficacy of the co-delivered drugs. The current review will highlight the major studies that have led to the current face of the IPN in various pharmaceutical domains. The present review was conducted by comprehensively reviewing published reports within the recent period using multiple keywords related to IPN and its role in drug delivery. Moving forward, continued exploration and innovation in IPN technologies promise to further enhance their applications, offering novel solutions for the challenges in drug delivery and therapeutic cargo density.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate radioprotective effects of Cerebrolysin (CBL) in rats' brain tissues after local irradiation.

Background: CBL has demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and tissue repair properties. In this study, the radioprotective effects of CBL in the brain tissues of rats after Irradiation (IR) (50 mg/ kg) were evaluated.

Objective: The levels of different oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were examined after treatment with radiation and CBL.

Methods: First, 20 male adult Wistar rats weighing 180-200 g were used. The animals were exposed to a single fraction of 15Gy using a linear accelerator unit at a dose rate of 200 cGy/mine. In this study, to check the amount of oxidative stress following the IR, the level of four markers MDA, NO, GPx, CAT, and SOD were examined and measured using the spectrophotometric method and purchased kits.

Results: The results showed that compared to the IR group, the administration of CBL increases the levels of GPX and SOD significantly (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Our finding suggests that CBL has radioprotective effects on the brain by enhancing antioxidant defense mechanisms.

Background: Pancreatic neoplasm is one of the types of cancer with a high incidence and case-fatality rate.

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the relationship between statin intake and the risk of pancreatic cancer with a systematic review and meta-analysis approach.

Methods: This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published before 2023 in Cochrane Library, Web of Science (WOS), PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Embase databases. The statistical analyses were conducted using Stata software, version 15. The significance level for this study was set at 0.05.

Results: This meta-analysis included 32 studies and a total of 5,849,814 participants. The risk ratio (RR) of pancreatic cancer in comparison to the non-statin receiving group in statin users in total was equal to 0.75 (95% CI: 0.66-0.86, p-value <0.001), in the cohort studies was obtained to be 0.70 (0.53-0.93), in the randomized clinical trials (RCTs) had a ratio of 0.99 (0.53-1.86), while studies conducted in American countries had a ratio of 0.69 (0.51-0.93), studies in Asian countries had a ratio of 0.73 (0.56-0.97), and studies in European countries had a ratio of 0.88 (0.76-1.02). Furthermore, the study did not detect any signs of publication bias.

Conclusion: The study findings suggest a potential connection between using statins and a lower risk of pancreatic cancer. However, it is important to note that controlled clinical trials did not find a statistically significant association between taking statins and the development of pancreatic cancer. Therefore, it is advisable to exercise caution when interpreting the results of this study.

Background: Harungana madagascariensis (HM) and Psorospermum aurantiacum (PA), used traditionally for skin care, have been reported to upregulate the expression of intracellular antioxidant genes, thereby preventing melanoma and protecting fibroblast cell lines from Ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced intracellular oxidative stress.

Aims: This investigation aimed to identify major compounds in bioactive fractions using bioassay- guided fractionation.

Methods: The anti-inflammatory effect of fractions was determined by measuring their inhibitory activity on 15-lipoxygenase and nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Additionally, the anti-aging efficacy of the fractions was determined by assessing the expression of markers for the aging process, i.e., expression of tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), procollagen type-1 (COL1A1), and matrix metalloproteinase- 1 (MMP-1) in UVB-induced photoaging in skin cell-lines. Furthermore, UHPLCMS- based identification of the bioactive compounds from the most prominent fraction was also carried out.

Results: Hexane fraction of HM significantly inhibited (p <0.05) the 15-lipoxygenase (IC50 = 46.80 μg/mL) and NO production (IC50 = 66.55 μg/mL), whereas hexane fraction of PA was effective (p <0.05) in inhibiting 15-lipoxygenase activity (IC50 = 27.55 μg/mL). Furthermore, the hexane fraction of HM and methanol fraction of PA were significantly effective (p <0.05) in reverting the UVB-mediated altered expressions of MMP-1, TYR, TRP-1, and COL1A1. Furthermore, hexane fraction of HM revealed the presence of harunganin and betulinic acid, whereas vismion D, vismin, kenganthranol B, and bianthrone 1a were identified from the methanol fraction of PA.

Conclusion: Overall, the hexane fraction of HM and methanol fraction of PA displayed effective anti-aging activities, with additional anti-inflammatory effects.

Background: Sickle cell disease is a severe genetic disorder, and searching for therapeutic strategies is indispensable for prolonged and improved life for people affected by this condition.

Objective: This qualitative systematic review aimed to highlight the therapeutic potential of omega- 3 (n-3) in people with sickle cell disease.

Methods: The search was performed by combining sickle cell disease and n-3 descriptors in DeCS/ MeSH databases, including Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Virtual Health Library. The risk of bias assessment in the primary studies was performed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized controlled trials. The evidence quality was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) tool.

Results: From the 187 records identified, seven were selected for data collection. Based on the evidence, n-3 supplementation contributes to lower activation of pro-inflammatory biomarkers, improves the concentration of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids in the erythrocyte membrane, provides better hemostatic response, and helps in vaso-occlusive crisis, pain episodes, and hospitalization reduction.

Conclusion: The findings suggest that n-3 adjuvant therapy favors the clinical and general aspects of people with sickle cell disease.