Vendija Grina, U. Kagainis, Edīte Juceviča, I. Salmane, Viesturs Melecis
To address the new challenge of bringing more nature into the urban environment and developing adequate green infrastructure management methods, it is necessary to clarify the regularities of the distribution of the main ecosystem components—soil organism communities on the urban gradient. Microarthropods—collembolans and mites—are the most diverse soil animals and bioindicators of soil conditions. However, no suitable approaches exist so far to help reduce the high workload of soil zoological studies and make the data acquisition for soil assessment faster. To get closer to a solution to this problem, we propose a robust sampling approach using one pooled sample per site with surface area 58 cm2. This was tested in a microarthropod distribution study on the urban gradient of Riga city (Latvia) in six urban habitat types at 21 sites. The use of classical statistical methods for the processing of soil microarthropod data is limited because these data do not meet model requirements on which classical methods are based, first of all, conformity to the normal distribution. These problems are circumvented by bootstrapping methodology, which thanks to increasing computer performance now is implemented in the most modern program packages. We tested a set of such methods: one-way bootstrap-based analysis of variance, nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS), nonparametric multiplicative regression (NPMR), multi-response permutation procedure and Chao bootstrap-based rarefaction curves. NMS in combination with NPMR gave the best results providing statistically significant species distribution curves along the urban gradient which were broadly in line with species traits found by other studies.
{"title":"Soil microarthropod distribution on the urban–rural gradient of Riga city: a study with robust sampling method application","authors":"Vendija Grina, U. Kagainis, Edīte Juceviča, I. Salmane, Viesturs Melecis","doi":"10.1093/jue/juad012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jue/juad012","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 To address the new challenge of bringing more nature into the urban environment and developing adequate green infrastructure management methods, it is necessary to clarify the regularities of the distribution of the main ecosystem components—soil organism communities on the urban gradient. Microarthropods—collembolans and mites—are the most diverse soil animals and bioindicators of soil conditions. However, no suitable approaches exist so far to help reduce the high workload of soil zoological studies and make the data acquisition for soil assessment faster. To get closer to a solution to this problem, we propose a robust sampling approach using one pooled sample per site with surface area 58 cm2. This was tested in a microarthropod distribution study on the urban gradient of Riga city (Latvia) in six urban habitat types at 21 sites. The use of classical statistical methods for the processing of soil microarthropod data is limited because these data do not meet model requirements on which classical methods are based, first of all, conformity to the normal distribution. These problems are circumvented by bootstrapping methodology, which thanks to increasing computer performance now is implemented in the most modern program packages. We tested a set of such methods: one-way bootstrap-based analysis of variance, nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS), nonparametric multiplicative regression (NPMR), multi-response permutation procedure and Chao bootstrap-based rarefaction curves. NMS in combination with NPMR gave the best results providing statistically significant species distribution curves along the urban gradient which were broadly in line with species traits found by other studies.","PeriodicalId":37022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45789129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Assessing the effects of land use and land cover (LULC) on ecosystem service values (ESVs) is critical for public understanding and policymaking. This study evaluated the impacts of LULC dynamics on ESVs in Chandigarh city of India. The assessment of LULC changes was performed by analyzing the satellite imagery of the study area for the years 1990 and 2020 with different band combinations in ArcGIS (10.8 version software). In addition, we analyzed ecosystem services changes which were based on the LULC classes of the study area. Five LULC classes were identified in the present study area (Water bodies, forest and vegetation, built-up, agriculture and shrubland and open spaces). The results demonstrated (from 1990 to 2020) that the forest cover and agricultural areas decreased by 4.19% and 37.01%, respectively, whereas the built-up area substantially increased by 104.61%. Overall, ESV decreased by 2.54% from 1990 to 2020 due to rapid urbanization. The combination of LULC and ecosystem services valuation can increase our understanding of different issues of an urban ecosystem. Hence, we recommend the integration of LULC and ecosystem services valuation as a tool that could provide information to policymakers, urban planners and land managers for sustainable use in future.
{"title":"Impact of land use and land cover on urban ecosystem service value in Chandigarh, India: a GIS-based analysis","authors":"Sheenu Sharma, S. Hussain, A. Singh","doi":"10.1093/jue/juac030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jue/juac030","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Assessing the effects of land use and land cover (LULC) on ecosystem service values (ESVs) is critical for public understanding and policymaking. This study evaluated the impacts of LULC dynamics on ESVs in Chandigarh city of India. The assessment of LULC changes was performed by analyzing the satellite imagery of the study area for the years 1990 and 2020 with different band combinations in ArcGIS (10.8 version software). In addition, we analyzed ecosystem services changes which were based on the LULC classes of the study area. Five LULC classes were identified in the present study area (Water bodies, forest and vegetation, built-up, agriculture and shrubland and open spaces). The results demonstrated (from 1990 to 2020) that the forest cover and agricultural areas decreased by 4.19% and 37.01%, respectively, whereas the built-up area substantially increased by 104.61%. Overall, ESV decreased by 2.54% from 1990 to 2020 due to rapid urbanization. The combination of LULC and ecosystem services valuation can increase our understanding of different issues of an urban ecosystem. Hence, we recommend the integration of LULC and ecosystem services valuation as a tool that could provide information to policymakers, urban planners and land managers for sustainable use in future.","PeriodicalId":37022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46332309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mickayla Mulvihill Johnston, R. Feldman, L. D. De León
Globally, habitat loss and land conversion are major drivers of bird population decline. To halt the decline, it is essential that habitat conservation and restoration efforts are based on an understanding of how individual species use their habitat. Here, we examine habitat use by Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) by quantifying their probability of occurrence in different land cover types and in association with varying degrees of habitat modification across most of the species’ range. To do so, we used the citizen-science eBird dataset, in combination with MODIS land cover data to model site occupancy for two breeding seasons and related presence/absence to the Global Human Modification Index. We found that Red-winged Blackbirds occupy rural and suburban habitats at higher probabilities than they do habitats with high levels of urbanization, and at similar or higher probabilities than they do their historic, natural habitats. Furthermore, we found that occurrence probability peaks at intermediate values of the Global Human Modification Index. The results were consistent across most ecoregions and the geographic range of the species, confirming that the Red-winged Blackbird is a suburban-adaptable species, persisting in moderately disturbed environments. Although more research is needed to understand the ecological and evolutionary consequences of this pattern of habitat use, our results provide novel data on Red-winged Blackbird habitat use in the midst of increasing urbanization. More broadly, they provide insight into how common, widespread avian species may be affected by anthropogenic disturbance and highlight the importance of rural and suburban environments in urban ecology and evolution.
{"title":"Range-wide site-occupancy modeling of Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus)","authors":"Mickayla Mulvihill Johnston, R. Feldman, L. D. De León","doi":"10.1093/jue/juad015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jue/juad015","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Globally, habitat loss and land conversion are major drivers of bird population decline. To halt the decline, it is essential that habitat conservation and restoration efforts are based on an understanding of how individual species use their habitat. Here, we examine habitat use by Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) by quantifying their probability of occurrence in different land cover types and in association with varying degrees of habitat modification across most of the species’ range. To do so, we used the citizen-science eBird dataset, in combination with MODIS land cover data to model site occupancy for two breeding seasons and related presence/absence to the Global Human Modification Index. We found that Red-winged Blackbirds occupy rural and suburban habitats at higher probabilities than they do habitats with high levels of urbanization, and at similar or higher probabilities than they do their historic, natural habitats. Furthermore, we found that occurrence probability peaks at intermediate values of the Global Human Modification Index. The results were consistent across most ecoregions and the geographic range of the species, confirming that the Red-winged Blackbird is a suburban-adaptable species, persisting in moderately disturbed environments. Although more research is needed to understand the ecological and evolutionary consequences of this pattern of habitat use, our results provide novel data on Red-winged Blackbird habitat use in the midst of increasing urbanization. More broadly, they provide insight into how common, widespread avian species may be affected by anthropogenic disturbance and highlight the importance of rural and suburban environments in urban ecology and evolution.","PeriodicalId":37022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46447112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mairi K P Poisson, Andrew R. Butler, Patrick Tate, Daniel H. Bergeron, R. Moll
Urbanization and habitat fragmentation can disrupt wildlife behavior and cause declines in biodiversity and ecosystem function. Most urban wildlife research has compared highly urbanized regions with rural areas. However, human development is also rapidly occurring in exurban areas, which consist of a matrix of lower-density housing and natural patches. Thus, although such “exurbanization” is intensifying, little research has examined how mammals respond to exurban development. To address this knowledge gap, we evaluated the activity of 12 species using 104 camera traps in exurban and rural areas across southeastern New Hampshire, USA, during summer 2021 and winter 2021–2. We quantified species’ activity levels (overall portion of daily activity) and patterns (variation of diel activity period) to test hypotheses regarding how species’ space requirements and nocturnality modulated their responses to exurban development. We found mixed support for our hypotheses. Two species with large space requirements (bobcats Lynx rufus and white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus) reduced activity levels in exurban areas, following hypothesized predictions, while other species (e.g., coyote Canis latrans) did not. As predicted, nocturnal species were less likely to shift activity patterns, but this varied across species and seasons. We also found evidence for a coupled predator–prey response among bobcats and lagomorphs in summer, with similarly altered activity in exurban areas. These results suggest that wildlife modify activity in response to exurban development with substantial species and season-specific variation within the mammal community, highlighting the complex ways wildlife adapt to urbanization and the potential consequences thereof for mammal communities.
{"title":"Species-specific responses of mammal activity to exurbanization in New Hampshire, USA","authors":"Mairi K P Poisson, Andrew R. Butler, Patrick Tate, Daniel H. Bergeron, R. Moll","doi":"10.1093/jue/juad010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jue/juad010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Urbanization and habitat fragmentation can disrupt wildlife behavior and cause declines in biodiversity and ecosystem function. Most urban wildlife research has compared highly urbanized regions with rural areas. However, human development is also rapidly occurring in exurban areas, which consist of a matrix of lower-density housing and natural patches. Thus, although such “exurbanization” is intensifying, little research has examined how mammals respond to exurban development. To address this knowledge gap, we evaluated the activity of 12 species using 104 camera traps in exurban and rural areas across southeastern New Hampshire, USA, during summer 2021 and winter 2021–2. We quantified species’ activity levels (overall portion of daily activity) and patterns (variation of diel activity period) to test hypotheses regarding how species’ space requirements and nocturnality modulated their responses to exurban development. We found mixed support for our hypotheses. Two species with large space requirements (bobcats Lynx rufus and white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus) reduced activity levels in exurban areas, following hypothesized predictions, while other species (e.g., coyote Canis latrans) did not. As predicted, nocturnal species were less likely to shift activity patterns, but this varied across species and seasons. We also found evidence for a coupled predator–prey response among bobcats and lagomorphs in summer, with similarly altered activity in exurban areas. These results suggest that wildlife modify activity in response to exurban development with substantial species and season-specific variation within the mammal community, highlighting the complex ways wildlife adapt to urbanization and the potential consequences thereof for mammal communities.","PeriodicalId":37022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61024013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"In memoriam: Jari Niemelä 1957–2022: from insect ecologist, through urban ecology to sustainability science—this carabidologist did it all","authors":"S. Venn, D. Kotze, V. Yli-Pelkonen, S. Lehvävirta","doi":"10.1093/jue/juad008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jue/juad008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44075460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elizabeth M Ng, A. Pidgeon, Elena H. West, M. Z. Peery, Kristin M. Brunk
Human influence on ecosystems is rapidly expanding, and one consequence is the increased availability of human food subsidies to wildlife. Human food subsidies like refuse and food scraps are widely hypothesized to be ‘junk food’ that is nutritionally incomplete; however, the impacts of ‘junk foods’ on the health and fitness of individual organisms remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to understand how human food consumption affects the body condition and fecundity of a generalist predator, the Steller’s jay (Cyanocitta stelleri). We used stable isotope analysis to quantify individual human food consumption (using δ13C as a proxy), estimated individual body condition based on body mass and feather growth bar width and assessed jay fecundity. Adults consumed more human food than juveniles on average, and we observed sex-specific responses to human food use where male body condition tended to increase, whereas female body condition tended to decline with human food consumption. However, fecundity was not strongly related. Thus, we found some evidence for the ‘junk food’ hypothesis in this system, which suggests that human foods may not be an equal replacement for natural foods from a nutritional perspective, especially for females. Human foods tend to be carbohydrate rich, but protein poor, which may benefit males because they are larger and limited overall by calorie intake. Females, particularly reproducing females, are more nutritionally limited and thus may experience fewer benefits from ‘junk food’. Our study advances knowledge of human–wildlife interactions by increasing the resolution of our understanding of the fitness benefits, or detriments, experienced by individuals that consume human foods.
{"title":"Garbage in may not equal garbage out: sex mediates effects of ‘junk food’ in a synanthropic species","authors":"Elizabeth M Ng, A. Pidgeon, Elena H. West, M. Z. Peery, Kristin M. Brunk","doi":"10.1093/jue/juad014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jue/juad014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Human influence on ecosystems is rapidly expanding, and one consequence is the increased availability of human food subsidies to wildlife. Human food subsidies like refuse and food scraps are widely hypothesized to be ‘junk food’ that is nutritionally incomplete; however, the impacts of ‘junk foods’ on the health and fitness of individual organisms remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to understand how human food consumption affects the body condition and fecundity of a generalist predator, the Steller’s jay (Cyanocitta stelleri). We used stable isotope analysis to quantify individual human food consumption (using δ13C as a proxy), estimated individual body condition based on body mass and feather growth bar width and assessed jay fecundity. Adults consumed more human food than juveniles on average, and we observed sex-specific responses to human food use where male body condition tended to increase, whereas female body condition tended to decline with human food consumption. However, fecundity was not strongly related. Thus, we found some evidence for the ‘junk food’ hypothesis in this system, which suggests that human foods may not be an equal replacement for natural foods from a nutritional perspective, especially for females. Human foods tend to be carbohydrate rich, but protein poor, which may benefit males because they are larger and limited overall by calorie intake. Females, particularly reproducing females, are more nutritionally limited and thus may experience fewer benefits from ‘junk food’. Our study advances knowledge of human–wildlife interactions by increasing the resolution of our understanding of the fitness benefits, or detriments, experienced by individuals that consume human foods.","PeriodicalId":37022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41822385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elucidating bee response to urbanization is essential to promoting pollinator diversity in cities especially considering such landscapes are projected to expand to support future global populations. To determine how bee community composition and plant–pollinator interactions respond to urbanization, 29 sites representing three urban categories (high, medium and low urbanization) were monitored biweekly from May through early October in Toronto, Canada. Bees were collected passively using pan and blue vane traps as well as actively using aerial nets and vacuums to compare community structure and plant–pollinator networks among urban categories. Functional traits such as dietary breadth, behaviour, nesting substrate and native or non-native status were also examined to determine how landscape influences bee community assemblages. In total, 5477 bees, comprising 26 genera and 164 species, were represented in this study. The urban landscape was largely supportive of species within the family Apidae and Halictidae as well as ground nesting, native and generalist species. Overall, community composition was affected by urban landscape characteristics such as percent tree cover and impervious (i.e. paved and built) surface surrounding sites; however, bee richness and abundance were significantly influenced by plant richness and not by landscape variables. A total of 3267 interactions were observed throughout the study region with characteristics of plant–pollinator networks remaining consistent along the urban gradient with a few floral host plants such as Solidago dominating interactions in certain urban contexts. These results provide important land use and floral host information for targeting pollinator conservation and habitat restoration.
{"title":"Bee–plant interaction and community response along an urbanization gradient","authors":"Anthony C. Ayers, Sandra M. Rehan","doi":"10.1093/jue/juad006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jue/juad006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Elucidating bee response to urbanization is essential to promoting pollinator diversity in cities especially considering such landscapes are projected to expand to support future global populations. To determine how bee community composition and plant–pollinator interactions respond to urbanization, 29 sites representing three urban categories (high, medium and low urbanization) were monitored biweekly from May through early October in Toronto, Canada. Bees were collected passively using pan and blue vane traps as well as actively using aerial nets and vacuums to compare community structure and plant–pollinator networks among urban categories. Functional traits such as dietary breadth, behaviour, nesting substrate and native or non-native status were also examined to determine how landscape influences bee community assemblages. In total, 5477 bees, comprising 26 genera and 164 species, were represented in this study. The urban landscape was largely supportive of species within the family Apidae and Halictidae as well as ground nesting, native and generalist species. Overall, community composition was affected by urban landscape characteristics such as percent tree cover and impervious (i.e. paved and built) surface surrounding sites; however, bee richness and abundance were significantly influenced by plant richness and not by landscape variables. A total of 3267 interactions were observed throughout the study region with characteristics of plant–pollinator networks remaining consistent along the urban gradient with a few floral host plants such as Solidago dominating interactions in certain urban contexts. These results provide important land use and floral host information for targeting pollinator conservation and habitat restoration.","PeriodicalId":37022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45521045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Garcia, N. Bray, Y. Son, A. Butler-Jones, S. Egendorf, J. Kao‐Kniffin
With increasing urbanization and critical issues of food insecurity emerging globally, urban agriculture is expanding as an agroecosystem with a distinct soil type. Growing food in cities is challenged by legacy contaminants in soils, which necessitates the use of imported, safe soils and composts. To promote the long-term sustainability of urban agriculture, we examined the agronomic potential of constructing safe, locally sourced soils to support food production. We collected composts from four municipal composting facilities in New York City: Big Reuse, Long Island City, Queens (BRL), New York Department of Sanitation, Fresh Kills, Staten Island (DNY), Lower Eastside Ecology Center (LES) and Queens Botanic Garden (QBG). We then created two types of constructed soils using each compost: 100% pure compost and a 50:50 blend of compost and clean excavated sediments from the New York City Clean Soil Bank. We then assessed the growth of tomato, pepper and kale in the constructed soils within a plant growth chamber facility. We found Clean Soil Bank sediments enhanced tomato aboveground biomass production by 98%, kale aboveground biomass production by 50% and pepper plant height by 52% when mixed with compost from BRL. At the same time, Clean Soil Bank Sediments decreased tomato plant height by 16% and aboveground biomass production by 29% in LES compost and tomato plant height by 18% in QBG compost, likely due to compost properties. The addition of Clean Soil Bank sediments showed no decline in the symbiosis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi across all composts, which is an important beneficial plant–microbe interaction in agroecosystems. A positive ecosystem service was found when Clean Soil Bank sediments were added to municipal composts, with up to a 74% decrease in greenhouse gas emissions of soil CO2 in BRL compost. The results indicate that urban agricultural soils can be constructed using clean, locally sourced materials, such as composted organic waste and excavated sediments from city development sites to support sustainable urban agriculture while enhancing ecosystem services.
随着城市化进程的加快和全球粮食不安全的严重问题的出现，城市农业作为一种具有独特土壤类型的农业生态系统正在扩大。在城市种植粮食受到土壤中遗留污染物的挑战，这就需要使用进口的安全土壤和堆肥。为了促进城市农业的长期可持续性，我们研究了构建安全的本地土壤以支持粮食生产的农艺潜力。我们从纽约市的四个市政堆肥设施收集堆肥:Big Reuse, Long Island City, Queens (BRL)， New York Department of Sanitation, Fresh Kills, Staten Island (DNY)， Lower Eastside Ecology Center (LES)和Queens Botanic Garden (QBG)。然后，我们使用每种堆肥创建了两种类型的人造土壤:100%纯堆肥和50:50混合的堆肥和从纽约市清洁土壤库中挖掘的清洁沉积物。然后，我们评估了番茄、辣椒和羽衣甘蓝在植物生长室设施内的人造土壤中的生长情况。研究结果表明，与BRL堆肥混合后，Clean Soil Bank沉积物可使番茄地上生物量提高98%，羽衣甘蓝地上生物量提高50%，辣椒株高提高52%。与此同时，清洁土壤沉积物使LES堆肥的番茄株高降低16%，地上生物量产量降低29%，QBG堆肥的番茄株高降低18%，这可能与堆肥特性有关。添加清洁土壤岸沉积物后，所有堆肥中丛枝菌根真菌的共生关系没有下降，这是农业生态系统中重要的有益植物-微生物相互作用。当在城市堆肥中添加清洁土壤库沉积物时，发现了积极的生态系统服务，BRL堆肥中土壤二氧化碳的温室气体排放量减少了74%。结果表明，城市农业土壤可以使用清洁的本地材料，如堆肥有机废物和从城市开发场地挖掘的沉积物，以支持可持续的城市农业，同时增强生态系统服务。
{"title":"Plant growth and microbial responses from urban agriculture soils amended with excavated local sediments and municipal composts","authors":"J. Garcia, N. Bray, Y. Son, A. Butler-Jones, S. Egendorf, J. Kao‐Kniffin","doi":"10.1093/jue/juad016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jue/juad016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 With increasing urbanization and critical issues of food insecurity emerging globally, urban agriculture is expanding as an agroecosystem with a distinct soil type. Growing food in cities is challenged by legacy contaminants in soils, which necessitates the use of imported, safe soils and composts. To promote the long-term sustainability of urban agriculture, we examined the agronomic potential of constructing safe, locally sourced soils to support food production. We collected composts from four municipal composting facilities in New York City: Big Reuse, Long Island City, Queens (BRL), New York Department of Sanitation, Fresh Kills, Staten Island (DNY), Lower Eastside Ecology Center (LES) and Queens Botanic Garden (QBG). We then created two types of constructed soils using each compost: 100% pure compost and a 50:50 blend of compost and clean excavated sediments from the New York City Clean Soil Bank. We then assessed the growth of tomato, pepper and kale in the constructed soils within a plant growth chamber facility. We found Clean Soil Bank sediments enhanced tomato aboveground biomass production by 98%, kale aboveground biomass production by 50% and pepper plant height by 52% when mixed with compost from BRL. At the same time, Clean Soil Bank Sediments decreased tomato plant height by 16% and aboveground biomass production by 29% in LES compost and tomato plant height by 18% in QBG compost, likely due to compost properties. The addition of Clean Soil Bank sediments showed no decline in the symbiosis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi across all composts, which is an important beneficial plant–microbe interaction in agroecosystems. A positive ecosystem service was found when Clean Soil Bank sediments were added to municipal composts, with up to a 74% decrease in greenhouse gas emissions of soil CO2 in BRL compost. The results indicate that urban agricultural soils can be constructed using clean, locally sourced materials, such as composted organic waste and excavated sediments from city development sites to support sustainable urban agriculture while enhancing ecosystem services.","PeriodicalId":37022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45170637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Feral and free-roaming domestic cats (Felis catus) are invasive predators throughout the world. In some areas, cats occur in higher densities than native mammalian predators and can have severe effects upon prey populations. We set 48 wildlife game cameras in residential yards in Arkansas, USA, to evaluate which landscape and yard features influenced cat abundance occurring in yards. In addition, we quantified the daily activity patterns of free-roaming cats and explored how habitat features or predator activity influenced the timing of cat activity. We found that cats were present in 70.8% of yards with an average of three recognizable individuals per yard. Abundance of cats was higher than all native mesopredators except for raccoon (Procyon lotor) and Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Cat abundance and minimum population decreased when forest cover was high within 400 m of the camera. Cats were active at all times of the day but tended to be more diurnal in areas closer to city centers or in agricultural settings. Conversely, cats were more nocturnal later in the summer and in areas that had high levels of predator activity. Our results indicate that cats are widespread in this region and their relative abundance is driven more by landscape features than by yard features, possibly due to their large home ranges. Cats may alter their activity to better coexist with predators. Alteration in yard features is unlikely to be an effective deterrent for cats and more direct control measures may be necessary.
{"title":"Effects of landscape cover and yard features on feral and free-roaming cat (Felis catus) distribution, abundance and activity patterns in a suburban area","authors":"E. Johansson, B. DeGregorio","doi":"10.1093/jue/juad003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jue/juad003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Feral and free-roaming domestic cats (Felis catus) are invasive predators throughout the world. In some areas, cats occur in higher densities than native mammalian predators and can have severe effects upon prey populations. We set 48 wildlife game cameras in residential yards in Arkansas, USA, to evaluate which landscape and yard features influenced cat abundance occurring in yards. In addition, we quantified the daily activity patterns of free-roaming cats and explored how habitat features or predator activity influenced the timing of cat activity. We found that cats were present in 70.8% of yards with an average of three recognizable individuals per yard. Abundance of cats was higher than all native mesopredators except for raccoon (Procyon lotor) and Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Cat abundance and minimum population decreased when forest cover was high within 400 m of the camera. Cats were active at all times of the day but tended to be more diurnal in areas closer to city centers or in agricultural settings. Conversely, cats were more nocturnal later in the summer and in areas that had high levels of predator activity. Our results indicate that cats are widespread in this region and their relative abundance is driven more by landscape features than by yard features, possibly due to their large home ranges. Cats may alter their activity to better coexist with predators. Alteration in yard features is unlikely to be an effective deterrent for cats and more direct control measures may be necessary.","PeriodicalId":37022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41846183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karina A. Sanchez, Kristina Fialko, Lauryn Benedict, C. Cicero
Local habitats shape animal vocalizations through selection to improve transmission of signals to receivers. This process can be variable, however, when landscapes are changing continuously due to urbanization or other factors. Studies have shown that some birds alter the frequency, amplitude and structure of their songs in urban habitats. Because songbirds learn their songs from other individuals, this cultural transmission can result in substantial change over time. Urban bird populations may therefore show rapid shifts in song form and variation may result from the combined or interacting effects of time and anthropogenic habitat change. In this study, we used historic and recent song recordings to investigate changes in spotted towhee (Pipilo maculatus) songs over 45 years across an urban-to-rural gradient in northern California. We found that pre-trill and trilled song parts covaried differently with urban development at the two time-points, with more change occurring in trill phrases than pre-trills. Additionally, we found that birds in 1970 adjusted trills in urban areas by raising maximum frequencies and broadening bandwidths, while birds in 2015 narrowed song bandwidths by decreasing maximum frequencies in more urban areas. These results did not fit our prediction that urbanization would have a consistent effect on song at two time-points. We suggest that habitat, cultural evolution and cultural drift can act on song elements in complicated ways that vary over time.
{"title":"Time alters urban singing strategies in a North American songbird","authors":"Karina A. Sanchez, Kristina Fialko, Lauryn Benedict, C. Cicero","doi":"10.1093/jue/juad001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jue/juad001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Local habitats shape animal vocalizations through selection to improve transmission of signals to receivers. This process can be variable, however, when landscapes are changing continuously due to urbanization or other factors. Studies have shown that some birds alter the frequency, amplitude and structure of their songs in urban habitats. Because songbirds learn their songs from other individuals, this cultural transmission can result in substantial change over time. Urban bird populations may therefore show rapid shifts in song form and variation may result from the combined or interacting effects of time and anthropogenic habitat change. In this study, we used historic and recent song recordings to investigate changes in spotted towhee (Pipilo maculatus) songs over 45 years across an urban-to-rural gradient in northern California. We found that pre-trill and trilled song parts covaried differently with urban development at the two time-points, with more change occurring in trill phrases than pre-trills. Additionally, we found that birds in 1970 adjusted trills in urban areas by raising maximum frequencies and broadening bandwidths, while birds in 2015 narrowed song bandwidths by decreasing maximum frequencies in more urban areas. These results did not fit our prediction that urbanization would have a consistent effect on song at two time-points. We suggest that habitat, cultural evolution and cultural drift can act on song elements in complicated ways that vary over time.","PeriodicalId":37022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Ecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46688190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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