To investigate the effect of Ca/Fe additives on the coke-sinter serial reaction with CO2, the serial reactions of the high-reactivity cokes with Ca/Fe additives and sinter were studied. The results showed that the Ca/Fe additives promote the coupling degree of sinter-coke serial reaction. The reduction degree of sinter has a linear correlation with the carbon loss ratio of coke, and the intercept (b) and slope (k) obtained from the fitting linear function are used to characterize the serial reaction. The intercept (b) increases with the carbon loss ratio of coke derived from CRI, which indicated that b value can represent the intrinsic ability of coke to reduce oxygen atom in iron ore. The slope (k) decreases with the increase of carbon loss ratio of coke, and k value can characterize the matching degree of the sinter-coke serial reaction. Also, the Ca/Fe additives lower the OTI index of cokes, and the solution-loss reactions are easy to take place on the surface of the high-reactivity cokes. The Ca additive has more effect on the large pore evolution of coke structures during reaction than the Fe additive. Therefore, the Ca additive has more catalytic activity than the Fe additive, and the high-reactivity coke should be mixed with the high-reducibility ore to get higher efficiency of blast furnace.
{"title":"Effect of Ca/Fe additives on the serial reactions of coke and sinter with CO2","authors":"Zhang Sun, Jiawei Han, Yang Sun, Minghui Dou, Rui Guo, Ying-hua Liang","doi":"10.1051/metal/2023005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023005","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the effect of Ca/Fe additives on the coke-sinter serial reaction with CO2, the serial reactions of the high-reactivity cokes with Ca/Fe additives and sinter were studied. The results showed that the Ca/Fe additives promote the coupling degree of sinter-coke serial reaction. The reduction degree of sinter has a linear correlation with the carbon loss ratio of coke, and the intercept (b) and slope (k) obtained from the fitting linear function are used to characterize the serial reaction. The intercept (b) increases with the carbon loss ratio of coke derived from CRI, which indicated that b value can represent the intrinsic ability of coke to reduce oxygen atom in iron ore. The slope (k) decreases with the increase of carbon loss ratio of coke, and k value can characterize the matching degree of the sinter-coke serial reaction. Also, the Ca/Fe additives lower the OTI index of cokes, and the solution-loss reactions are easy to take place on the surface of the high-reactivity cokes. The Ca additive has more effect on the large pore evolution of coke structures during reaction than the Fe additive. Therefore, the Ca additive has more catalytic activity than the Fe additive, and the high-reactivity coke should be mixed with the high-reducibility ore to get higher efficiency of blast furnace.","PeriodicalId":370509,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical Research & Technology","volume":"184 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132221955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Diao, Cancan Yu, Liyuan Jiang, Jing Lei, Lian Chen, Hong-Yi Li, B. Xie
In this paper, the indirect equilibrium method was used to study the equilibrium distribution ratios of vanadium and phosphorus in the metal phase and the slag phase, and simultaneous vanadium extraction and dephosphorization experiments were carried out under different slag basicity (the mass ratio of CaO to SiO2) conditions to explore the oxidation behavior of vanadium and phosphorus during simultaneous vanadium extraction and dephosphorization of hot metal. The results show that with the increase of slag basicity, the equilibrium distribution ratio of V (lgLV) increases slightly and the equilibrium distribution ratio of P (lgLP) increases significantly. With slag basicity increasing from 0.5 to 2.5, lgLV and lgLP increase from 1.7 to 2.0 and 0.1 to 1.9, respectively. Both lgLV and lgLP decrease with the increase of temperature, and increase with the increase of FeO content. High MgO content is not conducive to vanadium extraction. MnO has less effect on lgLV and lgLP. lgLV increases with the increase of V2O3 content, and decreases with the increase of P2O5 content. lgLP decreases with the increase of V2O3 content, and increases with the increase of P2O5 content. Both lgLV and lgLP decrease with the increase of TiO2 content. When the slag basicity is 1.5, the oxidation rate of vanadium reaches 95% after 10 min of reaction. The total mass transfer coefficient of P is in the range of 0.0040–0.0084 cm/s, and increases obviously with the increase of slag basicity. However, the influence of slag basicity on the total mass transfer coefficient of V is not obvious. Both the rate-limiting step of vanadium extraction and dephosphorization are the mixed mass transfer in the metal phase and the slag phase.
{"title":"Oxidation behavior of vanadium and phosphorus during simultaneous vanadium extraction and dephosphorization of hot metal","authors":"J. Diao, Cancan Yu, Liyuan Jiang, Jing Lei, Lian Chen, Hong-Yi Li, B. Xie","doi":"10.1051/metal/2023059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023059","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the indirect equilibrium method was used to study the equilibrium distribution ratios of vanadium and phosphorus in the metal phase and the slag phase, and simultaneous vanadium extraction and dephosphorization experiments were carried out under different slag basicity (the mass ratio of CaO to SiO2) conditions to explore the oxidation behavior of vanadium and phosphorus during simultaneous vanadium extraction and dephosphorization of hot metal. The results show that with the increase of slag basicity, the equilibrium distribution ratio of V (lgLV) increases slightly and the equilibrium distribution ratio of P (lgLP) increases significantly. With slag basicity increasing from 0.5 to 2.5, lgLV and lgLP increase from 1.7 to 2.0 and 0.1 to 1.9, respectively. Both lgLV and lgLP decrease with the increase of temperature, and increase with the increase of FeO content. High MgO content is not conducive to vanadium extraction. MnO has less effect on lgLV and lgLP. lgLV increases with the increase of V2O3 content, and decreases with the increase of P2O5 content. lgLP decreases with the increase of V2O3 content, and increases with the increase of P2O5 content. Both lgLV and lgLP decrease with the increase of TiO2 content. When the slag basicity is 1.5, the oxidation rate of vanadium reaches 95% after 10 min of reaction. The total mass transfer coefficient of P is in the range of 0.0040–0.0084 cm/s, and increases obviously with the increase of slag basicity. However, the influence of slag basicity on the total mass transfer coefficient of V is not obvious. Both the rate-limiting step of vanadium extraction and dephosphorization are the mixed mass transfer in the metal phase and the slag phase.","PeriodicalId":370509,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical Research & Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131246415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sahoo, Subhabrata Mishra, S. N. Sahu, M. Sahoo, S. Soren
India is an economically developing country. Country’s development and growth is largely interlinked with iron and steel industry as well as availability of energy and its utilization. Energy sector and iron and steel industry mainly consumes convectional and fossil fuel like coal and gas. Present coal reserves of India will last for about 30-40 years at present consumption rate. Consumption of conventional fuels is not economically feasible and environment friendly. Biomass can be an alternative source of fuel for numerous engineering and scientific applications. The char derived from biomass known as biochar can be utilized in the iron and steel-making processes. It can lessen the coke consumption rate and subsequently reduce pollution as well as cost economics. Utilization of low and lean grade iron ore is need of the hour. Removal of gangue impurities from lean and low-grade iron ore is difficult through convectional beneficiation process. The reduction roasting process can be adopted to counter these challenges. The present study focuses on the reduction behavior of iron ore using three various biochar derived from three biomass, viz; wood dust, sugarcane bagasse and coconut shell. A single factorial Design of Experiment with two levels and three variables was adopted and a first-order regression equation was generated to estimate the degree of reduction. The Student’s T-test and Fisher test were performed to validate the regression equation. The obtained results showed that the biochar can be used as a substitute reductant. However, the residence time and temperature play a vital role in the reduction process. The obtained regression equation also validates the effect of residence time and temperature on the reduction process.
{"title":"Reducing effect of biomass derived char on iron ore fines; a statistical investigation and regression modelling","authors":"S. Sahoo, Subhabrata Mishra, S. N. Sahu, M. Sahoo, S. Soren","doi":"10.1051/metal/2022060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022060","url":null,"abstract":"India is an economically developing country. Country’s development and growth is largely interlinked with iron and steel industry as well as availability of energy and its utilization. Energy sector and iron and steel industry mainly consumes convectional and fossil fuel like coal and gas. Present coal reserves of India will last for about 30-40 years at present consumption rate. Consumption of conventional fuels is not economically feasible and environment friendly. Biomass can be an alternative source of fuel for numerous engineering and scientific applications. The char derived from biomass known as biochar can be utilized in the iron and steel-making processes. It can lessen the coke consumption rate and subsequently reduce pollution as well as cost economics. Utilization of low and lean grade iron ore is need of the hour. Removal of gangue impurities from lean and low-grade iron ore is difficult through convectional beneficiation process. The reduction roasting process can be adopted to counter these challenges. The present study focuses on the reduction behavior of iron ore using three various biochar derived from three biomass, viz; wood dust, sugarcane bagasse and coconut shell. A single factorial Design of Experiment with two levels and three variables was adopted and a first-order regression equation was generated to estimate the degree of reduction. The Student’s T-test and Fisher test were performed to validate the regression equation. The obtained results showed that the biochar can be used as a substitute reductant. However, the residence time and temperature play a vital role in the reduction process. The obtained regression equation also validates the effect of residence time and temperature on the reduction process.","PeriodicalId":370509,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical Research & Technology","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134258732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yong Deng, Ran Liu, Tao Li, Ke-xin Jiao, Sai Meng, Ziyi Guo
In order to obtain the quantitative model of hearth activity, the key control parameters of hearth activity were mined based on big data technology, the distribution characteristics of slag-iron-coke in deadman and the change of voidage in deadman were analyzed, and then the quantitative model of hearth activity was constructed. The results show that a temperature ratio was selected as the characterization parameter of hearth activity combined with some manifestations when the hearth activity became poor, through data sensitivity analysis. Blast speed, average particle size of coke, binary basicity of slag and Ti in iron were preliminarily selected as the key control parameters based on data correlation. The distribution of slag-iron-coke in hearth showed that the average particle size, CSR of coke and the fluidity of slag iron were very important for hearth activity. The coke particle size and the blast momentum should be given priority consideration according to the voidage of deadman in hearth. Finally, the quantitative model of hearth activity was constructed, the accuracy of the model was verified through the data of a commercial BF, so the hearth activity of any BF can be calculated by substituting the known production data of BF.
{"title":"The quantitative model of hearth activity based on data mining and characteristics of deadman","authors":"Yong Deng, Ran Liu, Tao Li, Ke-xin Jiao, Sai Meng, Ziyi Guo","doi":"10.1051/metal/2023002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023002","url":null,"abstract":"In order to obtain the quantitative model of hearth activity, the key control parameters of hearth activity were mined based on big data technology, the distribution characteristics of slag-iron-coke in deadman and the change of voidage in deadman were analyzed, and then the quantitative model of hearth activity was constructed. The results show that a temperature ratio was selected as the characterization parameter of hearth activity combined with some manifestations when the hearth activity became poor, through data sensitivity analysis. Blast speed, average particle size of coke, binary basicity of slag and Ti in iron were preliminarily selected as the key control parameters based on data correlation. The distribution of slag-iron-coke in hearth showed that the average particle size, CSR of coke and the fluidity of slag iron were very important for hearth activity. The coke particle size and the blast momentum should be given priority consideration according to the voidage of deadman in hearth. Finally, the quantitative model of hearth activity was constructed, the accuracy of the model was verified through the data of a commercial BF, so the hearth activity of any BF can be calculated by substituting the known production data of BF.","PeriodicalId":370509,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical Research & Technology","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132917457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Rajarajan, P. Sivaraj, S. Raja, V. Balasubramanian
This investigation details the effect of electrode pressure on mechanical behavior and microstructural characteristics of Resistance Spot Welded (RSW) DP800 steel joints. The joints were fabricated for the range of 0.35–0.45 MPa electrode pressure. Tensile Shear Fracture Load (TSFL) and Cross Tensile Shear Fracture Load (CTSFL) recorded a maximum of 20.06 kN and 16.53 kN respectively for the joints. The hardness map revealed that the heat affected zone has lower hardness among other zones due to the presence of coarser grains. The Nugget Zone (NZ) microstructure consists of lath/needle-like martensite structures. The confirmed crystallography planes and intermetallics in the weld and nearer regions correspond to [101]α/, [200]γ, and cementite (Fe3C), manganese carbide (Mn3C). The above results concluded that the electrode pressure played a significant role in controlling the quality and integrity of the RSW joints.
{"title":"Investigation of electrode pressure parameter on mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of spot welded DP800 steel joints","authors":"C. Rajarajan, P. Sivaraj, S. Raja, V. Balasubramanian","doi":"10.1051/metal/2022014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022014","url":null,"abstract":"This investigation details the effect of electrode pressure on mechanical behavior and microstructural characteristics of Resistance Spot Welded (RSW) DP800 steel joints. The joints were fabricated for the range of 0.35–0.45 MPa electrode pressure. Tensile Shear Fracture Load (TSFL) and Cross Tensile Shear Fracture Load (CTSFL) recorded a maximum of 20.06 kN and 16.53 kN respectively for the joints. The hardness map revealed that the heat affected zone has lower hardness among other zones due to the presence of coarser grains. The Nugget Zone (NZ) microstructure consists of lath/needle-like martensite structures. The confirmed crystallography planes and intermetallics in the weld and nearer regions correspond to [101]α/, [200]γ, and cementite (Fe3C), manganese carbide (Mn3C). The above results concluded that the electrode pressure played a significant role in controlling the quality and integrity of the RSW joints.","PeriodicalId":370509,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical Research & Technology","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133435991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rare earth elements (REEs) are a vital modifier in tool & die steel. Their effects on the phase transformation behavior, microstructure characteristics and property of as-cast T15 high-speed steel (HSS) were investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dilatometry. The experimental results show that the as-cast microstructure of samples is refined and ameliorated after adding REEs, and the total quantity of eutectic carbides with hard and brittle properties is significantly reduced, which contribute to lower Rockwell hardness levels and higher bending strength. The morphology of grain boundaries carbides turns from lamellar to blocky polygonal. During the reheating process, REEs can reduce the thermal expansion coefficient of studied steel before austenitizing and promote the dissolution of alloying elements into austenite matrix. During cooling, REEs delays the occurrence of phase transformation, but it is favorable to the increase of the expansion amount of martensite transformation. Additionally, the microhardness value also increases with the increase of cooling rate. When the cooling rate is 20 °C/s, the full martensite transformation will occur and the microhardness of HSS1 reaches the maximum value of HV738, greater than that of RE-free HSS0 (HV701).
{"title":"Study on microstructure, phase transformation behavior of T15 high-speed steel and the effect of adding REEs","authors":"B. Zhao, Min Xia, C. Ge","doi":"10.1051/metal/2022082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022082","url":null,"abstract":"Rare earth elements (REEs) are a vital modifier in tool & die steel. Their effects on the phase transformation behavior, microstructure characteristics and property of as-cast T15 high-speed steel (HSS) were investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dilatometry. The experimental results show that the as-cast microstructure of samples is refined and ameliorated after adding REEs, and the total quantity of eutectic carbides with hard and brittle properties is significantly reduced, which contribute to lower Rockwell hardness levels and higher bending strength. The morphology of grain boundaries carbides turns from lamellar to blocky polygonal. During the reheating process, REEs can reduce the thermal expansion coefficient of studied steel before austenitizing and promote the dissolution of alloying elements into austenite matrix. During cooling, REEs delays the occurrence of phase transformation, but it is favorable to the increase of the expansion amount of martensite transformation. Additionally, the microhardness value also increases with the increase of cooling rate. When the cooling rate is 20 °C/s, the full martensite transformation will occur and the microhardness of HSS1 reaches the maximum value of HV738, greater than that of RE-free HSS0 (HV701).","PeriodicalId":370509,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical Research & Technology","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114834530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inclusions have an important effect on the fatigue performance of bearing steels. Therefore, the study of the evolution of inclusions in the whole process and the reasonable control of inclusions (quantity, type, size, etc.) in steel can improve the production stability and fatigue performance of bearing steel. In this study, with the help of thermodynamic calculations and experimental studies, the evolution of the whole-process refining slag, oxygen and nitrogen content, and inclusions in bearing steel produced in a plant is systematically investigated. Overall, the refining slag composition of the refining process fluctuates less, and the oxygen content during LF refining and RH refining has been trending down, with an oxygen content of 5.7 × 10‒6 in the bearing steel billets. Although the cleanliness level is good for bearing steels, there is still room for improvement in refining slag composition, refining time, protected casting, and cut waste length.
{"title":"Evolution of inclusions in the whole process of GCr15 bearing steel","authors":"Lidong Xing, Y. Bao, Min Wang","doi":"10.1051/metal/2023029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023029","url":null,"abstract":"Inclusions have an important effect on the fatigue performance of bearing steels. Therefore, the study of the evolution of inclusions in the whole process and the reasonable control of inclusions (quantity, type, size, etc.) in steel can improve the production stability and fatigue performance of bearing steel. In this study, with the help of thermodynamic calculations and experimental studies, the evolution of the whole-process refining slag, oxygen and nitrogen content, and inclusions in bearing steel produced in a plant is systematically investigated. Overall, the refining slag composition of the refining process fluctuates less, and the oxygen content during LF refining and RH refining has been trending down, with an oxygen content of 5.7 × 10‒6 in the bearing steel billets. Although the cleanliness level is good for bearing steels, there is still room for improvement in refining slag composition, refining time, protected casting, and cut waste length.","PeriodicalId":370509,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical Research & Technology","volume":"141 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114946415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To facilitate the numerical simulation of plastic deformation and the determination of thermal deformation process parameters of as-cast ER8 steel, isothermal thermal compression test of ER8 steel was carried out, and the flow stress curves of ER8 steel at high temperature was obtained. The selected deformation temperature was 1173–1523 K and strain rate was 0.001–0.1 s−1. On this basis, three different constitutive models were established and compared. The results show that the flow stress curves of ER8 steel can be divided into two stages, namely work hardening-dynamic recovery stage and dynamic recrystallization stage. The traditional Fields-Backofen model was modified to predict the flow stress at different deformation temperatures. According to the error analysis, the AARE levels of the modified Fields-Backofen model and the strain-coupled constitutive model are the same, while the AARE of the physically‑based constitutive model are smaller. The modified Fields-Backofen model cannot reflect the softening of dynamic recrystallization on the flow stress curves during high temperature deformation, while the strain-coupled constitutive model and the physically‑based constitutive model can. In terms of modeling difficulty, the modified Fields-Backofen model is the easiest to model, followed by the strain-coupled constitutive model, while the physically‑based constitutive model is relatively complex to model.
{"title":"Hot deformation behavior and comparison of different constitutive models of as-cast ER8 steel","authors":"Fei Chen, Zhen Jia, Xiaofeng Zhang, Y. Jiao, Fei Li, Xuezhong Zhang","doi":"10.1051/metal/2023046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023046","url":null,"abstract":"To facilitate the numerical simulation of plastic deformation and the determination of thermal deformation process parameters of as-cast ER8 steel, isothermal thermal compression test of ER8 steel was carried out, and the flow stress curves of ER8 steel at high temperature was obtained. The selected deformation temperature was 1173–1523 K and strain rate was 0.001–0.1 s−1. On this basis, three different constitutive models were established and compared. The results show that the flow stress curves of ER8 steel can be divided into two stages, namely work hardening-dynamic recovery stage and dynamic recrystallization stage. The traditional Fields-Backofen model was modified to predict the flow stress at different deformation temperatures. According to the error analysis, the AARE levels of the modified Fields-Backofen model and the strain-coupled constitutive model are the same, while the AARE of the physically‑based constitutive model are smaller. The modified Fields-Backofen model cannot reflect the softening of dynamic recrystallization on the flow stress curves during high temperature deformation, while the strain-coupled constitutive model and the physically‑based constitutive model can. In terms of modeling difficulty, the modified Fields-Backofen model is the easiest to model, followed by the strain-coupled constitutive model, while the physically‑based constitutive model is relatively complex to model.","PeriodicalId":370509,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical Research & Technology","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123590788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Gassaa, L. Hemmouche, R. Badji, L. Gilson, L. Rabet, O. Mimouni
The application of joining processes requires advanced mechanical tests to control the joints’ quality. Generally, welded sheets are verified using tensile shear tests. However, few studies also recommend conducting tension peel and cross-tension tests. The present work evaluates the mechanical behaviour of 5754 aluminium sheets jointed by friction stir spot welding (FSSW). The influence of the rotational speed on joint strength was first compared to riveted assemblies. Then, sheets welded with pure copper interlayers were compared to the precedents. The results indicated that, without an interlayer, lower and intermediate rotational speeds lead to higher mechanical strength under tensile shear tests compared to riveted assembly. However, it performed worse under tension peel and cross-tension tests at all studied rotational speeds. By adding copper, the strength of welded sheets is globally improved under tensile shear tests. Nevertheless, under tension peel and cross-tension tests, it performed worse, although a slight improvement was observed for increasing rotational speeds. Two different failure morphologies and four fracture modes were observed regarding the different tested samples. Microhardness tests were also conducted, to relate the influence of the studied parameters on the joint’s strength.
{"title":"Effect of rotational speed and copper interlayer on the mechanical and fracture behaviour of friction stir spot welds of 5754 aluminium alloy","authors":"R. Gassaa, L. Hemmouche, R. Badji, L. Gilson, L. Rabet, O. Mimouni","doi":"10.1051/metal/2023014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023014","url":null,"abstract":"The application of joining processes requires advanced mechanical tests to control the joints’ quality. Generally, welded sheets are verified using tensile shear tests. However, few studies also recommend conducting tension peel and cross-tension tests. The present work evaluates the mechanical behaviour of 5754 aluminium sheets jointed by friction stir spot welding (FSSW). The influence of the rotational speed on joint strength was first compared to riveted assemblies. Then, sheets welded with pure copper interlayers were compared to the precedents. The results indicated that, without an interlayer, lower and intermediate rotational speeds lead to higher mechanical strength under tensile shear tests compared to riveted assembly. However, it performed worse under tension peel and cross-tension tests at all studied rotational speeds. By adding copper, the strength of welded sheets is globally improved under tensile shear tests. Nevertheless, under tension peel and cross-tension tests, it performed worse, although a slight improvement was observed for increasing rotational speeds. Two different failure morphologies and four fracture modes were observed regarding the different tested samples. Microhardness tests were also conducted, to relate the influence of the studied parameters on the joint’s strength.","PeriodicalId":370509,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical Research & Technology","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116326350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu-meng Sun, W. Gong, Rui-xiang Zhu, Yupeng Li, Shicheng Sun
Copper and copper alloys are widely used in various industries due to the excellent properties, and they are indispensable materials in modern industrial fields. At present, friction stir welding technology is the most promising welding method for copper and copper alloys, and there have been a series of studies on copper and copper alloys FSW field. This paper summarizes the research achievements in this field in the past 30 years, and aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic summary for researchers in this field. In addition, combined with the authors team’s research and experience in this field and existing relevant references, we point out the development direction of this field in the next stage.
{"title":"Research progress and prospect of friction stir welding of copper and copper alloys","authors":"Yu-meng Sun, W. Gong, Rui-xiang Zhu, Yupeng Li, Shicheng Sun","doi":"10.1051/metal/2023011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023011","url":null,"abstract":"Copper and copper alloys are widely used in various industries due to the excellent properties, and they are indispensable materials in modern industrial fields. At present, friction stir welding technology is the most promising welding method for copper and copper alloys, and there have been a series of studies on copper and copper alloys FSW field. This paper summarizes the research achievements in this field in the past 30 years, and aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic summary for researchers in this field. In addition, combined with the authors team’s research and experience in this field and existing relevant references, we point out the development direction of this field in the next stage.","PeriodicalId":370509,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical Research & Technology","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122633803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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