Background: Infants treated for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) can develop visually significant refractive error. However, the degree of refractive error may differ between laser treatment and intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injection. We reviewed studies that investigated refractive error outcomes of treatment in premature infants with ROP. Methods: In this narrative review, a literature search was carried out in PubMed/MEDLINE from 01/01/2000 to 20/10/2022 without language restrictions, using the following keywords: “anti-VEGF,” “ROP” or “prematurity retinopathy,” and “laser.” We included comparative studies on refractive error outcomes of intravitreal anti-VEGF and laser treatments, a combination of both modalities simultaneously or sequentially, and two anti-VEGF agents. Results: The initial search yielded 164 records. We reviewed the titles and abstracts of the retrieved papers and the reference list of published systematic reviews and meta-analyses, meta-analyses, or reviews on our topic. Thirty-three records fulfilled our inclusion criteria, which included refractive outcomes in 4350 eyes of 2359 participants treated for ROP. Based on the reported refractive outcomes, we divided the studies into four categories: 1) those that revealed a higher rate of refractive error in the laser-treated eyes than in the anti-VEGF-treated eyes; 2) those that revealed no significant difference in refractive outcomes between the two treatment modalities; 3) those that revealed a higher rate of refractive error in the anti-VEGF-treated eyes or compared refractive outcomes between two anti-VEGF agents; and 4) those that reported refractive outcomes in the eyes that received combined simultaneous or sequential treatment with laser after initial anti-VEGF treatment. We also summarized the refractive outcomes of all included primary studies in each category. Conclusions: This study showed that the laser-treated eyes experienced more myopic shift. However, the refractive outcomes in premature infants of laser treatment, anti-VEGF treatment, and a combination of both modalities simultaneously or sequentially were often contradictory. This variability resulted from obvious differences in the sample size, different follow-up durations, or inhomogeneous study or treatment designs. Further well-designed prospective trials on refractive outcomes and the trend of changes in the refractive status over long-term follow-ups in the eyes treated with ROP are necessary to identify consensus results concerning real-world refractive outcomes of each treatment modality or simultaneous or sequential combination of both modalities, to suggest a safe and effective treatment option for eye care professionals.
{"title":"Refractive outcomes in infants treated for retinopathy of prematurity","authors":"A/Prof. Fatemeh Heidary MD, MPH, FAAO, FICO, Reza Gharebaghi MD MPH FAAO PhDc","doi":"10.51329/mehdioptometry157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51329/mehdioptometry157","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Infants treated for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) can develop visually significant refractive error. However, the degree of refractive error may differ between laser treatment and intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injection. We reviewed studies that investigated refractive error outcomes of treatment in premature infants with ROP. \u0000Methods: In this narrative review, a literature search was carried out in PubMed/MEDLINE from 01/01/2000 to 20/10/2022 without language restrictions, using the following keywords: “anti-VEGF,” “ROP” or “prematurity retinopathy,” and “laser.” We included comparative studies on refractive error outcomes of intravitreal anti-VEGF and laser treatments, a combination of both modalities simultaneously or sequentially, and two anti-VEGF agents. \u0000Results: The initial search yielded 164 records. We reviewed the titles and abstracts of the retrieved papers and the reference list of published systematic reviews and meta-analyses, meta-analyses, or reviews on our topic. Thirty-three records fulfilled our inclusion criteria, which included refractive outcomes in 4350 eyes of 2359 participants treated for ROP. Based on the reported refractive outcomes, we divided the studies into four categories: 1) those that revealed a higher rate of refractive error in the laser-treated eyes than in the anti-VEGF-treated eyes; 2) those that revealed no significant difference in refractive outcomes between the two treatment modalities; 3) those that revealed a higher rate of refractive error in the anti-VEGF-treated eyes or compared refractive outcomes between two anti-VEGF agents; and 4) those that reported refractive outcomes in the eyes that received combined simultaneous or sequential treatment with laser after initial anti-VEGF treatment. We also summarized the refractive outcomes of all included primary studies in each category. \u0000Conclusions: This study showed that the laser-treated eyes experienced more myopic shift. However, the refractive outcomes in premature infants of laser treatment, anti-VEGF treatment, and a combination of both modalities simultaneously or sequentially were often contradictory. This variability resulted from obvious differences in the sample size, different follow-up durations, or inhomogeneous study or treatment designs. Further well-designed prospective trials on refractive outcomes and the trend of changes in the refractive status over long-term follow-ups in the eyes treated with ROP are necessary to identify consensus results concerning real-world refractive outcomes of each treatment modality or simultaneous or sequential combination of both modalities, to suggest a safe and effective treatment option for eye care professionals.","PeriodicalId":370751,"journal":{"name":"Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation in optometry","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124496440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.51329/mehdioptometry158
Lili Asma Ismail, Sheiladevi Sukumaran
Background: Uncorrected refractive error is the most common cause of vision impairment and the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. Its prevalence differs among and within countries. This study was aimed at exploring the pattern and prevalence of refractive error among school children in the Wangsa Maju Township, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Methods: A stratified, multistage, cluster random sampling in a geographically defined area was employed, and 245 school children, aged 8–12 years, from two primary schools in Wangsa Maju Township, Kuala Lumpur, were recruited. The cross-sectional study employed interviewing, measuring uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCDVA) using the Snellen chart, cycloplegic refraction under a streak retinoscope refined subjectively, and a detailed slit-lamp examination to assess the anterior and posterior segments. Myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism were defined as spherical equivalent (SE) greater than or equal to - 0.50, SE greater than or equal to + 2.00, and cylindrical greater than or equal to 0.75 D, respectively. Reduced UCDVA was defined as an unaided visual acuity < 6/9. Results: The mean (standard deviation) age of the participants was 10.42 (1.22) years. The overall prevalence of refractive error was 47.8%. Of 245 screened school children, including 42 (35.9%) boys and 75 (64.1%) girls, 117 had refractive error, with a prevalence of refractive error of 17.1% and 30.6% in boys and girls, respectively. Myopia was the most common type (30.2%), followed by astigmatism (16.3%) and hyperopia (1.2%). The prevalence of reduced UCDVA was 36.3% among the screened school children, attributable to refractive error with a significantly high positive correlation (r = +.721; P < 0.01). Among those with refractive errors, sex differences in the magnitude of refractive errors were not statistically significant in the three types of refractive errors (all P > 0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of refractive error among primary school children in Wangsa Maju Township, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia was 47.8%; girls outnumbered boys, but the magnitude of refractive errors showed no sex differences. The prevalence of reduced UCDVA was 36.3%, attributable to refractive error. Irrespective of sex, myopia had the highest prevalence compared to other refractive errors, and its prevalence increased with age. Future population-based studies are required to address the limitations concerning environmental risk factors for refractive error and the impact of ethnic or familial backgrounds on their prevalence in a similar but larger population using the same protocol.
{"title":"Prevalence of refractive errors among school children in Wangsa Maju, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","authors":"Lili Asma Ismail, Sheiladevi Sukumaran","doi":"10.51329/mehdioptometry158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51329/mehdioptometry158","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Uncorrected refractive error is the most common cause of vision impairment and the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. Its prevalence differs among and within countries. This study was aimed at exploring the pattern and prevalence of refractive error among school children in the Wangsa Maju Township, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. \u0000Methods: A stratified, multistage, cluster random sampling in a geographically defined area was employed, and 245 school children, aged 8–12 years, from two primary schools in Wangsa Maju Township, Kuala Lumpur, were recruited. The cross-sectional study employed interviewing, measuring uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCDVA) using the Snellen chart, cycloplegic refraction under a streak retinoscope refined subjectively, and a detailed slit-lamp examination to assess the anterior and posterior segments. Myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism were defined as spherical equivalent (SE) greater than or equal to - 0.50, SE greater than or equal to + 2.00, and cylindrical greater than or equal to 0.75 D, respectively. Reduced UCDVA was defined as an unaided visual acuity < 6/9. \u0000Results: The mean (standard deviation) age of the participants was 10.42 (1.22) years. The overall prevalence of refractive error was 47.8%. Of 245 screened school children, including 42 (35.9%) boys and 75 (64.1%) girls, 117 had refractive error, with a prevalence of refractive error of 17.1% and 30.6% in boys and girls, respectively. Myopia was the most common type (30.2%), followed by astigmatism (16.3%) and hyperopia (1.2%). The prevalence of reduced UCDVA was 36.3% among the screened school children, attributable to refractive error with a significantly high positive correlation (r = +.721; P < 0.01). Among those with refractive errors, sex differences in the magnitude of refractive errors were not statistically significant in the three types of refractive errors (all P > 0.05). \u0000Conclusions: The prevalence of refractive error among primary school children in Wangsa Maju Township, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia was 47.8%; girls outnumbered boys, but the magnitude of refractive errors showed no sex differences. The prevalence of reduced UCDVA was 36.3%, attributable to refractive error. Irrespective of sex, myopia had the highest prevalence compared to other refractive errors, and its prevalence increased with age. Future population-based studies are required to address the limitations concerning environmental risk factors for refractive error and the impact of ethnic or familial backgrounds on their prevalence in a similar but larger population using the same protocol.","PeriodicalId":370751,"journal":{"name":"Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation in optometry","volume":"213 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128166867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.51329/mehdioptometry159
Fereydoun Farrahi, A. Kasiri, M. Feghhi, Malihe Darvishi Dastgerdi
Background: Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) is a routine surgical option for the removal of dropped lens fragment or nucleus in the vitreous cavity due to complicated cataract surgery; however, its optimal timing is controversial. Therefore, we aimed to determine the visual outcomes of early versus late PPV in eyes with dropped lens fragment or nucleus due to complicated phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Methods: This descriptive-analytical retrospective study collected data of patients who underwent early (less than or equal to 1 week) versus late (> 1 week) PPV for the management of dropped lens fragment or nucleus resulting from complicated phacoemulsification cataract surgery over a 10-year period at Imam Khomeini Tertiary Referral Hospital, Ahvaz, Iran. Demographic characteristics, the interval between complicated phacoemulsification and PPV, pre- and postoperative intraocular pressures, best-corrected distance visual acuity (BCDVA), and postoperative complications were extracted from each patient’s record. Results: Fifty-one eyes of 51 patients with a mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of 64.66 (6.54) years and a male-to-female ratio of 33 (64.7%) to 18 (35.3%) were included over 10 years. The mean (SD) BCDVA before PPV was 1.87 (0.53) logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR), which improved significantly to 0.54 (0.46) logMAR at the final postoperative visit (P < 0.001). The mean (SD) BCDVA was significantly better after early PPV than after late PPV (0.41 [0.30] versus 0.62 [0.52] logMAR; P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the final BCDVAs among the three methods of lens fragment removal (P > 0.05). The rates of post-PPV complications were as follows: 29 (56.9%) eyes with corneal edema, 16 (31.4%) eyes with uveitis, 10 (19.6%) eyes with cystoid macular edema, 8 (15.7%) eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, and 8 (15.7%) eyes with other complications (optic nerve atrophy, choroidal neovascularization, vitreous hemorrhage, or epiretinal membrane formation). No significant differences were observed in the rates of complications according to the time interval between complicated phacoemulsification and PPV (all P > 0.05). The frequency of corneal edema was significantly higher when removing lens fragments using the trans-limbal method than using the other methods (P < 0.05), yet the rates of other complications were comparable among the three methods of lens fragment removal (all P > 0.05). Conclusions: Early PPV and removal of a dropped lens fragment or nucleus resulting from complicated phacoemulsification cataract surgery are recommended to achieve better visual outcomes. Future studies with longer follow-up, greater sample sizes, and analysis of other parameters of visual function, such as contrast sensitivity, visual field, color vision, and stereopsis, could provide more conclusive results and help verify our preliminary findings.
{"title":"A 10-year review of the visual outcomes of early versus late pars plana vitrectomy in eyes with dropped lens fragment or nucleus during phacoemulsification","authors":"Fereydoun Farrahi, A. Kasiri, M. Feghhi, Malihe Darvishi Dastgerdi","doi":"10.51329/mehdioptometry159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51329/mehdioptometry159","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) is a routine surgical option for the removal of dropped lens fragment or nucleus in the vitreous cavity due to complicated cataract surgery; however, its optimal timing is controversial. Therefore, we aimed to determine the visual outcomes of early versus late PPV in eyes with dropped lens fragment or nucleus due to complicated phacoemulsification cataract surgery. \u0000Methods: This descriptive-analytical retrospective study collected data of patients who underwent early (less than or equal to 1 week) versus late (> 1 week) PPV for the management of dropped lens fragment or nucleus resulting from complicated phacoemulsification cataract surgery over a 10-year period at Imam Khomeini Tertiary Referral Hospital, Ahvaz, Iran. Demographic characteristics, the interval between complicated phacoemulsification and PPV, pre- and postoperative intraocular pressures, best-corrected distance visual acuity (BCDVA), and postoperative complications were extracted from each patient’s record. \u0000Results: Fifty-one eyes of 51 patients with a mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of 64.66 (6.54) years and a male-to-female ratio of 33 (64.7%) to 18 (35.3%) were included over 10 years. The mean (SD) BCDVA before PPV was 1.87 (0.53) logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR), which improved significantly to 0.54 (0.46) logMAR at the final postoperative visit (P < 0.001). The mean (SD) BCDVA was significantly better after early PPV than after late PPV (0.41 [0.30] versus 0.62 [0.52] logMAR; P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the final BCDVAs among the three methods of lens fragment removal (P > 0.05). The rates of post-PPV complications were as follows: 29 (56.9%) eyes with corneal edema, 16 (31.4%) eyes with uveitis, 10 (19.6%) eyes with cystoid macular edema, 8 (15.7%) eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, and 8 (15.7%) eyes with other complications (optic nerve atrophy, choroidal neovascularization, vitreous hemorrhage, or epiretinal membrane formation). No significant differences were observed in the rates of complications according to the time interval between complicated phacoemulsification and PPV (all P > 0.05). The frequency of corneal edema was significantly higher when removing lens fragments using the trans-limbal method than using the other methods (P < 0.05), yet the rates of other complications were comparable among the three methods of lens fragment removal (all P > 0.05). \u0000Conclusions: Early PPV and removal of a dropped lens fragment or nucleus resulting from complicated phacoemulsification cataract surgery are recommended to achieve better visual outcomes. Future studies with longer follow-up, greater sample sizes, and analysis of other parameters of visual function, such as contrast sensitivity, visual field, color vision, and stereopsis, could provide more conclusive results and help verify our preliminary findings.","PeriodicalId":370751,"journal":{"name":"Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation in optometry","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130831058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.51329/mehdioptometry156
Amir Ahmadzadeh Amiri, Zahra Heidari, R. Jafari, Ali Ahmadzadeh Amiri, Ahmad Ahmadzadeh Amiri
Background: Novel ocular imaging modalities have greatly impacted the diagnosis and management of different types of ocular neoplasia. In this narrative review, we summarize the practical features of popular and novel imaging modalities for ocular tumors. Methods: Four databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were searched from January 1, 2000 to August 31, 2022. Articles reporting different imaging modalities for diagnosing or monitoring treatment responses of ocular tumors were extracted using various combinations of the following keywords: ocular neoplasia, positron emission tomography or PET, single-photon emission computed tomography or SPECT, optical coherence tomography or OCT, OCT angiography or OCTA, computed tomography or CT, ultrasonography or US, ultrasound biomicroscopy or UBM, and magnetic resonance imaging or MRI. Results: Various ocular imaging modalities had different accuracies as adjunctive tools for detecting or managing ocular tumors. Anterior ultra-high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) could be used to evaluate images with < 5-µm resolution. OCT angiography provided deeper insight into retinal vascular changes associated with the malignant transformation of choroidal melanoma. OCT in children altered the diagnosis of suspicious retinoblastoma in 3% of the cases and treatment plan in 11% of the cases. While positron-emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) allowed the detection of metastatic lesions of choroidal melanoma by full-body scanning, single-photon emission CT was more sensitive compared to PET in detecting choroidal melanoma. Ultrasound biomicroscopy, with an accuracy exceeding 92.5%, could detect retinal calcification in lesions measuring 2–3 mm. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) had better contrast compared to ultrasound biomicroscopy and higher sensitivity compared to CT in detecting post-laminar optic nerve invasion. However, MRI had a lower spatial resolution compared to OCT. Further development of imaging modalities and their application in drug development would improve the treatment of ocular tumors. Conclusions: Although diagnosing ocular tumors depend on clinical characteristics, innovations in ocular imaging have enabled early diagnosis and timely, appropriate management of ocular neoplasia, which are conducive to favorable visual outcomes and increased life expectancy. Further systematic reviews and meta-analyses of primary studies focusing on a specific imaging modality in ocular neoplasia could precisely determine the diagnostic accuracy of each imaging modality to better guide eye practitioners with efficient diagnostic or therapeutic approaches for these sight- or life-threatening entities. Imaging modalities may play a major role in drug development in the future.
背景:新的眼部成像方式已经极大地影响了不同类型的眼部肿瘤的诊断和治疗。在这篇叙述性的回顾中，我们总结了流行的和新颖的眼部肿瘤成像方式的实际特点。方法:检索PubMed/MEDLINE、Web of Science、Scopus、Google Scholar 4个数据库，检索时间为2000年1月1日至2022年8月31日。通过以下关键词的不同组合，提取了用于诊断或监测眼部肿瘤治疗反应的不同成像方式的文章:眼部肿瘤，正电子发射断层扫描或PET，单光子发射计算机断层扫描或SPECT，光学相干断层扫描或OCT, OCT血管造影或OCTA，计算机断层扫描或CT，超声或US，超声生物显微检查或UBM，以及磁共振成像或MRI。结果:不同的眼成像方式作为检测或治疗眼部肿瘤的辅助工具具有不同的准确性。前路超高分辨率光学相干断层扫描(OCT)可用于评估分辨率< 5µm的图像。OCT血管造影对脉络膜黑色素瘤恶性转化相关的视网膜血管变化提供了更深入的了解。儿童OCT改变了3%的可疑视网膜母细胞瘤的诊断和11%的治疗方案。虽然正电子发射断层扫描(PET)/计算机断层扫描(CT)可以通过全身扫描检测脉络膜黑色素瘤的转移灶，但单光子发射CT在检测脉络膜黑色素瘤方面比PET更敏感。超声生物显微镜可在2 ~ 3 mm的病变范围内检测到视网膜钙化，准确率超过92.5%。磁共振成像(MRI)在检测视神经板后浸润方面比超声生物显微镜有更好的对比，比CT有更高的灵敏度。然而，MRI的空间分辨率较oct低，成像方式的进一步发展及其在药物开发中的应用将改善眼部肿瘤的治疗。结论:虽然眼部肿瘤的诊断依赖于临床特征，但眼部影像学的创新使眼部肿瘤的早期诊断和及时、适当的治疗成为可能，这有利于良好的视力结果和延长预期寿命。进一步的系统回顾和荟萃分析主要关注眼部肿瘤的特定成像方式，可以精确地确定每种成像方式的诊断准确性，从而更好地指导眼科医生对这些危及视力或生命的实体采用有效的诊断或治疗方法。成像模式可能在未来的药物开发中发挥重要作用。
{"title":"Imaging techniques for ocular neoplasia","authors":"Amir Ahmadzadeh Amiri, Zahra Heidari, R. Jafari, Ali Ahmadzadeh Amiri, Ahmad Ahmadzadeh Amiri","doi":"10.51329/mehdioptometry156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51329/mehdioptometry156","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Novel ocular imaging modalities have greatly impacted the diagnosis and management of different types of ocular neoplasia. In this narrative review, we summarize the practical features of popular and novel imaging modalities for ocular tumors. \u0000Methods: Four databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were searched from January 1, 2000 to August 31, 2022. Articles reporting different imaging modalities for diagnosing or monitoring treatment responses of ocular tumors were extracted using various combinations of the following keywords: ocular neoplasia, positron emission tomography or PET, single-photon emission computed tomography or SPECT, optical coherence tomography or OCT, OCT angiography or OCTA, computed tomography or CT, ultrasonography or US, ultrasound biomicroscopy or UBM, and magnetic resonance imaging or MRI. \u0000Results: Various ocular imaging modalities had different accuracies as adjunctive tools for detecting or managing ocular tumors. Anterior ultra-high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) could be used to evaluate images with < 5-µm resolution. OCT angiography provided deeper insight into retinal vascular changes associated with the malignant transformation of choroidal melanoma. OCT in children altered the diagnosis of suspicious retinoblastoma in 3% of the cases and treatment plan in 11% of the cases. While positron-emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) allowed the detection of metastatic lesions of choroidal melanoma by full-body scanning, single-photon emission CT was more sensitive compared to PET in detecting choroidal melanoma. Ultrasound biomicroscopy, with an accuracy exceeding 92.5%, could detect retinal calcification in lesions measuring 2–3 mm. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) had better contrast compared to ultrasound biomicroscopy and higher sensitivity compared to CT in detecting post-laminar optic nerve invasion. However, MRI had a lower spatial resolution compared to OCT. Further development of imaging modalities and their application in drug development would improve the treatment of ocular tumors. \u0000Conclusions: Although diagnosing ocular tumors depend on clinical characteristics, innovations in ocular imaging have enabled early diagnosis and timely, appropriate management of ocular neoplasia, which are conducive to favorable visual outcomes and increased life expectancy. Further systematic reviews and meta-analyses of primary studies focusing on a specific imaging modality in ocular neoplasia could precisely determine the diagnostic accuracy of each imaging modality to better guide eye practitioners with efficient diagnostic or therapeutic approaches for these sight- or life-threatening entities. Imaging modalities may play a major role in drug development in the future.","PeriodicalId":370751,"journal":{"name":"Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation in optometry","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114262775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-28DOI: 10.51329/mehdioptometry151
Pegah Rashidian
Letter to the Editor
给编辑的信
{"title":"Roles, responsibilities, and job description of ophthalmic nurses, a universal definition is required","authors":"Pegah Rashidian","doi":"10.51329/mehdioptometry151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51329/mehdioptometry151","url":null,"abstract":"Letter to the Editor","PeriodicalId":370751,"journal":{"name":"Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation in optometry","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117000259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-28DOI: 10.51329/mehdioptometry149
P. Asteris, D. Kalogeropoulos, G. Moussa, Ioannis Iraklis Vitos, A. Christodoulou, C. Kalogeropoulos
Background: Valsalva retinopathy is a specific type of retinopathy that appears following an acute rise in intrathoracic or intra-abdominal pressure. This review focuses on current literature and future directions for the diagnosis and management of Valsalva retinopathy. Methods: In this brief review, the literature was searched to provide an extensive general and updated description of Valsalva retinopathy, focusing on its management and prognosis. Selected articles are summarized to present the etiology, general pathology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of Valsalva retinopathy. Results: The main symptom of Valsalva retinopathy is loss of visual acuity following exertion. This is caused by the rupture of small superficial vessels in the macula and perimacular areas, leading to extravasation of blood. No link between age, sex, or race has been found, although fundus vessel abnormalities pose some predisposition to the disease. During fundoscopy, Valsalva retinopathy appears most frequently as well-defined preretinal hemorrhages confined to the sub-internal limiting membrane (ILM) or subhyaloid space. If ILM rupture occurs, hyaloid hemorrhage can appear. Diagnosis is based on the patient’s medical history and a standard examination. Usually, only observation of the patient is required, with the hemorrhage resolving within weeks to months. In cases of large premacular hemorrhage or large sub-ILM/subhyaloid hemorrhage, vitrectomy or Nd:YAG krypton laser membranotomy can be performed. Conclusions: Of all the aspects of Valsalva retinopathy that might trouble the physician, the most challenging features are differential diagnosis and the choice of optimal treatment. Therapeutic strategies for Valsalva retinopathy can be either conservative or based on Nd:YAG laser membranotomy and/or vitrectomy. All methods seem to have good outcomes. However, physicians should not be afraid of advancing beyond conservative therapy, especially in the event of persistent premacular hemorrhage, which could lead to permanent retinal damage if valuable time is lost, even after vitrectomy.
{"title":"A brief review of Valsalva retinopathy","authors":"P. Asteris, D. Kalogeropoulos, G. Moussa, Ioannis Iraklis Vitos, A. Christodoulou, C. Kalogeropoulos","doi":"10.51329/mehdioptometry149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51329/mehdioptometry149","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Valsalva retinopathy is a specific type of retinopathy that appears following an acute rise in intrathoracic or intra-abdominal pressure. This review focuses on current literature and future directions for the diagnosis and management of Valsalva retinopathy. \u0000Methods: In this brief review, the literature was searched to provide an extensive general and updated description of Valsalva retinopathy, focusing on its management and prognosis. Selected articles are summarized to present the etiology, general pathology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of Valsalva retinopathy. \u0000Results: The main symptom of Valsalva retinopathy is loss of visual acuity following exertion. This is caused by the rupture of small superficial vessels in the macula and perimacular areas, leading to extravasation of blood. No link between age, sex, or race has been found, although fundus vessel abnormalities pose some predisposition to the disease. During fundoscopy, Valsalva retinopathy appears most frequently as well-defined preretinal hemorrhages confined to the sub-internal limiting membrane (ILM) or subhyaloid space. If ILM rupture occurs, hyaloid hemorrhage can appear. Diagnosis is based on the patient’s medical history and a standard examination. Usually, only observation of the patient is required, with the hemorrhage resolving within weeks to months. In cases of large premacular hemorrhage or large sub-ILM/subhyaloid hemorrhage, vitrectomy or Nd:YAG krypton laser membranotomy can be performed. \u0000Conclusions: Of all the aspects of Valsalva retinopathy that might trouble the physician, the most challenging features are differential diagnosis and the choice of optimal treatment. Therapeutic strategies for Valsalva retinopathy can be either conservative or based on Nd:YAG laser membranotomy and/or vitrectomy. All methods seem to have good outcomes. However, physicians should not be afraid of advancing beyond conservative therapy, especially in the event of persistent premacular hemorrhage, which could lead to permanent retinal damage if valuable time is lost, even after vitrectomy.","PeriodicalId":370751,"journal":{"name":"Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation in optometry","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129842745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Focusing the gaze for prolonged periods on a fixed distance demands high visual efficiency in handloom silk weavers and might result in various accommodative and vergence dysfunctions. The aim of the present study was to assess accommodative and vergence parameters and determine the frequency of non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies (NSBVAs) among handloom silk weavers. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we recruited voluntary handloom silk weavers from the Government-aided Society of Arignar Anna Silk Co-op Society K.H.-1, Kanchipuram, aged 20–39 years. All participants underwent preliminary visual examinations and comprehensive binocular vision testing of accommodative and vergence parameters. Sensory evaluation was performed using stereopsis testing and the Worth 4 Dot test. Motor evaluation included the ocular motility assessment, heterophoria checks for distance and near, near point of convergence, negative and positive fusional vergences for distance and near, vergence facility, negative and positive relative accommodations, both monocular and binocular near points of accommodation, and accommodative facility. The monocular estimate method was used to determine the accommodative response. Quantitative data are expressed as mean (standard deviation [SD]), and qualitative data are expressed as frequency (percentage). Results: We recruited a total of 72 weavers, including 41 (56.9%) men and, 31 (43.1%) women with mean (SD) age, working hours, and work experience of 34.15 (4.12) years, 9 (2.5) h/day, and 17.5 (6.9) years, respectively. Of the 29 (40.3%) weavers with a refractive error, 18 (25%) had astigmatism; seven (9.7%) had myopia; and four (5.6%) had hyperopia. Of the 72 weavers, 38 (52.8%) presented with NSBVAs, including 13 (18.1%) with accommodative dysfunctions, 11 (15.3%) with vergence dysfunctions, and 14 (19.4%) with combined accommodative and vergence dysfunctions. Accommodative insufficiency was the most prevalent dysfunction among all NSBVAs. Overall, 57 (79.2%) patients reported vision-related symptoms during their weaving hours, all with NSBVAs (n = 38), 19 with normal parameters in the binocular vision test, and 15 with no symptoms. Conclusions: The frequency of NSBVAs was high among handloom silk weavers compared to the literature. This implies a need for comprehensive binocular vision examination for people in this occupation to rule out NSBVAs for improving their quality of life and occupational productivity. Future large-scale studies are required to determine the exact NSBVAs prevalence among workers of this near vision-related occupation.
背景:手织丝织工长时间将目光聚焦在固定的距离上需要很高的视觉效率，并可能导致各种调节和聚焦功能障碍。本研究的目的是评估手织丝织者的调节和收敛参数，并确定非斜视双眼视力异常(NSBVAs)的频率。方法:在横断面研究中，我们从坎奇普兰的Arignar Anna silk Co-op Society k.h -1的政府资助协会中招募志愿手工织丝工，年龄20-39岁。所有参与者都进行了初步的视力检查和综合的双眼视力调节和收敛参数测试。感官评价采用立体视觉测试和Worth 4 Dot测试。运动评价包括眼运动评价、远视和近视检查、近会聚点检查、近会聚点检查、近会聚点检查、近会聚点检查、正、负会聚点检查、会聚点检查、正、负会聚点检查、单、双眼会聚点检查、会聚点检查。采用单目估计法确定调节反应。定量数据以均值(标准差[SD])表示，定性数据以频率(百分比)表示。结果:共招募织布工72人，其中男性41人(56.9%)，女性31人(43.1%)，平均年龄(SD)为34.15(4.12)岁，平均工作时间(SD)为9(2.5)小时/天，平均工作经验(SD)为17.5(6.9)年。在29名(40.3%)屈光不正的织工中，18名(25%)有散光;近视7例(9.7%);4例(5.6%)有远视。72例织工中，38例(52.8%)表现为NSBVAs，其中13例(18.1%)为调节功能障碍，11例(15.3%)为收敛功能障碍，14例(19.4%)为调节和收敛功能障碍合并。调节功能不全是所有NSBVAs中最常见的功能障碍。总体而言，57例(79.2%)患者在编织时间内报告了视力相关症状，所有患者均患有NSBVAs (n = 38)， 19例双目视力测试参数正常，15例无症状。结论:手工织布机丝织工发生nsbva的频率较高。这意味着需要对从事该职业的人进行全面的双眼视力检查，以排除nsbva，以提高他们的生活质量和职业生产力。未来的大规模研究需要确定NSBVAs在这个与视力相关的职业中的确切患病率。
{"title":"Binocular vision parameters in handloom silk weavers","authors":"Divyalakshmi Sundaravadivel, Deepa Bangalore Muniyappa Shanmugham","doi":"10.51329/mehdioptometry152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51329/mehdioptometry152","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Focusing the gaze for prolonged periods on a fixed distance demands high visual efficiency in handloom silk weavers and might result in various accommodative and vergence dysfunctions. The aim of the present study was to assess accommodative and vergence parameters and determine the frequency of non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies (NSBVAs) among handloom silk weavers. \u0000Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we recruited voluntary handloom silk weavers from the Government-aided Society of Arignar Anna Silk Co-op Society K.H.-1, Kanchipuram, aged 20–39 years. All participants underwent preliminary visual examinations and comprehensive binocular vision testing of accommodative and vergence parameters. Sensory evaluation was performed using stereopsis testing and the Worth 4 Dot test. Motor evaluation included the ocular motility assessment, heterophoria checks for distance and near, near point of convergence, negative and positive fusional vergences for distance and near, vergence facility, negative and positive relative accommodations, both monocular and binocular near points of accommodation, and accommodative facility. The monocular estimate method was used to determine the accommodative response. Quantitative data are expressed as mean (standard deviation [SD]), and qualitative data are expressed as frequency (percentage). \u0000Results: We recruited a total of 72 weavers, including 41 (56.9%) men and, 31 (43.1%) women with mean (SD) age, working hours, and work experience of 34.15 (4.12) years, 9 (2.5) h/day, and 17.5 (6.9) years, respectively. Of the 29 (40.3%) weavers with a refractive error, 18 (25%) had astigmatism; seven (9.7%) had myopia; and four (5.6%) had hyperopia. Of the 72 weavers, 38 (52.8%) presented with NSBVAs, including 13 (18.1%) with accommodative dysfunctions, 11 (15.3%) with vergence dysfunctions, and 14 (19.4%) with combined accommodative and vergence dysfunctions. Accommodative insufficiency was the most prevalent dysfunction among all NSBVAs. Overall, 57 (79.2%) patients reported vision-related symptoms during their weaving hours, all with NSBVAs (n = 38), 19 with normal parameters in the binocular vision test, and 15 with no symptoms. \u0000Conclusions: The frequency of NSBVAs was high among handloom silk weavers compared to the literature. This implies a need for comprehensive binocular vision examination for people in this occupation to rule out NSBVAs for improving their quality of life and occupational productivity. Future large-scale studies are required to determine the exact NSBVAs prevalence among workers of this near vision-related occupation.","PeriodicalId":370751,"journal":{"name":"Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation in optometry","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122643550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-28DOI: 10.51329/mehdioptometry150
Moataz A. Sallam, M. Mohammed, Mohamed M Karrar, Ehab Ghoneim
Background: Uncorrected myopia represents a major cause of visual disability in children, especially in low-income and middle-income countries. However, there is still debate about the effect of e-learning and “stay-at-home” guidelines on the refractive status of school children, especially in the absence of long-term follow-up data. This study aimed to assess the impact of stay-at-home enforcement during the COVID-19 pandemic on myopia development or progression in students in the Suez Canal Area, Egypt. Methods: This longitudinal observational study included 1650 students. All students aged 8–15 years with visual complaints, who had attended routine annual vision checks since 2018, were enrolled and assessed annually for myopia development and progression until 2021. Cycloplegic and noncycloplegic refraction, axial length (AL), corneal curvature, and uncorrected and best-corrected distance visual acuity were measured. The participants were administered a questionnaire that focused mainly on collecting information on their visual habits. Results: Our study included 3,300 eyes of 1,650 school students with myopia during the 4-year study period from 2018 to 2021. The mean cycloplegic spherical equivalents (CSE) were - 1.02, - 1.52, - 2.00, and - 3.50 diopters (D) in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. This myopic shift in CSE over time was significant (P < 0.001). The average keratometric reading (Avg K) increased significantly during the follow-up period (P < 0.001). The Avg K measurements were 42.32, 42.62, 43.02, and 44.19 D in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. The changes in Avg K were significant (P < 0.001). The mean AL measurements were 22.53, 22.59, 22.69, and 22.71 mm in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. Although statistically significant (P < 0.001), changes in AL were clinically insignificant throughout the study period. The mean durations spent on electronic devices at home were 2.12, 2.46, 3.10, and 6.00 hours in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. The changes over time were significant (P < 0.001). Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, studying at home accelerated the degree of refraction toward myopia in school children in Egypt. Further studies are needed to assess the academic performance of students with progressive myopia.
{"title":"Stay-at-home myopia among school children during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Moataz A. Sallam, M. Mohammed, Mohamed M Karrar, Ehab Ghoneim","doi":"10.51329/mehdioptometry150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51329/mehdioptometry150","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Uncorrected myopia represents a major cause of visual disability in children, especially in low-income and middle-income countries. However, there is still debate about the effect of e-learning and “stay-at-home” guidelines on the refractive status of school children, especially in the absence of long-term follow-up data. This study aimed to assess the impact of stay-at-home enforcement during the COVID-19 pandemic on myopia development or progression in students in the Suez Canal Area, Egypt. \u0000Methods: This longitudinal observational study included 1650 students. All students aged 8–15 years with visual complaints, who had attended routine annual vision checks since 2018, were enrolled and assessed annually for myopia development and progression until 2021. Cycloplegic and noncycloplegic refraction, axial length (AL), corneal curvature, and uncorrected and best-corrected distance visual acuity were measured. The participants were administered a questionnaire that focused mainly on collecting information on their visual habits. \u0000Results: Our study included 3,300 eyes of 1,650 school students with myopia during the 4-year study period from 2018 to 2021. The mean cycloplegic spherical equivalents (CSE) were - 1.02, - 1.52, - 2.00, and - 3.50 diopters (D) in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. This myopic shift in CSE over time was significant (P < 0.001). The average keratometric reading (Avg K) increased significantly during the follow-up period (P < 0.001). The Avg K measurements were 42.32, 42.62, 43.02, and 44.19 D in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. The changes in Avg K were significant (P < 0.001). The mean AL measurements were 22.53, 22.59, 22.69, and 22.71 mm in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. Although statistically significant (P < 0.001), changes in AL were clinically insignificant throughout the study period. The mean durations spent on electronic devices at home were 2.12, 2.46, 3.10, and 6.00 hours in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. The changes over time were significant (P < 0.001). \u0000Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, studying at home accelerated the degree of refraction toward myopia in school children in Egypt. Further studies are needed to assess the academic performance of students with progressive myopia.","PeriodicalId":370751,"journal":{"name":"Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation in optometry","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128750389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-28DOI: 10.51329/mehdioptometry154
Sajeev Cherian Jacob, Lavanya Kalikivayi, V. Kalikivayi
Background: Optic disc edema is a pathological condition with various causes. Cases of optic disc swelling should be dealt with a multidisciplinary approach to rule out those causes. Unilateral optic disc edema is seen in papillitis, non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, retinal vein occlusion, and infection or inflammation of the contiguous sinus or orbit. Here, we report a rare case of unilateral asymptomatic optic disc edema due to posterior ethmoid sinusitis. Case Presentation: A 53-year-old man presented for a routine 3-monthly follow-up after an uneventful cataract surgery of the right eye. All examinations were unremarkable, except for the right eye optic disc edema on fundus examination, consistent with an enlarged blind spot in the visual field test. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging revealed mucosal thickening with muco-inflammatory exudates of the posterior ethmoidal sinus overriding the optic disc on the right side, leading to optic disc edema of the right eye. The patient was diagnosed with unilateral asymptomatic optic disc edema in the right eye due to posterior ethmoid sinusitis and referred to an otorhinolaryngologist for the management. The otorhinolaryngologist performed functional endoscopic sinus surgery and prescribed antibiotics and anti-histamines for 6 weeks. At the final examination, his visual acuity was 6/6, and the fundus examination revealed no optic disc edema. Conclusions: We reported a rare case of unilateral optic nerve edema and visual field loss with a treatable cause. Contemporary imaging provided the accurate diagnosis. Therefore, in cases of disc edema, sinusitis of the adjacent paranasal sinuses should be ruled out as a possible cause of compressive optic neuropathy or inflammation overriding the optic nerve.
{"title":"Unilateral asymptomatic optic disc edema: do not forget sinusitis","authors":"Sajeev Cherian Jacob, Lavanya Kalikivayi, V. Kalikivayi","doi":"10.51329/mehdioptometry154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51329/mehdioptometry154","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Optic disc edema is a pathological condition with various causes. Cases of optic disc swelling should be dealt with a multidisciplinary approach to rule out those causes. Unilateral optic disc edema is seen in papillitis, non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, retinal vein occlusion, and infection or inflammation of the contiguous sinus or orbit. Here, we report a rare case of unilateral asymptomatic optic disc edema due to posterior ethmoid sinusitis. \u0000Case Presentation: A 53-year-old man presented for a routine 3-monthly follow-up after an uneventful cataract surgery of the right eye. All examinations were unremarkable, except for the right eye optic disc edema on fundus examination, consistent with an enlarged blind spot in the visual field test. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging revealed mucosal thickening with muco-inflammatory exudates of the posterior ethmoidal sinus overriding the optic disc on the right side, leading to optic disc edema of the right eye. The patient was diagnosed with unilateral asymptomatic optic disc edema in the right eye due to posterior ethmoid sinusitis and referred to an otorhinolaryngologist for the management. The otorhinolaryngologist performed functional endoscopic sinus surgery and prescribed antibiotics and anti-histamines for 6 weeks. At the final examination, his visual acuity was 6/6, and the fundus examination revealed no optic disc edema. \u0000Conclusions: We reported a rare case of unilateral optic nerve edema and visual field loss with a treatable cause. Contemporary imaging provided the accurate diagnosis. Therefore, in cases of disc edema, sinusitis of the adjacent paranasal sinuses should be ruled out as a possible cause of compressive optic neuropathy or inflammation overriding the optic nerve.","PeriodicalId":370751,"journal":{"name":"Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation in optometry","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132215700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-28DOI: 10.51329/mehdioptometry153
Sivaletchumi Sigamani, C. Majumder, Sheiladevi Sukumaran
Background: Visual fatigue is categorized as a complex phenomenon that decreases visual performance. The aim of the present study was to assess changes in accommodation at different levels of visual fatigue among students of a Malaysian private university using digital devices. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, students regardless of sex and ethnicity were included. A comprehensive eye examination was performed. After estimating the level of visual fatigue, the amplitude of accommodation (AA), accommodation facility (AF), and monocular estimation method (MEM) were measured. The visual fatigue questionnaire was filled out by the participants. Participants were categorized based on the visual fatigue scores into low, moderate, and high visual fatigue groups. Moderate and severe visual fatigue groups were combined, as the distribution of participants was uneven across the groups. Accommodation parameters were measured for each group and compared between the two groups, i.e., the low visual fatigue group and the combined moderate to severe visual fatigue group. Results: We enrolled a total of 86 students, including 29 (33.72%) men and 57 (66.28%) women, with a mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of 22.02 (1.51) years and age ranging from 19 to 26 years. By ethnicity, there were 69 (80.23%) Chinese, five (5.81%) Indian, four (4.65%) Malay, and eight (9.30%) participants from other ethnicities. Most participants were in the low visual fatigue group (54.65%), followed by the severe (25.58%) and moderate (19.77%) visual fatigue groups. AA for both eyes and AF for the right eye differed significantly between the two groups (both P < 0.05). None of the accommodative parameters correlated with visual fatigue (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Binocular AA and monocular AF significantly differed between the visual fatigue groups, but MEM was comparable. However, none of the accommodative parameters correlated with visual fatigue. These perceived vision dysfunctions could affect the visual skills of students. Therefore, future studies on the relationship between the observed dysfunctions and students’ reading performance are necessary.
{"title":"Changes in accommodation with visual fatigue among digital device users","authors":"Sivaletchumi Sigamani, C. Majumder, Sheiladevi Sukumaran","doi":"10.51329/mehdioptometry153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51329/mehdioptometry153","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Visual fatigue is categorized as a complex phenomenon that decreases visual performance. The aim of the present study was to assess changes in accommodation at different levels of visual fatigue among students of a Malaysian private university using digital devices. \u0000Methods: In this cross-sectional study, students regardless of sex and ethnicity were included. A comprehensive eye examination was performed. After estimating the level of visual fatigue, the amplitude of accommodation (AA), accommodation facility (AF), and monocular estimation method (MEM) were measured. The visual fatigue questionnaire was filled out by the participants. Participants were categorized based on the visual fatigue scores into low, moderate, and high visual fatigue groups. Moderate and severe visual fatigue groups were combined, as the distribution of participants was uneven across the groups. Accommodation parameters were measured for each group and compared between the two groups, i.e., the low visual fatigue group and the combined moderate to severe visual fatigue group. \u0000Results: We enrolled a total of 86 students, including 29 (33.72%) men and 57 (66.28%) women, with a mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of 22.02 (1.51) years and age ranging from 19 to 26 years. By ethnicity, there were 69 (80.23%) Chinese, five (5.81%) Indian, four (4.65%) Malay, and eight (9.30%) participants from other ethnicities. Most participants were in the low visual fatigue group (54.65%), followed by the severe (25.58%) and moderate (19.77%) visual fatigue groups. AA for both eyes and AF for the right eye differed significantly between the two groups (both P < 0.05). None of the accommodative parameters correlated with visual fatigue (P > 0.05). \u0000Conclusions: Binocular AA and monocular AF significantly differed between the visual fatigue groups, but MEM was comparable. However, none of the accommodative parameters correlated with visual fatigue. These perceived vision dysfunctions could affect the visual skills of students. Therefore, future studies on the relationship between the observed dysfunctions and students’ reading performance are necessary.","PeriodicalId":370751,"journal":{"name":"Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation in optometry","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127056923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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