Aim: The aim of this article is to evaluate the knowledge about perfect eye drops instillation technique among optometrists in India. Materials and Methods: An online questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study was conducted. A self-administered, electronic questionnaire with a cover letter explaining the aim of the study was distributed among optometrists practicing in India. Demographic characteristics were summarized using descriptive statistics. Categorical variables were summarized using frequencies and percentages. Results: Among 396 respondents, 237 (59.84%) were females and 159 (40.16%) were males with a mean age of 24.5 ± 2.81 years. Two-fifths of the optometrists opted for washing hands before eye drop instillation. Similarly, almost nine-tenths of the participants preferred to instill eye drops asking patients to sit and about one-tenth of the optometrist preferred patients in supine position during administering drops. Most common errors during drop instillation among optometrists were drop instillation without nasolacrimal occlusion (19.95%) and hand hygiene (69.94%). Conclusion: Proper education and awareness about eye drop instillation process should be given to all eye care practitioners so that non-compliance and incorrect methods of drop instillation can either be minimized or nullified from patients’ end.
{"title":"Knowledge and practice of eye drops instillation technique in India: A survey of 396 optometrists","authors":"R. Chaurasiya, Akansha Gupta, Sarbojeet Goswami","doi":"10.4103/hjo.hjo_19_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/hjo.hjo_19_22","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The aim of this article is to evaluate the knowledge about perfect eye drops instillation technique among optometrists in India. Materials and Methods: An online questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study was conducted. A self-administered, electronic questionnaire with a cover letter explaining the aim of the study was distributed among optometrists practicing in India. Demographic characteristics were summarized using descriptive statistics. Categorical variables were summarized using frequencies and percentages. Results: Among 396 respondents, 237 (59.84%) were females and 159 (40.16%) were males with a mean age of 24.5 ± 2.81 years. Two-fifths of the optometrists opted for washing hands before eye drop instillation. Similarly, almost nine-tenths of the participants preferred to instill eye drops asking patients to sit and about one-tenth of the optometrist preferred patients in supine position during administering drops. Most common errors during drop instillation among optometrists were drop instillation without nasolacrimal occlusion (19.95%) and hand hygiene (69.94%). Conclusion: Proper education and awareness about eye drop instillation process should be given to all eye care practitioners so that non-compliance and incorrect methods of drop instillation can either be minimized or nullified from patients’ end.","PeriodicalId":370883,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123976677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is not a well-understood ocular motility disorder. It is defined as an intermittent anomaly of a non-fixing eye consisting of upward excursion, ex-cyclotorsion, and lateral deviation. It can present as latent or manifest deviation. It is usually bilateral, asymmetrical, and often associated with latent nystagmus and infantile esotropia. In unilateral cases, it can be associated with amblyopia. Binocular vision is usually absent in these patients. There are huge variations in the measurements of DVD, as it becomes visible only with one eye covered, hence making quantification of its magnitude difficult. Therefore, choosing an adequate management option is difficult. Management options include both conservative as well as surgical treatment. Conservative management is done with spectacles correction to encourage fusion. Surgical management is indicated in large, frequent DVD or with anomalous head posture. Surgical options commonly adopted are superior rectus recession with or without posterior fixation sutures. Different surgical approaches to DVD are currently being used but no recommended guidelines are available, hence is based on the amount of deviation and experience of a surgeon.
{"title":"Dissociated vertical deviation: Simplified","authors":"Neha Preet, Mittali Khurana, Srishti Sharma, Anupama Singh","doi":"10.4103/hjo.hjo_18_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/hjo.hjo_18_22","url":null,"abstract":"Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is not a well-understood ocular motility disorder. It is defined as an intermittent anomaly of a non-fixing eye consisting of upward excursion, ex-cyclotorsion, and lateral deviation. It can present as latent or manifest deviation. It is usually bilateral, asymmetrical, and often associated with latent nystagmus and infantile esotropia. In unilateral cases, it can be associated with amblyopia. Binocular vision is usually absent in these patients. There are huge variations in the measurements of DVD, as it becomes visible only with one eye covered, hence making quantification of its magnitude difficult. Therefore, choosing an adequate management option is difficult. Management options include both conservative as well as surgical treatment. Conservative management is done with spectacles correction to encourage fusion. Surgical management is indicated in large, frequent DVD or with anomalous head posture. Surgical options commonly adopted are superior rectus recession with or without posterior fixation sutures. Different surgical approaches to DVD are currently being used but no recommended guidelines are available, hence is based on the amount of deviation and experience of a surgeon.","PeriodicalId":370883,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125223382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent advances and innovations in ophthalmology","authors":"S. Mittal","doi":"10.4103/hjo.hjo_15_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/hjo.hjo_15_22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":370883,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"2006 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134593849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Refractive alternatives for prevention of myopia progression","authors":"Anupam Singh","doi":"10.4103/hjo.hjo_16_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/hjo.hjo_16_22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":370883,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130662719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Kaushik, Ankita Singh, V. Anargh, Eram Riyaz, Srikanth Sathagopam, A. Arun kumar, Renu Nair, Ishan Aggarwal
Objective: To observe the changes in corneal endothelium post COVID-19 infection in different age groups using specular microscopy and compare it with the normal population in western India during the pandemic. Materials and Method: 129 patients COVID-19 recovered, and 123 age-matched healthy controls were included in this cross sectional, comparative, monocentric study. Corneal endothelial parameters like Cell Density (CD) (cell/mm2), Coefficient of Variation (CV) (polymegathism, %), Cell hexagonality (polymorphism, %), Average cell area (MCA) (μm2/cell), and mean value of Central Corneal Thickness (CCT) (μm) were evaluated with a non-contact specular microscope (TOMEY EM-4000, CBD.TOMEY USA) Results: The mean (SD) time since COVID diagnosis (months) in the study group was 6.67 (1.94). The mean (SD) time since RT-PCR negative (months) in the study group was 6.34 (1.74). The mean (SD) of CV (%) in the study group was (RE) 37.75 (6.03), (LE) 36.25 (4.66) and in control group was (RE) 35.23 (3.75), (LE) 34.77 (3.64). The mean (SD) of hexagonality (%) in the study group was (RE) 47.33 (6.84), 48.45 (7.33) and in control group was (RE):56.73 (4.13), (LE) 56.21 (5.34). Conclusion: The specular microscopic examination on the COVID-19 recovered patients revealed a decrease in the hexagonality of the endothelial cells (pleomorphism) and an increase in the cell size (polymegathism). Specular microscopic examination can be done to assess such earliest changes in corneal endothelium to evaluate the effects of the infection following recovery on ocular tissue to avoid long term sequalae.
{"title":"A cross-sectional comparative analysis of corneal endothelial parameters by specular microscopy in post covid versus normal population in Western India","authors":"J. Kaushik, Ankita Singh, V. Anargh, Eram Riyaz, Srikanth Sathagopam, A. Arun kumar, Renu Nair, Ishan Aggarwal","doi":"10.4103/hjo.hjo_10_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/hjo.hjo_10_22","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To observe the changes in corneal endothelium post COVID-19 infection in different age groups using specular microscopy and compare it with the normal population in western India during the pandemic. Materials and Method: 129 patients COVID-19 recovered, and 123 age-matched healthy controls were included in this cross sectional, comparative, monocentric study. Corneal endothelial parameters like Cell Density (CD) (cell/mm2), Coefficient of Variation (CV) (polymegathism, %), Cell hexagonality (polymorphism, %), Average cell area (MCA) (μm2/cell), and mean value of Central Corneal Thickness (CCT) (μm) were evaluated with a non-contact specular microscope (TOMEY EM-4000, CBD.TOMEY USA) Results: The mean (SD) time since COVID diagnosis (months) in the study group was 6.67 (1.94). The mean (SD) time since RT-PCR negative (months) in the study group was 6.34 (1.74). The mean (SD) of CV (%) in the study group was (RE) 37.75 (6.03), (LE) 36.25 (4.66) and in control group was (RE) 35.23 (3.75), (LE) 34.77 (3.64). The mean (SD) of hexagonality (%) in the study group was (RE) 47.33 (6.84), 48.45 (7.33) and in control group was (RE):56.73 (4.13), (LE) 56.21 (5.34). Conclusion: The specular microscopic examination on the COVID-19 recovered patients revealed a decrease in the hexagonality of the endothelial cells (pleomorphism) and an increase in the cell size (polymegathism). Specular microscopic examination can be done to assess such earliest changes in corneal endothelium to evaluate the effects of the infection following recovery on ocular tissue to avoid long term sequalae.","PeriodicalId":370883,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114827773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ashutosh Kumar Singh, S. Verma, Mittali Khurana, Srishti Sharma, P. Kumari, A. Tyagi
Restrictive strabismus is characterized by extraocular motility restriction, which is confirmed by performing forced duction test. It can be congenital because of various syndromes or acquired after thyroid eye disease, after long-standing strabismus, after sinus surgery, or after trauma. Recently, we have faced a devastating epidemic of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic, which was treated by both surgical (sinus surgery) and medical (antifungal agents) modalities. Diabetes mellitus and the inadvertent use of systemic steroid were the leading risk factors for ROCM outbreak. India being the diabetic capital of the world favored this condition. We are reporting a challenging case of ROCM with diabetes mellitus, who presented to us with troublesome diplopia with extraocular motility restriction. He had a history of right-sided ROCM treated by sinus surgery and systemic antifungal agents 1 year back, followed by a good residual vision and restrictive strabismus leading to the symptoms. A previous history of sinus surgery and post-ROCM scarring and narrow surgical field posed a great challenge for strabismus surgery. In spite of all odds, a good postoperative alignment was achieved by a single-stage strabismus surgery, and the patient was asymptomatic after 3 months of follow-up.
{"title":"Post-ROCM restrictive strabismus: A challenge for strabismus surgeon","authors":"Ashutosh Kumar Singh, S. Verma, Mittali Khurana, Srishti Sharma, P. Kumari, A. Tyagi","doi":"10.4103/hjo.hjo_17_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/hjo.hjo_17_22","url":null,"abstract":"Restrictive strabismus is characterized by extraocular motility restriction, which is confirmed by performing forced duction test. It can be congenital because of various syndromes or acquired after thyroid eye disease, after long-standing strabismus, after sinus surgery, or after trauma. Recently, we have faced a devastating epidemic of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic, which was treated by both surgical (sinus surgery) and medical (antifungal agents) modalities. Diabetes mellitus and the inadvertent use of systemic steroid were the leading risk factors for ROCM outbreak. India being the diabetic capital of the world favored this condition. We are reporting a challenging case of ROCM with diabetes mellitus, who presented to us with troublesome diplopia with extraocular motility restriction. He had a history of right-sided ROCM treated by sinus surgery and systemic antifungal agents 1 year back, followed by a good residual vision and restrictive strabismus leading to the symptoms. A previous history of sinus surgery and post-ROCM scarring and narrow surgical field posed a great challenge for strabismus surgery. In spite of all odds, a good postoperative alignment was achieved by a single-stage strabismus surgery, and the patient was asymptomatic after 3 months of follow-up.","PeriodicalId":370883,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121330022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aims: Clinical feature and microbiological investigation help in reaching the diagnosis in cases of microbial keratitis. But in cases where a patient is already on polytopical therapy, clinical features are altered so dependency on microbiological investigation is more by the time cases reached to the referred hospital. The present study aimed to overview the profile of microbial investigation in microbial corneal ulcer cases that were already on polytherapy referred to the ophthalmic department of tertiary care center. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective hospital record-based study where microbiological reports of 58 infective keratitis cases of moderate-to-severe nature were analyzed. Statistical analysis was calculated with confidence intervals (CIs) using “Medcalc” statistical software online. Results: Following are the results of the study: 52% patients were males; 18.97% cases were positive for Gram stain. Aerobic culture was positive in 10.34%; potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount was positive in 9.62% cases; sabouraud dextrose agar culture was positive in 7.69% cases. Sensitivity of Gram stain was 33.3% (95% CI: 4.33%–77.72%), whereas specificity was 82.7% (95% CI: 69.67%–91.77%); positive predictive value (PPV) was 18.18% (95% CI: 2.28%–51.78%) and negative predictive value (NPV) was 91.49% (95% CI: 79.62%–97.63%). Sensitivity of KOH mount was 25% (95% CI: 0.63%–80.59%), whereas specificity was 91.67% (95% CI: 80.02%–97.68%); PPV was 20.20% (95% CI: 0.51%–71.64%) and NPV was 93.62% (95% CI: 82.46%–98.66%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common bacterial isolates. Conclusions: Basic microbiological investigations have a low yield in chronic infectious keratitis cases that are on prior cocktail long-term therapy. Therefore, advanced tests such as polymerase chain reaction, confocal microscopy, and corneal biopsy may be helpful in managing such challenging cases.
{"title":"An overview of microbiological profile in chronic microbial keratitis at a tertiary care center","authors":"Manisha Gupta, Priyanka Gupta, Juhi Panwar","doi":"10.4103/hjo.hjo_11_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/hjo.hjo_11_22","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Clinical feature and microbiological investigation help in reaching the diagnosis in cases of microbial keratitis. But in cases where a patient is already on polytopical therapy, clinical features are altered so dependency on microbiological investigation is more by the time cases reached to the referred hospital. The present study aimed to overview the profile of microbial investigation in microbial corneal ulcer cases that were already on polytherapy referred to the ophthalmic department of tertiary care center. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective hospital record-based study where microbiological reports of 58 infective keratitis cases of moderate-to-severe nature were analyzed. Statistical analysis was calculated with confidence intervals (CIs) using “Medcalc” statistical software online. Results: Following are the results of the study: 52% patients were males; 18.97% cases were positive for Gram stain. Aerobic culture was positive in 10.34%; potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount was positive in 9.62% cases; sabouraud dextrose agar culture was positive in 7.69% cases. Sensitivity of Gram stain was 33.3% (95% CI: 4.33%–77.72%), whereas specificity was 82.7% (95% CI: 69.67%–91.77%); positive predictive value (PPV) was 18.18% (95% CI: 2.28%–51.78%) and negative predictive value (NPV) was 91.49% (95% CI: 79.62%–97.63%). Sensitivity of KOH mount was 25% (95% CI: 0.63%–80.59%), whereas specificity was 91.67% (95% CI: 80.02%–97.68%); PPV was 20.20% (95% CI: 0.51%–71.64%) and NPV was 93.62% (95% CI: 82.46%–98.66%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common bacterial isolates. Conclusions: Basic microbiological investigations have a low yield in chronic infectious keratitis cases that are on prior cocktail long-term therapy. Therefore, advanced tests such as polymerase chain reaction, confocal microscopy, and corneal biopsy may be helpful in managing such challenging cases.","PeriodicalId":370883,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129606539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pediatric penetrating keratoplasty (PK) or full-thickness cornea transplant is defined as PK in a patient younger than 16 years old. This procedure is different from the adult due to anatomical differences of the globe, excessive inflammation postoperatively, the higher expectation of the parents, and less visual outcome due to amblyopia. It is often convenient to look at these issues at various stages such as preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases. All these phases pose their own unique challenges that can be managed with various strategies. Proper indication of the PK, proper evaluation, timing of the surgery, surgical planning and technique, intraoperative considerations, postoperative management, follow-ups, and outcome measurement matters a lot for the success of this surgery. Everything eventually affects the outcome and prognosis of PK in the pediatric age group.
{"title":"Pediatric penetrating keratoplasty and its unique challenges","authors":"A. Raj","doi":"10.4103/hjo.hjo_12_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/hjo.hjo_12_22","url":null,"abstract":"Pediatric penetrating keratoplasty (PK) or full-thickness cornea transplant is defined as PK in a patient younger than 16 years old. This procedure is different from the adult due to anatomical differences of the globe, excessive inflammation postoperatively, the higher expectation of the parents, and less visual outcome due to amblyopia. It is often convenient to look at these issues at various stages such as preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases. All these phases pose their own unique challenges that can be managed with various strategies. Proper indication of the PK, proper evaluation, timing of the surgery, surgical planning and technique, intraoperative considerations, postoperative management, follow-ups, and outcome measurement matters a lot for the success of this surgery. Everything eventually affects the outcome and prognosis of PK in the pediatric age group.","PeriodicalId":370883,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114683756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We report two cases of pseudo disc edema due to vitreopapillary traction. The first is 50-year- old female who had been evaluated for disc edema, with normal neurological examination and imaging study. On presentation we noted the presence of glial tissue at disc bilaterally and optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed vitreopapillary traction (VPT). Second case is a 63-year old female who presented with history of unilateral blurring of vision in right eye. On examination she had cataract in right eye with blurring of bilateral disc margins. There was no colour vision or field defect and OCT was supportive of VPT.
{"title":"Vitreopapillary traction a missed or underdiagnosed entity: Case report","authors":"G. Sood, S. Mahajan, Aditi Parashar, S. Sood","doi":"10.4103/hjo.hjo_14_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/hjo.hjo_14_22","url":null,"abstract":"We report two cases of pseudo disc edema due to vitreopapillary traction. The first is 50-year- old female who had been evaluated for disc edema, with normal neurological examination and imaging study. On presentation we noted the presence of glial tissue at disc bilaterally and optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed vitreopapillary traction (VPT). Second case is a 63-year old female who presented with history of unilateral blurring of vision in right eye. On examination she had cataract in right eye with blurring of bilateral disc margins. There was no colour vision or field defect and OCT was supportive of VPT.","PeriodicalId":370883,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130503640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Frequency-double Nd-YAG laser hyaloidotomy for treatment of small subhyaloid hemorrhage at the fovea","authors":"G. Sood, S. Mahajan, S. Sood, Aditi Parashar","doi":"10.4103/hjo.hjo_4_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/hjo.hjo_4_22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":370883,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126753340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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