This research sheds light on the Hujariyah military unit and its role in the Abbasid state since its creation in 280/893 until its elimination in 325/936. The Caliph al-Mu‘tadid bi-Allah created the Hujariyah unit in 280/893 to guard the caliph in his residence, processions, travels and wars, for which they received financial benefits and quality training. They were distinguished by their military efficiency and complete discipline, despite an increase in their numbers. The caliphs used them when confronting rebels and suppressing army rebellions and riots of the public. The Hujariyah’s involvement in the turmoil and internal crises of the state, since the time of Caliph al-Muqtadir, led to their hegemony over the caliphate and the state during the reign of Caliph al-Radhi. The dominance of the Hujariyah over the state and the caliph continued until the commander Muhammad ibn Ra’iq eliminated it in 325/936.
{"title":"THE HUJARIYAH MILITARY UNIT AND ITS ROLE IN THE ABBASID STATE (280- 325 A.H./893-936 A.D.)","authors":"M. Telfah","doi":"10.54134/16.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54134/16.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"This research sheds light on the Hujariyah military unit and its role in the Abbasid state since its creation in 280/893 until its elimination in 325/936. The Caliph al-Mu‘tadid bi-Allah created the Hujariyah unit in 280/893 to guard the caliph in his residence, processions, travels and wars, for which they received financial benefits and quality training. They were distinguished by their military efficiency and complete discipline, despite an increase in their numbers. The caliphs used them when confronting rebels and suppressing army rebellions and riots of the public. The Hujariyah’s involvement in the turmoil and internal crises of the state, since the time of Caliph al-Muqtadir, led to their hegemony over the caliphate and the state during the reign of Caliph al-Radhi. The dominance of the Hujariyah over the state and the caliph continued until the commander Muhammad ibn Ra’iq eliminated it in 325/936.","PeriodicalId":370991,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125652936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study highlights the research of Jordanian scholars about the history of the Crusades by showcasing the importance of their research and efforts in filling gaps in some fields such as the initial conquest of the Syrian cities, the Crusader states such as Edessa or the feudal territory of Tiberias, and the case of Jordanian territory in studies about the territory of Oultrejourdain including Karak and ‘Aqaba. This study examines the writings of such Jordanian historians as Muna Hammad and Isam Uqlah and their treatment of such subjects as Crusader women, prisoners of war and the role of the leaders of the jihad like Saladin al-Ayyubi, the Turkman Emir Sewar ibn Aitkin, the Artukid Belek ibn Bahram and some of the ministers of the Fatimid Caliphate.
本研究突出了约旦学者对十字军东征历史的研究，展示了他们的研究和努力在填补一些领域空白方面的重要性，例如最初对叙利亚城市的征服，十字军国家如埃德萨或太比利亚的封建领土，以及约旦领土在研究包括卡拉克和亚喀巴在内的约旦领土方面的情况。本研究考察了约旦历史学家Muna Hammad和Isam Uqlah的著作，以及他们对十字军妇女、战俘和圣战领袖(如Saladin al-Ayyubi)、土库曼埃米尔塞瓦尔·伊本·艾特金(Emir Sewar ibn Aitkin)、阿图基德人贝勒克·伊本·巴赫拉姆(belek ibn Bahram)和法蒂玛哈里发(Fatimid Caliphate)的一些部长)的看法。
{"title":"THE HISTORY OF THE CRUSADES IN THE WRITINGS OF JORDANIAN SCHOLARS AND HISTORIANS: DESCRIPTIONS, TOPICS AND TREATMENTS","authors":"","doi":"10.54134/16.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54134/16.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"This study highlights the research of Jordanian scholars about the history of the\u0000Crusades by showcasing the importance of their research and efforts in filling\u0000gaps in some fields such as the initial conquest of the Syrian cities, the Crusader\u0000states such as Edessa or the feudal territory of Tiberias, and the case of\u0000Jordanian territory in studies about the territory of Oultrejourdain including\u0000Karak and ‘Aqaba. This study examines the writings of such Jordanian\u0000historians as Muna Hammad and Isam Uqlah and their treatment of such\u0000subjects as Crusader women, prisoners of war and the role of the leaders of the\u0000jihad like Saladin al-Ayyubi, the Turkman Emir Sewar ibn Aitkin, the Artukid\u0000Belek ibn Bahram and some of the ministers of the Fatimid Caliphate.","PeriodicalId":370991,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130355879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the life of Abu Musa al-Ash‘ari during the time of the Prophet and the Rightly-Guided caliphs. Nothing is known about his life before then, and the Islamic sources report a great deal about his life from the time of his allegience to the Prophet until his time as governor of Kufa in the time of ‘Ali. Abu Musa al-Ash‘ari’s career was distinguished by the Prophet’s confidence in him, and that continued during the time of Abu Bakr and enabled him in the time of ‘Umar to become governor, judge, and teacher of the Qur’an in Basra. After having been removed from Basra, Abu Musa regained the confidence of ‘Uthman, which enabled him to become the governor of Kufa. While there is a gap in information about Abu Musa for the period between 13 and 17 H /634-638 – the end of his time as governor of Yemen and the start of his time as governor of Basra, Abu Musa had the confidence of the Prophet, Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, and ‘Uthman, while stories differ about the confidence that ‘Ali had in him
这篇文章考察了阿布·穆萨·阿什阿里在先知和正道哈里发时期的生活。在此之前，人们对他的生活一无所知，而伊斯兰的资料来源对他的生活有大量的报道，从他效忠先知到他在阿里时代担任库法总督。阿布·穆萨·阿什阿里的职业生涯因先知对他的信任而与众不同，这种信任在阿布·伯克尔时代继续存在，并使他在欧麦尔时代成为巴士拉的总督、法官和《古兰经》教师。被赶出巴士拉后，阿布·穆萨重获奥斯曼的信任，这使他成为库法的省长。虽然关于阿布·穆萨的信息在13和17 H /634-638之间有一个缺口-他作为也门总督的时间结束和他作为巴士拉总督的时间开始，阿布·穆萨对先知，阿布·伯克尔，欧麦尔和奥斯曼有信心，而关于阿里对他的信心的故事不同
{"title":"A READING IN THE LIFE OF ABU MUSA AL-ASH‘ARI DURING THE TIME OF THE PROPHET AND THE RIGHTLY-GUIDED CALIPHS","authors":"","doi":"10.54134/jjha.16.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54134/jjha.16.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the life of Abu Musa al-Ash‘ari during the time of the Prophet and the Rightly-Guided caliphs. Nothing is known about his life before then, and the Islamic sources report a great deal about his life from the time of his allegience to the Prophet until his time as governor of Kufa in the time of ‘Ali. Abu Musa al-Ash‘ari’s career was distinguished by the Prophet’s confidence in him, and that continued during the time of Abu Bakr and enabled him in the time of ‘Umar to become governor, judge, and teacher of the Qur’an in Basra. After having been removed from Basra, Abu Musa regained the confidence of ‘Uthman, which enabled him to become the governor of Kufa. While there is a gap in information about Abu Musa for the period between 13 and 17 H /634-638 – the end of his time as governor of Yemen and the start of his time as governor of Basra, Abu Musa had the confidence of the Prophet, Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, and ‘Uthman, while stories differ about the confidence that ‘Ali had in him","PeriodicalId":370991,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129027498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the journeys of the Italian travelers Leonardo Frescobaldi and Simone Sigoli who visited Egypt and the Levant in 786 AH / 1384 A.D. The accounts of their trips provide political, economic, social and religious information about the Mamluk state at that time. The study identifies their sources for information that they did not see themselves and highlights the value of the most important observations about social conditions in Egypt and the Levant, traditions, dress, religious rituals and festivals, and the status of women in the Islamic society. The two travel accounts are important for the study of social conditions in the Levant and Egypt in the Mamluk era. The two trailers relied on sources like consuls, translators, and merchants who transmitted unique information about social life, customs, traditions and dress that other European travelers did not report.
{"title":"SOCIAL LIFE IN EGYPT AND THE LEVANT DURING THE EARLY REIGN OF SULTAN BARQUQ 784-801 AH / 1382-1399 AD THROUGH THE JOURNEYS OF THE ITALIAN TRAVELERS FRESCOBALDI AND SIGOLI","authors":"","doi":"10.54134/jjha.16.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54134/jjha.16.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the journeys of the Italian travelers Leonardo Frescobaldi and Simone Sigoli who visited Egypt and the Levant in 786 AH / 1384 A.D. The accounts of their trips provide political, economic, social and religious information about the Mamluk state at that time. The study identifies their sources for information that they did not see themselves and highlights the value of the most important observations about social conditions in Egypt and the Levant, traditions, dress, religious rituals and festivals, and the status of women in the Islamic society. The two travel accounts are important for the study of social conditions in the Levant and Egypt in the Mamluk era. The two trailers relied on sources like consuls, translators, and merchants who transmitted unique information about social life, customs, traditions and dress that other European travelers did not report.","PeriodicalId":370991,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134073432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the political discourse of the Kharijites who appeared as an opposition group in the fourth decade of the first century AH / seventh century AD, after the Battle of Siffin and the arbitration between ‘Ali and Mu‘awiyah in 38 AH / 659 AD. The article follows the historical developments that the political discourse of the Kharijites underwent before they crystallized into a religious sect at the end of the Umayyad period and collapsed at the start of the Abbasid period and studies the political slogans and values expressed in their political discourse about the Imamate. Throughout Islamic history, political and doctrinal discourses have appeared for both the rulers and the opposition. However, the Kharijites connected their political discourse to their religious ideology, as well as to their Bedouin nature. The political principles of the Kharijites centered on the freedom to choose the caliph or the imam, not restricted to the Quraish
{"title":"THE POLITICAL DISCOURSE OF THE KHARIJITES DURING THE FIRST CENTURY AH. A HISTORICAL STUDY","authors":"","doi":"10.54134/jjha.16.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54134/jjha.16.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the political discourse of the Kharijites who appeared as an opposition group in the fourth decade of the first century AH / seventh century AD, after the Battle of Siffin and the arbitration between ‘Ali and Mu‘awiyah in 38 AH / 659 AD. The article follows the historical developments that the political discourse of the Kharijites underwent before they crystallized into a religious sect at the end of the Umayyad period and collapsed at the start of the Abbasid period and studies the political slogans and values expressed in their political discourse about the Imamate. Throughout Islamic history, political and doctrinal discourses have appeared for both the rulers and the opposition. However, the Kharijites connected their political discourse to their religious ideology, as well as to their Bedouin nature. The political principles of the Kharijites centered on the freedom to choose the caliph or the imam, not restricted to the Quraish","PeriodicalId":370991,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130490515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the types of excavated buildings and areas with ideological and religious features in Bilad al-Sham from the Paleolithic Period until the Pre-Pottery Neolithic “B” Period. Religion played an important role in reducing people’s fear and weakness towards other creatures, as they practiced religious rituals in a variety of forms, beginning in the Paleolithic Period with some caches of ritual objects made of various materials such as pieces of stone or bone, or in the form of architectural structures containing stones in human and animal form, representing what can be called ritual buildings. With further development of people’s religious thoughts and beliefs, religious features became more apparent, and their numbers and variety increased. In the Neolithic Period, ritual buildings became more rooted and show further development and cohesion of people’s thoughts and religious beliefs. As a result, the types of ritual buildings included independent buildings containing artistic and architectural religious elements; rooms within the residential buildings containing caches for flint, stone, bone or animal tools and art pieces and plastered skulls; or colorful drawings on the walls or floors of buildings, all connected to religious thought, which means that the buildings can be called ritual buildings.
{"title":"RITUAL BUILDINGS AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT IN BILAD AL-SHAM FROM THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD TO THE END OF THE PRE-POTTERY NEOLITHIC “B” PERIOD: SELECTED SITES","authors":"","doi":"10.54134/jjha.16.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54134/jjha.16.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the types of excavated buildings and areas with ideological and religious features in Bilad al-Sham from the Paleolithic Period until the Pre-Pottery Neolithic “B” Period. Religion played an important role in reducing people’s fear and weakness towards other creatures, as they practiced religious rituals in a variety of forms, beginning in the Paleolithic Period with some caches of ritual objects made of various materials such as pieces of stone or bone, or in the form of architectural structures containing stones in human and animal form, representing what can be called ritual buildings. With further development of people’s religious thoughts and beliefs, religious features became more apparent, and their numbers and variety increased. In the Neolithic Period, ritual buildings became more rooted and show further development and cohesion of people’s thoughts and religious beliefs. As a result, the types of ritual buildings included independent buildings containing artistic and architectural religious elements; rooms within the residential buildings containing caches for flint, stone, bone or animal tools and art pieces and plastered skulls; or colorful drawings on the walls or floors of buildings, all connected to religious thought, which means that the buildings can be called ritual buildings.","PeriodicalId":370991,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124542480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inscriptions from the Byzantine period in southern Jordan include a corpus of mainly funerary Greek and Aramaic texts discovered in recent years in the Ghor as-Safi area of southern Jordan. Containing more than 456 epitaphs from the An-Naq‘ cemetery of Zoara (Early Byzantine Zoora), this extraordinary collection dating from the fourth to the seventh century AD continues to expand. Many more texts are being currently studied and forthcoming in separate publications. As part of that effort, two additional Greek inscriptions recognized as having originated from Zoara are presented here. The first – significant in filling gaps in the early Byzantine social mosaic – commemorates Faustina, a name appearing for the first time, joining eight other Latin female names, and dating last to 16 February AD 503. This date falling within Year 397 of the Era of the Province of Arabia is known only from one indiction in the corpus, but the Indiction of Year 11 mentioned is unique. Equally unique is the name of Theodotos as an ecclesiastical authority, a deacon, a presbyter, or even the city-bishop. The decoration of a large sun disk with a cross in the middle could represent the Constantinian sun god Sol Invictus converted to Christianity. The second inscription is also rare in commemorating one Bargonnas, a name probably deriving from the epithet given to Simon/Peter in Matthew’s Gospel (16:17): Βαριωνᾶς.
约旦南部拜占庭时期的铭文包括近年来在约旦南部Ghor as-Safi地区发现的主要是陪葬希腊语和阿拉姆语文本的语料库。从Zoara(早期拜占庭Zoora)的An-Naq墓地中收集了超过456个墓志铭，这个非凡的收藏可以追溯到公元4世纪到7世纪，并在不断扩大。目前正在研究更多的文本，并将在单独的出版物中发表。作为这一努力的一部分，这里展示了另外两个被认为起源于佐亚拉的希腊铭文。第一个是为了纪念福斯蒂娜，这是一个首次出现的名字，加入了其他八个拉丁女性名字，最后的日期是公元503年2月16日，这是填补早期拜占庭社会马赛克的重要空白。这个日期落在阿拉伯省时代的397年，只从语料库中的一个指示中得知，但提到的第11年的指示是独一无二的。同样独特的是狄奥多托斯的名字，他是教会权威、执事、长老，甚至是城市主教。一个中间有十字架的大太阳盘的装饰可能代表君士坦丁的太阳神Sol Invictus皈依了基督教。第二个铭文也很罕见，是为了纪念一个叫巴gonnas的人，这个名字可能来源于马太福音(16:17)中给西门/彼得的绰号:Βαριων ο ς。
{"title":"TWO GREEK FUNERARY INSCRIPTIONS FROM ZOARA/GHOR AS-SAFI IN JORDAN (EARLY BYZANTINE ZOORA)","authors":"N. Kokkinos, K. Politis","doi":"10.54134/jjha.16.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54134/jjha.16.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Inscriptions from the Byzantine period in southern Jordan include a corpus of mainly funerary Greek and Aramaic texts discovered in recent years in the Ghor as-Safi area of southern Jordan. Containing more than 456 epitaphs from the An-Naq‘ cemetery of Zoara (Early Byzantine Zoora), this extraordinary collection dating from the fourth to the seventh century AD continues to expand. Many more texts are being currently studied and forthcoming in separate publications. As part of that effort, two additional Greek inscriptions recognized as having originated from Zoara are presented here. The first – significant in filling gaps in the early Byzantine social mosaic – commemorates Faustina, a name appearing for the first time, joining eight other Latin female names, and dating last to 16 February AD 503. This date falling within Year 397 of the Era of the Province of Arabia is known only from one indiction in the corpus, but the Indiction of Year 11 mentioned is unique. Equally unique is the name of Theodotos as an ecclesiastical authority, a deacon, a presbyter, or even the city-bishop. The decoration of a large sun disk with a cross in the middle could represent the Constantinian sun god Sol Invictus converted to Christianity. The second inscription is also rare in commemorating one Bargonnas, a name probably deriving from the epithet given to Simon/Peter in Matthew’s Gospel (16:17): Βαριωνᾶς.","PeriodicalId":370991,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117260429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The southern Levant underwent two massive episodes of population dislocation in the Neolithic period, both apparently caused to some extent by overexploitation of natural resources as well as some degree of climate instability. Palestine and the Jordan Valley were virtually abandoned in the mid-seventh millennium BC, and the movement of people to the highlands of Jordan resulted in the creation of enormous settlements, the “megasites” of the Late PPNB during the second half of the seventh millennium. The second “Great Eastward Migration” occurred at the end of the seventh millennium, at the onset of the PPNC/Final PPNB, when the LPPNB megasites collapsed, forcing outright abandonment in the southern half of Jordan and a major reduction of the size of megasites in the northern part of Jordan. The Jordan Valley and Palestine were re-populated as a consequence, but a substantial number of people forced out of their settlements were pulled into the basalt desert of eastern Jordan, southeastern Syria, and northern Saudi Arabia. The migrants used a new hunting method: the construction of large chains of overlapping traps (kites) to undertake mass slaughter of gazelles, as well as to develop a dairy base centered on yoghurt made from milking herds of domesticated sheep and goats.
{"title":"THE GREAT EASTWARD MIGRATION INTO THE LATE NEOLITHIC BLACK DESERT, JORDAN","authors":"","doi":"10.54134/jjha.15.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54134/jjha.15.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"The southern Levant underwent two massive episodes of population dislocation in the Neolithic period, both apparently caused to some extent by overexploitation of natural resources as well as some degree of climate instability. Palestine and the Jordan Valley were virtually abandoned in the mid-seventh millennium BC, and the movement of people to the highlands of Jordan resulted in the creation of enormous settlements, the “megasites” of the Late PPNB during the second half of the seventh millennium. The second “Great Eastward Migration” occurred at the end of the seventh millennium, at the onset of the PPNC/Final PPNB, when the LPPNB megasites collapsed, forcing outright abandonment in the southern half of Jordan and a major reduction of the size of megasites in the northern part of Jordan. The Jordan Valley and Palestine were re-populated as a consequence, but a substantial number of people forced out of their settlements were pulled into the basalt desert of eastern Jordan, southeastern Syria, and northern Saudi Arabia. The migrants used a new hunting method: the construction of large chains of overlapping traps (kites) to undertake mass slaughter of gazelles, as well as to develop a dairy base centered on yoghurt made from milking herds of domesticated sheep and goats.","PeriodicalId":370991,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126171554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the first half of the first millennium BC (800-700 BC), a kingdom known as “Damat” flourished in Abyssinia (Northern Ethiopia, Southern Eritrea), recorded in inscriptions. The archaeological evidence from this kingdom reveals the great influence of a number of developed contemporary polities in Southern Arabia, known as the “Southern Arabian Kingdoms” or the “ancient Yemenite Kingdoms”. The dominance of these Kingdoms was due to their strategic location and the availability of natural resources, which played an important role in their international trade. As a result, the southern Arabians settled in areas on the African side of the Red Sea and established the “Damat Kingdom”. Consequently, there was a transfer of the different characteristics of their culture, interaction with the local communities, adaptation of their language and script as well as religious beliefs. They also followed the same architectural concepts in their religious, funerary and civil buildings in addition to the different local concepts found in their art. This paper aims to trace the impact of commercial activities in the creation of the Damat kingdom in Abyssinia, and then describe the various architectural features of the Yeha temple and identify the Southern Arabian influence.
{"title":"THE YEHA TEMPLE (ETHIOPIA) AT THE BEGINNING OF THE FIRST MILLENNIUM BC: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL-ARCHITECTURAL STUDY SOUTHERN ARABIAN INFLUENCE","authors":"","doi":"10.54134/jjha.15.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54134/jjha.15.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"In the first half of the first millennium BC (800-700 BC), a kingdom known as “Damat” flourished in Abyssinia (Northern Ethiopia, Southern Eritrea), recorded in inscriptions. The archaeological evidence from this kingdom reveals the great influence of a number of developed contemporary polities in Southern Arabia, known as the “Southern Arabian Kingdoms” or the “ancient Yemenite Kingdoms”. The dominance of these Kingdoms was due to their strategic location and the availability of natural resources, which played an important role in their international trade. As a result, the southern Arabians settled in areas on the African side of the Red Sea and established the “Damat Kingdom”. Consequently, there was a transfer of the different characteristics of their culture, interaction with the local communities, adaptation of their language and script as well as religious beliefs. They also followed the same architectural concepts in their religious, funerary and civil buildings in addition to the different local concepts found in their art.\u0000This paper aims to trace the impact of commercial activities in the creation of the Damat kingdom in Abyssinia, and then describe the various architectural features of the Yeha temple and identify the Southern Arabian influence.","PeriodicalId":370991,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124183083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper a papyrus from the collection of the Austrian National Library, P.Vind.inv.A.P.266V, is published. It carries three Arabic texts; the current paper tackles the longest, Text A, which gives the text of Q. 113. However, it differs from the text of Q. 113 in the Cairo edition. The paper seeks to explain this diversion by postulating three possibilities. Firstly, it examines whether the different wording reflects a so far unknown Qur’anic reading. Then it considers the possibility that the text of Q. 113 was written here recklessly by someone who was practicing writing, or by a writer with limited writing skills. The third possibility is that the wording of this sura and the sequence of its verses were altered deliberately to give the text a new function as an amulet used in black magic. The study of the orthography and palaeography indicates that Text A was written around the end of the first or the beginning of the second century AH.
{"title":"AN EARLY ISLAMIC PAPYRUS WITH SŪRAT AL-FALAQ","authors":"","doi":"10.54134/jjha.15.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54134/jjha.15.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper a papyrus from the collection of the Austrian National Library, P.Vind.inv.A.P.266V, is published. It carries three Arabic texts; the current paper tackles the longest, Text A, which gives the text of Q. 113. However, it differs from the text of Q. 113 in the Cairo edition. The paper seeks to explain this diversion by postulating three possibilities. Firstly, it examines whether the different wording reflects a so far unknown Qur’anic reading. Then it considers the possibility that the text of Q. 113 was written here recklessly by someone who was practicing writing, or by a writer with limited writing skills. The third possibility is that the wording of this sura and the sequence of its verses were altered deliberately to give the text a new function as an amulet used in black magic. The study of the orthography and palaeography indicates that Text A was written around the end of the first or the beginning of the second century AH.","PeriodicalId":370991,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115025891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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