This study examines an important figure in the Ayyubid state, al-Malik al-Mansur ‘Izz al-Din Farrakshah ibn Shahanshah al-Ayyubi by studying his biography and the role he played in confronting the Crusaders and liberating the Islamic lands from them, along with his uncle Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi, and in protecting the Ayyubid state and preserving its unity and by highlighting his interest in culture and his patronage of science and scholars, as well as his role in administration and building.
{"title":"Al-Malik al-Mansur ‘Izz al-Din Farkhshah ibn Shahanshah al-Ayyubi and His Role in the Ayyubid State (565 –578 AH / 1169 - 1182 AD)","authors":"Fawzi Al Twahya","doi":"10.35516/jjha.v17i1.959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35516/jjha.v17i1.959","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines an important figure in the Ayyubid state, al-Malik al-Mansur ‘Izz al-Din Farrakshah ibn Shahanshah al-Ayyubi by studying his biography and the role he played in confronting the Crusaders and liberating the Islamic lands from them, along with his uncle Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi, and in protecting the Ayyubid state and preserving its unity and by highlighting his interest in culture and his patronage of science and scholars, as well as his role in administration and building.","PeriodicalId":370991,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126336472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mahmoud Mohammad Al Rwaidi, Abdalmoiz Asri Bani Issa, Mohammad Ali Al Mazawdah
The study examines the impact that the military conflicts with the Franks and between the heirs of the Sultan Salah al-Din and his brother had on the lives of the peasants in Bilad al-Sham during the Ayyubid period. It also shows the accompanying displacement of farmers, abandonment of agricultural lands, neglect of agricultural activities, and the increase in prices and their impact on the lives of the farmers. It also clarifies the role of the Arab tribes in causing harm and destruction to the peasants’ lands in some Levantine regions.
{"title":"The Impact of Military Conflicts on the Shami Peasantry During the Ayyubid Rule (570-648 AH /1174-1250 AD)","authors":"Mahmoud Mohammad Al Rwaidi, Abdalmoiz Asri Bani Issa, Mohammad Ali Al Mazawdah","doi":"10.35516/jjha.v17i1.956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35516/jjha.v17i1.956","url":null,"abstract":"The study examines the impact that the military conflicts with the Franks and between the heirs of the Sultan Salah al-Din and his brother had on the lives of the peasants in Bilad al-Sham during the Ayyubid period. It also shows the accompanying displacement of farmers, abandonment of agricultural lands, neglect of agricultural activities, and the increase in prices and their impact on the lives of the farmers. It also clarifies the role of the Arab tribes in causing harm and destruction to the peasants’ lands in some Levantine regions.","PeriodicalId":370991,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology","volume":"125 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121366467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study deals with the Companion (ṣaḥābi) ‘Abd Allah bin ‘Umar bin al-Khattāb, may God be pleased with them. This is an attempt to clarify his positions on the political events he lived through and the invasions and wars in which he participated. The researcher’s choice of this topic came due to the lack of historical studies on the positions of the Companions (al-ṣaḥābah) in general in the stages of strife that the nation was exposed to at the beginning of Islam, including Ibn ‘Umar. What has been written about him has been focused on the religious aspects in the sciences of Islamic Law, such as interpretation, ḥadith, fatwas, and so on. What about his political and military positions? I have not found a study specifically analyzing this field. The study relied on primary sources and analyzed them as a serious attempt to provide an original study of those aspects.
{"title":"‘Abd Allah b. ‘Umar b. al-Khattab and His Military and Political Role. An Analytical-Historical Study of His Political and Military Career (Year 3 until Year 73 AH)","authors":"Fathy Yousef Alshawawreh","doi":"10.35516/jjha.v17i1.957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35516/jjha.v17i1.957","url":null,"abstract":"This study deals with the Companion (ṣaḥābi) ‘Abd Allah bin ‘Umar bin al-Khattāb, may God be pleased with them. This is an attempt to clarify his positions on the political events he lived through and the invasions and wars in which he participated. The researcher’s choice of this topic came due to the lack of historical studies on the positions of the Companions (al-ṣaḥābah) in general in the stages of strife that the nation was exposed to at the beginning of Islam, including Ibn ‘Umar. What has been written about him has been focused on the religious aspects in the sciences of Islamic Law, such as interpretation, ḥadith, fatwas, and so on. What about his political and military positions? I have not found a study specifically analyzing this field. The study relied on primary sources and analyzed them as a serious attempt to provide an original study of those aspects.","PeriodicalId":370991,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology","volume":"229 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115964628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the archaeological evidence for the existence of an ancient road network in the study area of the Central ash-Sharah area. It presents a detailed description of the route and general characteristics of each road, and its relation with the ancient settlement sites in its proximity and with other ancient roads. The paper discusses also other aspects relevant to the topic such the date of the recorded road network, and the nature of the ancient occupation in the study area.
{"title":"An Ancient Road Network and Settlements in the Central ash-Sharah Area in the Hinterland of Petra","authors":"Adeeb Al-Salameen, F. Abudanah, S. Twaissi","doi":"10.35516/jjha.v17i1.961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35516/jjha.v17i1.961","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the archaeological evidence for the existence of an ancient road network in the study area of the Central ash-Sharah area. It presents a detailed description of the route and general characteristics of each road, and its relation with the ancient settlement sites in its proximity and with other ancient roads. The paper discusses also other aspects relevant to the topic such the date of the recorded road network, and the nature of the ancient occupation in the study area.","PeriodicalId":370991,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123034774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The kingdoms of Dadan and Lihyan are among the most prominent ancient Arab kingdoms that arose in northwestern Arabia during the first millennium BC, specifically in al-‘Ula, considered to the capital of these two kingdoms. Interest in those kingdoms has increased significantly since the beginning of this millennium, when fieldwork started in al-‘Ula, specifically in sites such as Dadan, Umm Daraj, Tell Al-Kuthib and others. Despite this increase in interest, two prominent issues about the relationship between Dadan and Lihyan are the confusion regarding whether they were two separate kingdoms or one kingdom with different names, and the origin of the Dadanites and Lihyanites. This article examines these issues through the analysis of the available archaeological evidence.
{"title":"Dadan and Lihyan, a Kingdom or Two Kingdoms: A Critical Study through Archaeological Evidence","authors":"Abdulrahman Abdulaziz Alsuhaibani","doi":"10.35516/jjha.v17i1.958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35516/jjha.v17i1.958","url":null,"abstract":"The kingdoms of Dadan and Lihyan are among the most prominent ancient Arab kingdoms that arose in northwestern Arabia during the first millennium BC, specifically in al-‘Ula, considered to the capital of these two kingdoms. Interest in those kingdoms has increased significantly since the beginning of this millennium, when fieldwork started in al-‘Ula, specifically in sites such as Dadan, Umm Daraj, Tell Al-Kuthib and others. Despite this increase in interest, two prominent issues about the relationship between Dadan and Lihyan are the confusion regarding whether they were two separate kingdoms or one kingdom with different names, and the origin of the Dadanites and Lihyanites. This article examines these issues through the analysis of the available archaeological evidence.","PeriodicalId":370991,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127886125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the early nineteenth century, individuals interested in the antiquities of Jordan investigated, documented, and interpreted the archaeological finds they encountered or excavated in this country. Their approaches developed over time, not only due to the advancement of scientific methods and tools, but also because during the last two centuries major changes affected the religious and political motivations of western archaeology in the southern Levant. In the first part, the paper traces the basic elements of these developments and their intellectual background and, in a second part, it outlines the methods Jordanian archaeologists utilized to engage with their own cultural heritage over the same period. The paper concludes with recommendations for Jordanian archaeologists that would pave the way for a state-of-the-art investigation of Jordanian antiquities, on the one side, and for a proper appreciation of the contribution of Jordanian archaeology to the Jordanian cultural identity, on the other.
{"title":"Archeological Approaches in Jordan From 1800 Until Now","authors":"Omar al‐Ghul","doi":"10.54134/jjha.v16i3.706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54134/jjha.v16i3.706","url":null,"abstract":"Since the early nineteenth century, individuals interested in the antiquities of Jordan investigated, documented, and interpreted the archaeological finds they encountered or excavated in this country. Their approaches developed over time, not only due to the advancement of scientific methods and tools, but also because during the last two centuries major changes affected the religious and political motivations of western archaeology in the southern Levant. In the first part, the paper traces the basic elements of these developments and their intellectual background and, in a second part, it outlines the methods Jordanian archaeologists utilized to engage with their own cultural heritage over the same period. The paper concludes with recommendations for Jordanian archaeologists that would pave the way for a state-of-the-art investigation of Jordanian antiquities, on the one side, and for a proper appreciation of the contribution of Jordanian archaeology to the Jordanian cultural identity, on the other.","PeriodicalId":370991,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124999025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Department of Antiquities, established in 1923, is one of the first governmental departments established after the foundation of the modern state of Jordan. For the purposes of organizing archaeological work, the Jordanian government has issued during the past hundred years several laws related to the legalization of archaeological work and the protection of antiquities, numbering seven, the first of which was the Law of Antiquities of 1925 and the last of which was Law No. 21 of 1988, followed by many amendments and regulations. The most recent of these was the Law Amending the Antiquities Law No. (55) of 2008. In this paper, we reviewed all antiquities laws, regulations, and amendments that occurred to them from 1923 to 2013, and discussed them, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses, and their contribution to protecting the Jordanian cultural heritage.
{"title":"Antiquities laws and regulations issued in Jordan from 1923 to 2013","authors":"Ahmed Lash, Hala Qasem Al-Syoof","doi":"10.54134/jjha.v16i3.660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54134/jjha.v16i3.660","url":null,"abstract":"The Department of Antiquities, established in 1923, is one of the first governmental departments established after the foundation of the modern state of Jordan. For the purposes of organizing archaeological work, the Jordanian government has issued during the past hundred years several laws related to the legalization of archaeological work and the protection of antiquities, numbering seven, the first of which was the Law of Antiquities of 1925 and the last of which was Law No. 21 of 1988, followed by many amendments and regulations. The most recent of these was the Law Amending the Antiquities Law No. (55) of 2008. In this paper, we reviewed all antiquities laws, regulations, and amendments that occurred to them from 1923 to 2013, and discussed them, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses, and their contribution to protecting the Jordanian cultural heritage.","PeriodicalId":370991,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132138432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
UNESCO seeks to build peace through international cooperation in education, sciences, and culture and contributes to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals defined in the 2030 Agenda. The present paper explores how UNESCO, the Jordanian government, and the local communities work together in the design and implementation of plans aimed at developing a knowledge-based economy, protecting Jordan’s natural environment and rich cultural heritage, promoting intercultural dialogue and cultural diversity, and in strengthening the institutionalization of culture for development. The present contribution is divided into two parts, the first covers the institutional/legislative framework; financial capacities of Jordanian institutions and describes the activities undertaken by UNESCO over the past years for the preservation of Jordan’s tangible heritage. The section shows UNESCO’s approach towards the conservation of sites from a more resilience-based perspective in an attempt to realize employment opportunities in the heritage sector and heritage as a vehicle for socio-economic resilience and sustainability. The second part of the present paper covers the collaborative efforts by UNESCO and the Jordanian Government in safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) in the context of the UNESCO 2003 Convention for Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage, including the inscription of ICH elements into the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, the establishment of certain Jordanian institutions related to ICH safeguarding, and UNESCO’s support for Safeguarding ICH in Jordan on the national and international levels. This includes capacity building, raising awareness on the importance of ICH, managing and supporting projects for drawing community-based inventories of ICH elements in Jordan, and integrating ICH into the Jordanian educational arena. Some recommendations towards safeguarding ICH in Jordan on both the governmental and societal levels are given, e.g., involving museums, enhancing media and information channels, developing educational plans, investmenting in ICH in the sustainable tourism sector, and modifying existing legislation and constitutional provisions to protect ICH and its bearers.
{"title":"The UNESCO Contribution to Safeguarding and Preserving Jordan’s Cultural Heritage","authors":"Hani Hayajneh, G. Cesaro","doi":"10.54134/jjha.v16i3.665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54134/jjha.v16i3.665","url":null,"abstract":"UNESCO seeks to build peace through international cooperation in education, sciences, and culture and contributes to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals defined in the 2030 Agenda. The present paper explores how UNESCO, the Jordanian government, and the local communities work together in the design and implementation of plans aimed at developing a knowledge-based economy, protecting Jordan’s natural environment and rich cultural heritage, promoting intercultural dialogue and cultural diversity, and in strengthening the institutionalization of culture for development. The present contribution is divided into two parts, the first covers the institutional/legislative framework; financial capacities of Jordanian institutions and describes the activities undertaken by UNESCO over the past years for the preservation of Jordan’s tangible heritage. The section shows UNESCO’s approach towards the conservation of sites from a more resilience-based perspective in an attempt to realize employment opportunities in the heritage sector and heritage as a vehicle for socio-economic resilience and sustainability. The second part of the present paper covers the collaborative efforts by UNESCO and the Jordanian Government in safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) in the context of the UNESCO 2003 Convention for Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage, including the inscription of ICH elements into the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, the establishment of certain Jordanian institutions related to ICH safeguarding, and UNESCO’s support for Safeguarding ICH in Jordan on the national and international levels. This includes capacity building, raising awareness on the importance of ICH, managing and supporting projects for drawing community-based inventories of ICH elements in Jordan, and integrating ICH into the Jordanian educational arena. Some recommendations towards safeguarding ICH in Jordan on both the governmental and societal levels are given, e.g., involving museums, enhancing media and information channels, developing educational plans, investmenting in ICH in the sustainable tourism sector, and modifying existing legislation and constitutional provisions to protect ICH and its bearers.","PeriodicalId":370991,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122006076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the history and contributions of the four current foreign research centers in Amman whose countries are Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Their origin stories and changes over time in Jordan are considered as well as some of the respective major contributions to the study of Jordan’s past and present.
{"title":"One Hundred Years of Foreign Research Institutes in Jordan—1921 to 2021","authors":"B. A. Porter","doi":"10.54134/jjha.v16i3.664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54134/jjha.v16i3.664","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the history and contributions of the four current foreign research centers in Amman whose countries are Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Their origin stories and changes over time in Jordan are considered as well as some of the respective major contributions to the study of Jordan’s past and present.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":370991,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123274208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article studies the foreign explorers and travelers who documented the archaeological heritage of Jordan during the 18th and 19th centuries in their travel reports. The article begins with a summary of the historical and social conditions of Jordan at the time, when Jordan was part of the Ottoman state. The article examines the foreign explorers in three sub-periods: From the end of the Crusader period in the aftermath of the Battle of Hittin in 1187 up to Napoleon’s military expedition to Egypt in 1798. From Napoleon’s military expedition in 1798 up to the establishment of the Western learned societies interested in the antiquities of Palestine, starting with the British Palestine Exploration Fund in 1865. From the establishment of the Palestine Exploration Fund in 1865 up to the establishment of the Emirate of Jordan in 1921. The reports of the travelers and explorers concentrated on sites and regions mentioned in the biblical narratives
{"title":"The Antiquities of Jordan in the Reports of Foreign Explorers and Travelers (The Stage Before the Establishment of the Emirate of Jordan in 1921 AD)","authors":"Z. Kafafi","doi":"10.54134/jjha.v16i3.658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54134/jjha.v16i3.658","url":null,"abstract":"This article studies the foreign explorers and travelers who documented the archaeological heritage of Jordan during the 18th and 19th centuries in their travel reports. The article begins with a summary of the historical and social conditions of Jordan at the time, when Jordan was part of the Ottoman state. The article examines the foreign explorers in three sub-periods: \u0000 \u0000From the end of the Crusader period in the aftermath of the Battle of Hittin in 1187 up to Napoleon’s military expedition to Egypt in 1798. \u0000From Napoleon’s military expedition in 1798 up to the establishment of the Western learned societies interested in the antiquities of Palestine, starting with the British Palestine Exploration Fund in 1865. \u0000From the establishment of the Palestine Exploration Fund in 1865 up to the establishment of the Emirate of Jordan in 1921. \u0000 \u0000The reports of the travelers and explorers concentrated on sites and regions mentioned in the biblical narratives","PeriodicalId":370991,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122227822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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