This chapter assesses how Daniel Sutton became a veritable Georgian parvenu. Greatly admired as he was for his skills as an inoculator, Sutton was aware that he was regarded socially as no more than an avaricious upstart. He belonged to no societies, medical or otherwise; he had no qualifications nor had he published anything more profound than a series of newspaper advertisements. Then, in the spring of 1766, at the age of thirty-two, with his fortune made, he began to take steps to enhance his status and reputation. In just one year he hired a clergyman to officiate at a small chapel he had built in Ingatestone for his pious patients. At the same time, he applied for a Sutton coat of arms, which would cost him a considerable sum in fees. While he maintained his home, Maisonette, in Ingatestone, he took up residence in a grand house in London. His social standing now assured, he married a rich young widow whose parents owned land in the West Indies.
{"title":"Sutton the Parvenu","authors":"G. Weightman","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.11","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter assesses how Daniel Sutton became a veritable Georgian parvenu. Greatly admired as he was for his skills as an inoculator, Sutton was aware that he was regarded socially as no more than an avaricious upstart. He belonged to no societies, medical or otherwise; he had no qualifications nor had he published anything more profound than a series of newspaper advertisements. Then, in the spring of 1766, at the age of thirty-two, with his fortune made, he began to take steps to enhance his status and reputation. In just one year he hired a clergyman to officiate at a small chapel he had built in Ingatestone for his pious patients. At the same time, he applied for a Sutton coat of arms, which would cost him a considerable sum in fees. While he maintained his home, Maisonette, in Ingatestone, he took up residence in a grand house in London. His social standing now assured, he married a rich young widow whose parents owned land in the West Indies.","PeriodicalId":371113,"journal":{"name":"The Great Inoculator","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130847515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter studies how, asserting his right to be regarded as the chief of the dynasty, 63-year-old Robert Sutton put an advertisement in the London Evening Post on May 9, 1771, to complain of 'many imposters who have assumed the Suttonian art of inoculation, and likewise my name'. He felt he was 'under the necessity of informing the public where my sons and partners reside to practise inoculation'. A lengthy list included accredited Suttonians not only in Britain, but in France, America, and the Caribbean. Top of the list were all family: seven sons and two sons-in-law. A tenth family member might have been included: Daniel Sutton's father-in-law Simeon Worlock. He had been practising as a Suttonian since 1769, but he was not on the list. He was, in fact, the most blatant imposter ever to usurp the name of Sutton, safe in the knowledge that he could not be brought to book because he had quietly slipped across the Channel to Paris where, for several years, he enjoyed considerable celebrity.
{"title":"An Imposter in the Family","authors":"G. Weightman","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.16","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter studies how, asserting his right to be regarded as the chief of the dynasty, 63-year-old Robert Sutton put an advertisement in the London Evening Post on May 9, 1771, to complain of 'many imposters who have assumed the Suttonian art of inoculation, and likewise my name'. He felt he was 'under the necessity of informing the public where my sons and partners reside to practise inoculation'. A lengthy list included accredited Suttonians not only in Britain, but in France, America, and the Caribbean. Top of the list were all family: seven sons and two sons-in-law. A tenth family member might have been included: Daniel Sutton's father-in-law Simeon Worlock. He had been practising as a Suttonian since 1769, but he was not on the list. He was, in fact, the most blatant imposter ever to usurp the name of Sutton, safe in the knowledge that he could not be brought to book because he had quietly slipped across the Channel to Paris where, for several years, he enjoyed considerable celebrity.","PeriodicalId":371113,"journal":{"name":"The Great Inoculator","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127811462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-22DOI: 10.12987/YALE/9780300241440.003.0003
G. Weightman
This chapter details how Princess Caroline finally decided to have her children inoculated. Thereafter, the inoculation of royal and aristocratic children was covered in daily bulletins by newspapers. However, there were other privileged infants who developed full–blown smallpox from their inoculation and did not survive. These cases were also reported in the newspapers. In these cases, the name of the surgeon who carried out the inoculation was not mentioned. Thus, it was impossible to judge the dangers of 'this new practice' because the technique of inoculation was not described or disclosed. Lady Mary, in her diatribe in the Flying Post, believed doctors were 'murdering' their patients (her term was censored by the editor) because the potions and purges they used only served to weaken the latter. She went as far to suggest that the medical profession was deliberately making inoculation dangerous to protect their incomes, which came from treating the disease.
{"title":"Is It Worth the Risk?","authors":"G. Weightman","doi":"10.12987/YALE/9780300241440.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/YALE/9780300241440.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter details how Princess Caroline finally decided to have her children inoculated. Thereafter, the inoculation of royal and aristocratic children was covered in daily bulletins by newspapers. However, there were other privileged infants who developed full–blown smallpox from their inoculation and did not survive. These cases were also reported in the newspapers. In these cases, the name of the surgeon who carried out the inoculation was not mentioned. Thus, it was impossible to judge the dangers of 'this new practice' because the technique of inoculation was not described or disclosed. Lady Mary, in her diatribe in the Flying Post, believed doctors were 'murdering' their patients (her term was censored by the editor) because the potions and purges they used only served to weaken the latter. She went as far to suggest that the medical profession was deliberately making inoculation dangerous to protect their incomes, which came from treating the disease.","PeriodicalId":371113,"journal":{"name":"The Great Inoculator","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121364420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter assesses the mystery of immunity. Today, Edward Jenner is often referred to as the 'father of immunology'. But really, Jenner had no more claim to that title than Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, or the Greek women inoculating in Constantinople, or Daniel Sutton. None of them knew anything of the micro-organisms that Louis Pasteur and his contemporaries called 'germs'. It took well over a century after the deaths of Sutton and Jenner for an accumulation of scientific investigation to gain some understanding of what had been going on medically when the inoculators and vaccinators sought to bring smallpox under control. And it was a long time after the identification of 'germs', and the detective work that isolated the elements in them that caused specific infections, that it was understood that inoculation and vaccination worked because they triggered an immune response in the patient.
{"title":"The Mystery of Immunity","authors":"G. Weightman","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.24","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter assesses the mystery of immunity. Today, Edward Jenner is often referred to as the 'father of immunology'. But really, Jenner had no more claim to that title than Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, or the Greek women inoculating in Constantinople, or Daniel Sutton. None of them knew anything of the micro-organisms that Louis Pasteur and his contemporaries called 'germs'. It took well over a century after the deaths of Sutton and Jenner for an accumulation of scientific investigation to gain some understanding of what had been going on medically when the inoculators and vaccinators sought to bring smallpox under control. And it was a long time after the identification of 'germs', and the detective work that isolated the elements in them that caused specific infections, that it was understood that inoculation and vaccination worked because they triggered an immune response in the patient.","PeriodicalId":371113,"journal":{"name":"The Great Inoculator","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125345670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter recounts how, once he had moved out of Sutton House, Daniel Sutton became itinerant, moving from one West End street to another in quick succession. In 1779, he announced that he had been 'engaged by the Governors of the General Inoculation Dispensary' and he had moved nearby to Southampton Street in Bloomsbury. Although he was still inoculating on his own account on his usual terms of 10 guineas, to have any kind of official post was out of character. Times had changed and he made it clear in yet another newspaper advertisement that he was well aware of the waning of his celebrity. Announcing his appointment to the dispensary, he felt it necessary to plead that he was the 'identical person who, in 1767 (by royal approbation) was complimented with a grant of the following honorary Patent for his singular and new method of inoculation'. This method, he claimed, was now 'very materially improved'. Once again the family coat of arms awarded to himself and his family was evoked. The chapter then looks at the publication in 1796 of Daniel's account of his discoveries as an inoculator.
{"title":"Sutton’s Swan Song","authors":"G. Weightman","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.19","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter recounts how, once he had moved out of Sutton House, Daniel Sutton became itinerant, moving from one West End street to another in quick succession. In 1779, he announced that he had been 'engaged by the Governors of the General Inoculation Dispensary' and he had moved nearby to Southampton Street in Bloomsbury. Although he was still inoculating on his own account on his usual terms of 10 guineas, to have any kind of official post was out of character. Times had changed and he made it clear in yet another newspaper advertisement that he was well aware of the waning of his celebrity. Announcing his appointment to the dispensary, he felt it necessary to plead that he was the 'identical person who, in 1767 (by royal approbation) was complimented with a grant of the following honorary Patent for his singular and new method of inoculation'. This method, he claimed, was now 'very materially improved'. Once again the family coat of arms awarded to himself and his family was evoked. The chapter then looks at the publication in 1796 of Daniel's account of his discoveries as an inoculator.","PeriodicalId":371113,"journal":{"name":"The Great Inoculator","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114188123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sutton and Jenner:","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371113,"journal":{"name":"The Great Inoculator","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114263137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter addresses how Daniel Sutton's success was never properly acknowledged by his rivals, who quietly went about the business of figuring out how he did it while sneering at his lowly origins. The eminent, fully qualified doctors who sought to discover Sutton's secrets rarely mentioned him or his family of inoculators by name. They were invariably referred to as 'a certain family', as if to identify them would be to bestow a dignity on them that they really did not deserve. After all, the Suttons probably had no idea themselves how they had more or less perfected the art of smallpox inoculation. There was no published theory nor any description. A London doctor, Thomas Ruston, concluded in his research that the chief ingredient was calomel. Calomel played an important part in Suttonian inoculation, administered in small doses, the quantity dependent on the age and perceived health of the patient.
{"title":"Sutton’s Thunder Stolen","authors":"Gavin Weightman","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.12","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses how Daniel Sutton's success was never properly acknowledged by his rivals, who quietly went about the business of figuring out how he did it while sneering at his lowly origins. The eminent, fully qualified doctors who sought to discover Sutton's secrets rarely mentioned him or his family of inoculators by name. They were invariably referred to as 'a certain family', as if to identify them would be to bestow a dignity on them that they really did not deserve. After all, the Suttons probably had no idea themselves how they had more or less perfected the art of smallpox inoculation. There was no published theory nor any description. A London doctor, Thomas Ruston, concluded in his research that the chief ingredient was calomel. Calomel played an important part in Suttonian inoculation, administered in small doses, the quantity dependent on the age and perceived health of the patient.","PeriodicalId":371113,"journal":{"name":"The Great Inoculator","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133410574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter assesses whether Edward Jenner would have discovered the protective power of cowpox even if there had been no inoculation before vaccination. In his account of how he made his discovery, Jenner attributes it directly to his experiences as an inoculator. All the histories Jenner presented to support his case for vaccine inoculation could not have been performed without Suttonian inoculation. And when Jenner came to attempt his first practical experiment with the vaccine, he was already an experienced Suttonian inoculator. He believed the key to Sutton's success was the manner of inserting the infective matter with the lancet barely breaking the skin or drawing blood. That is how he chose to perform his first vaccination.
{"title":"Jenner’s Debt to Sutton","authors":"G. Weightman","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.21","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter assesses whether Edward Jenner would have discovered the protective power of cowpox even if there had been no inoculation before vaccination. In his account of how he made his discovery, Jenner attributes it directly to his experiences as an inoculator. All the histories Jenner presented to support his case for vaccine inoculation could not have been performed without Suttonian inoculation. And when Jenner came to attempt his first practical experiment with the vaccine, he was already an experienced Suttonian inoculator. He believed the key to Sutton's success was the manner of inserting the infective matter with the lancet barely breaking the skin or drawing blood. That is how he chose to perform his first vaccination.","PeriodicalId":371113,"journal":{"name":"The Great Inoculator","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134325228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Index","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.28","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371113,"journal":{"name":"The Great Inoculator","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125311799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.12987/9780300256314-018
{"title":"15. Jenner’s Debt to Sutton","authors":"","doi":"10.12987/9780300256314-018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300256314-018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371113,"journal":{"name":"The Great Inoculator","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130472423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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