This chapter explores the practice of Suttonian inoculation in America. In Britain, there were not really any challenges to the Suttons' claim of their inoculation method's originality. However, most of those who practised the new method in Britain were members of the Sutton family or practitioners who were credited, having bought the Sutton seal of approval. Not many tried their luck abroad. In particular, there seemed to be little incentive to set up in practice in the American colonies. Smallpox inoculation had been pioneered in Boston in 1721, the same year as the Newgate trial in London. In some of the thirteen counties of colonial America it had been banned altogether, in others it had been practised with considerable success. Why cross the Atlantic for such an unpromising venture? One who did was James Latham, an army sergeant who, before he was posted to Quebec with the threat of revolution growing in the colonies to the south, had got himself accredited as a Suttonian inoculator.
{"title":"A Suttonian in America","authors":"G. Weightman","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.14","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the practice of Suttonian inoculation in America. In Britain, there were not really any challenges to the Suttons' claim of their inoculation method's originality. However, most of those who practised the new method in Britain were members of the Sutton family or practitioners who were credited, having bought the Sutton seal of approval. Not many tried their luck abroad. In particular, there seemed to be little incentive to set up in practice in the American colonies. Smallpox inoculation had been pioneered in Boston in 1721, the same year as the Newgate trial in London. In some of the thirteen counties of colonial America it had been banned altogether, in others it had been practised with considerable success. Why cross the Atlantic for such an unpromising venture? One who did was James Latham, an army sergeant who, before he was posted to Quebec with the threat of revolution growing in the colonies to the south, had got himself accredited as a Suttonian inoculator.","PeriodicalId":371113,"journal":{"name":"The Great Inoculator","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114622109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter looks at how, in just four years, from late in 1763 until 1767, Daniel Sutton made a fortune working single-handedly as an inoculator. He did not, as might have been expected, head to London to prosper among the well-to-do. His experience working with his father had taught him that in country towns and villages there was a demand for inoculation and not many country surgeons at that time were willing to offer it. Sutton was sometimes described as a quack because he had no medical qualifications. He was, in the terms of the day, a 'mere empiric'. But what he achieved with his regime was real, effective as a preventive against smallpox, the most devastating disease of the age. He was more successful than his father and brothers because he made inoculation more accessible and less daunting with his relatively easy-going regime. As inoculation had become more acceptable in the 1750s, there were occasional attempts to inoculate whole populations simultaneously to overcome the danger of the infection spreading to those who had not been treated. This provided a new line of business for Sutton.
{"title":"A Most Surprising Fellow","authors":"G. Weightman","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.10","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter looks at how, in just four years, from late in 1763 until 1767, Daniel Sutton made a fortune working single-handedly as an inoculator. He did not, as might have been expected, head to London to prosper among the well-to-do. His experience working with his father had taught him that in country towns and villages there was a demand for inoculation and not many country surgeons at that time were willing to offer it. Sutton was sometimes described as a quack because he had no medical qualifications. He was, in the terms of the day, a 'mere empiric'. But what he achieved with his regime was real, effective as a preventive against smallpox, the most devastating disease of the age. He was more successful than his father and brothers because he made inoculation more accessible and less daunting with his relatively easy-going regime. As inoculation had become more acceptable in the 1750s, there were occasional attempts to inoculate whole populations simultaneously to overcome the danger of the infection spreading to those who had not been treated. This provided a new line of business for Sutton.","PeriodicalId":371113,"journal":{"name":"The Great Inoculator","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126428657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-22DOI: 10.12987/YALE/9780300241440.003.0012
G. Weightman
This chapter highlights how, in 1774, English physician John Haygarth had been involved in the creation of a Smallpox Society in Chester, which aimed to carry out some plan to make inoculation effective through isolation of the infected for a period of time. The society devised what Haygarth called the 'Rules of Prevention'. They were intended not only to minimise contact between the infected and the vulnerable, but also to make sure the infection was not lingering on anything, from clothes to a letter sealed by someone with smallpox. In his ambition to rid the whole nation of smallpox, Haygarth took for granted that the safety and effectiveness of Suttonian inoculation had been demonstrated countless times. Its value was only limited by the political and administrative problems of making it universal. Haygarth maked no mention of Daniel Sutton or his family, as if what they had achieved was too familiar to be remarked upon. Daniel Sutton did not fail to notice that his celebrity was on the wane.
{"title":"Saving the Nation","authors":"G. Weightman","doi":"10.12987/YALE/9780300241440.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/YALE/9780300241440.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter highlights how, in 1774, English physician John Haygarth had been involved in the creation of a Smallpox Society in Chester, which aimed to carry out some plan to make inoculation effective through isolation of the infected for a period of time. The society devised what Haygarth called the 'Rules of Prevention'. They were intended not only to minimise contact between the infected and the vulnerable, but also to make sure the infection was not lingering on anything, from clothes to a letter sealed by someone with smallpox. In his ambition to rid the whole nation of smallpox, Haygarth took for granted that the safety and effectiveness of Suttonian inoculation had been demonstrated countless times. Its value was only limited by the political and administrative problems of making it universal. Haygarth maked no mention of Daniel Sutton or his family, as if what they had achieved was too familiar to be remarked upon. Daniel Sutton did not fail to notice that his celebrity was on the wane.","PeriodicalId":371113,"journal":{"name":"The Great Inoculator","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128094970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Saving the Nation","authors":"A. McHugh","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.18","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371113,"journal":{"name":"The Great Inoculator","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115597086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter reflects on a decline in Daniel Sutton's grip on the business he and his family had pioneered. Inoculation had come to be regarded as less of a luxury for those families who could afford it and more of an economic necessity to protect the 'industrious poor' in towns and villages. It was not the end of the road for Daniel and the Sutton family, for their skills were still in demand. But the most lucrative business for which inoculators competed was now in the many schemes being promoted to offer inoculation to the poor. For those parishes that were prepared to pay for an experienced inoculator there was a great deal of choice. Both Daniel and his father had inoculated whole towns and villages before and would be an obvious first choice. Daniel was certainly considered when the village of Glynde in East Sussex was faced with an imminent outbreak of smallpox in 1767.
{"title":"Inoculation for the Industrious Poor","authors":"G. Weightman","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.17","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reflects on a decline in Daniel Sutton's grip on the business he and his family had pioneered. Inoculation had come to be regarded as less of a luxury for those families who could afford it and more of an economic necessity to protect the 'industrious poor' in towns and villages. It was not the end of the road for Daniel and the Sutton family, for their skills were still in demand. But the most lucrative business for which inoculators competed was now in the many schemes being promoted to offer inoculation to the poor. For those parishes that were prepared to pay for an experienced inoculator there was a great deal of choice. Both Daniel and his father had inoculated whole towns and villages before and would be an obvious first choice. Daniel was certainly considered when the village of Glynde in East Sussex was faced with an imminent outbreak of smallpox in 1767.","PeriodicalId":371113,"journal":{"name":"The Great Inoculator","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132875682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter describes how, by 1766, Daniel Sutton had reached his zenith, apparently untroubled by the competition of Thomas Dimsdale and others who believed they had discovered the secrets of his success. It was then that Sutton learned that a whole new world of riches awaited him and his acolytes across the Channel. Smallpox was rife in Europe and Russia and yet inoculation was rarely practised and fiercely opposed where it was attempted. But news of the success of Suttonian inoculation, promoted indirectly by the translation of Dimsdale's guide to the 'modern method' attracted the attention of royalty, who were as vulnerable to the scourge of smallpox as their subjects. England produced the most skilled inoculators and a demand for their services grew. Sutton's name would be top of the list and an early approach was made to him.
{"title":"Sutton Misses the Boat","authors":"G. Weightman","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.13","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes how, by 1766, Daniel Sutton had reached his zenith, apparently untroubled by the competition of Thomas Dimsdale and others who believed they had discovered the secrets of his success. It was then that Sutton learned that a whole new world of riches awaited him and his acolytes across the Channel. Smallpox was rife in Europe and Russia and yet inoculation was rarely practised and fiercely opposed where it was attempted. But news of the success of Suttonian inoculation, promoted indirectly by the translation of Dimsdale's guide to the 'modern method' attracted the attention of royalty, who were as vulnerable to the scourge of smallpox as their subjects. England produced the most skilled inoculators and a demand for their services grew. Sutton's name would be top of the list and an early approach was made to him.","PeriodicalId":371113,"journal":{"name":"The Great Inoculator","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133081447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter examines how the worldwide excitement for Edward Jenner's vaccine in the first flush of Cowmania promised a new era in which parents would clamour to have their children protected by this new and safe form of inoculation. This would have realised the dream of John Haygarth, who had imagined a national scheme and dismissed it on the grounds that it was unenforceable. But vaccination was not greeted with the enthusiasm that might have been anticipated. In the first decade of the nineteenth century, vaccination was favoured over inoculation by Parliament and by a majority of the medical profession, but not by the public. Faced with the threat of an outbreak of smallpox, the offer of free vaccination was often turned down in favour of tried and trusted inoculation in what was now the 'old method'. Authorities realised that, to be effective, a general inoculation had to offer the public a choice of Sutton or Jenner.
{"title":"The Battle for Vaccination","authors":"G. Weightman","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.22","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines how the worldwide excitement for Edward Jenner's vaccine in the first flush of Cowmania promised a new era in which parents would clamour to have their children protected by this new and safe form of inoculation. This would have realised the dream of John Haygarth, who had imagined a national scheme and dismissed it on the grounds that it was unenforceable. But vaccination was not greeted with the enthusiasm that might have been anticipated. In the first decade of the nineteenth century, vaccination was favoured over inoculation by Parliament and by a majority of the medical profession, but not by the public. Faced with the threat of an outbreak of smallpox, the offer of free vaccination was often turned down in favour of tried and trusted inoculation in what was now the 'old method'. Authorities realised that, to be effective, a general inoculation had to offer the public a choice of Sutton or Jenner.","PeriodicalId":371113,"journal":{"name":"The Great Inoculator","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133983705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter discusses how Lady Mary Wortley Montagu was struck down by an attack of malignant smallpox in 1715. It was assumed for a while she would not survive, but she pulled through. When her husband, Wortley Montagu, was appointed ambassador to Turkey, Lady Mary joined him. They stayed first in Adrianople, where, for the first time, Lady Mary became aware of the practice of 'transplanting' the smallpox. The simplicity and effectiveness of it seemed miraculous. Elderly women made punctures in the arms of children and rubbed in infectious smallpox matter. The symptoms of the disease as it developed were light, and when the few pustules died away there were no pock marks. Lady Mary's experience was not lost on Daniel Sutton, who, it will be seen was very much influenced by Lady Mary's account of the primitive 'folk' practice of inoculation when he came to devise his own 'Suttonian' method.
{"title":"Lady Mary’s Revelation","authors":"G. Weightman","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.6","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses how Lady Mary Wortley Montagu was struck down by an attack of malignant smallpox in 1715. It was assumed for a while she would not survive, but she pulled through. When her husband, Wortley Montagu, was appointed ambassador to Turkey, Lady Mary joined him. They stayed first in Adrianople, where, for the first time, Lady Mary became aware of the practice of 'transplanting' the smallpox. The simplicity and effectiveness of it seemed miraculous. Elderly women made punctures in the arms of children and rubbed in infectious smallpox matter. The symptoms of the disease as it developed were light, and when the few pustules died away there were no pock marks. Lady Mary's experience was not lost on Daniel Sutton, who, it will be seen was very much influenced by Lady Mary's account of the primitive 'folk' practice of inoculation when he came to devise his own 'Suttonian' method.","PeriodicalId":371113,"journal":{"name":"The Great Inoculator","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128800279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter discusses how vaccination was to conquer the world in a very short space of time, despite the fact that the research on which it was based was very limited and, in some vital respects, faulty. Edward Jenner was ingenious and imaginative but he was not meticulous. This very soon became apparent as experiments were made with the vaccine. There was one great problem when experiments with the effectiveness of cowpox vaccine were begun in earnest in many parts of the world: where to get the necessary infective matter. Ultimately, 'Cowmania' was a wild, worldwide clamour for a medical innovation which had not been subject to more than cursory, and not always satisfactory, scrutiny. Suttonian inoculation, on the other hand, had stood the test of time and there were those who doubted if vaccination offered a great improvement. One, not surprisingly, was Daniel Sutton himself.
{"title":"Cowmania!","authors":"G. Weightman","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.20","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses how vaccination was to conquer the world in a very short space of time, despite the fact that the research on which it was based was very limited and, in some vital respects, faulty. Edward Jenner was ingenious and imaginative but he was not meticulous. This very soon became apparent as experiments were made with the vaccine. There was one great problem when experiments with the effectiveness of cowpox vaccine were begun in earnest in many parts of the world: where to get the necessary infective matter. Ultimately, 'Cowmania' was a wild, worldwide clamour for a medical innovation which had not been subject to more than cursory, and not always satisfactory, scrutiny. Suttonian inoculation, on the other hand, had stood the test of time and there were those who doubted if vaccination offered a great improvement. One, not surprisingly, was Daniel Sutton himself.","PeriodicalId":371113,"journal":{"name":"The Great Inoculator","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127509651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter examines how Princess Caroline an extraordinary medical experiment to take place in London's notorious Newgate Gaol. It was this bold — and by today's standards quite unethical — trial of the safety of inoculation that first introduced the novel procedure to the public. The Newgate trial was a success, yet most of the medical profession disapproved. The Newgate experiment for 'saving the lives of the Quality' only served to stir controversy over the value of inoculation and it did not persuade Princess Caroline or her medical advisers that she should follow Lady Mary's example. A question raised by William Wagstaffe, the Barts physician fiercely opposed to inoculation, was whether or not the Newgate prisoners had suffered from 'genuine' smallpox. If they had not, they would still not be immune to the true disease. This was a worrying question for Princess Caroline and her royal doctors.
{"title":"Saving the Quality","authors":"G. Weightman","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv14rmqf4.7","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines how Princess Caroline an extraordinary medical experiment to take place in London's notorious Newgate Gaol. It was this bold — and by today's standards quite unethical — trial of the safety of inoculation that first introduced the novel procedure to the public. The Newgate trial was a success, yet most of the medical profession disapproved. The Newgate experiment for 'saving the lives of the Quality' only served to stir controversy over the value of inoculation and it did not persuade Princess Caroline or her medical advisers that she should follow Lady Mary's example. A question raised by William Wagstaffe, the Barts physician fiercely opposed to inoculation, was whether or not the Newgate prisoners had suffered from 'genuine' smallpox. If they had not, they would still not be immune to the true disease. This was a worrying question for Princess Caroline and her royal doctors.","PeriodicalId":371113,"journal":{"name":"The Great Inoculator","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127867858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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