Natural Gas Industry B最新文献

Dynamic simulation optimization of the hydrogen liquefaction process

IF 4.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Natural Gas Industry B

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ngib.2025.01.002

Juntao Fu , Jiahao Tang , Jianlu Zhu , Guocong Wang , Yuxing Li , Hui Han

Liquid hydrogen has attracted much attention due to its high energy storage density and suitability for long-distance transportation. An efficient hydrogen liquefaction process is the key to obtaining liquid hydrogen. In an effort to determine the parameter optimization of the hydrogen liquefaction process, this paper employed process simulation software Aspen HYSYS to simulate the hydrogen liquefaction process. By establishing a dynamic model of the unit module, this study carried out dynamic simulation optimization based on the steady-state process and process parameters of the hydrogen liquefaction process and analyzed the dynamic characteristics of the process. Based on the pressure drop characteristic experiment, an equation for the pressure drop in the heat exchanger was proposed. The heat transfer of hydrogen conversion was simulated and analyzed, and its accuracy was verified by comparison with the literature. The dynamic simulation of a plate-fin heat exchanger was carried out by coupling heat transfer simulation and the pressure drop experiment. The results show that the increase in inlet temperature (5 °C and 10 °C) leads to an increase in specific energy consumption (0.65 % and 1.29 %, respectively) and a decrease in hydrogen liquefaction rate (0.63 % and 2.88 %, respectively). When the inlet pressure decreases by 28.57 %, the hydrogen temperature of the whole liquefaction process decreases and the specific energy consumption increases by 52.94 %. The research results are of great significance for improving the operating efficiency of the refrigeration cycle and guiding the actual liquid hydrogen production.

{"title":"Dynamic simulation optimization of the hydrogen liquefaction process","authors":"Juntao Fu , Jiahao Tang , Jianlu Zhu , Guocong Wang , Yuxing Li , Hui Han","doi":"10.1016/j.ngib.2025.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ngib.2025.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquid hydrogen has attracted much attention due to its high energy storage density and suitability for long-distance transportation. An efficient hydrogen liquefaction process is the key to obtaining liquid hydrogen. In an effort to determine the parameter optimization of the hydrogen liquefaction process, this paper employed process simulation software Aspen HYSYS to simulate the hydrogen liquefaction process. By establishing a dynamic model of the unit module, this study carried out dynamic simulation optimization based on the steady-state process and process parameters of the hydrogen liquefaction process and analyzed the dynamic characteristics of the process. Based on the pressure drop characteristic experiment, an equation for the pressure drop in the heat exchanger was proposed. The heat transfer of hydrogen conversion was simulated and analyzed, and its accuracy was verified by comparison with the literature. The dynamic simulation of a plate-fin heat exchanger was carried out by coupling heat transfer simulation and the pressure drop experiment. The results show that the increase in inlet temperature (5 °C and 10 °C) leads to an increase in specific energy consumption (0.65 % and 1.29 %, respectively) and a decrease in hydrogen liquefaction rate (0.63 % and 2.88 %, respectively). When the inlet pressure decreases by 28.57 %, the hydrogen temperature of the whole liquefaction process decreases and the specific energy consumption increases by 52.94 %. The research results are of great significance for improving the operating efficiency of the refrigeration cycle and guiding the actual liquid hydrogen production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37116,"journal":{"name":"Natural Gas Industry B","volume":"12 1","pages":"Pages 16-25"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The hydrocarbon generation potential of the mudstone source rock in the Jurassic Shuixigou Group, the Turpan-Hami Basin, and indicative significance for oil and gas exploration

IF 4.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Natural Gas Industry B

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ngib.2025.01.006

Tong Lin , Kangle Wang , Haidong Wang , Runze Yang , Pan Li , Long Su

The coal-bearing source rocks in the Jurassic Shuixigou Group have received widespread attention as the primary source rocks in the Turpan-Hami Basin of China, but the hydrocarbon generation potential and process of the mudstone in the Shuixigou Group, especially the mudstone at the top of the Sangonghe Formation, are unclear. Taking the source rocks of the Xishanyao Formation and the Sangonghe Formation as objectives, this study conducted rock pyrolysis and gold tube simulation experiment to investigate their hydrocarbon generation characteristics and differences. Our results indicate that the source rocks of the Xishanyao Formation include mudstone, carbonaceous mudstone and coal, and the quality of the source rocks is highly heterogeneous; the source rocks of the Sangonghe Formation are mainly composed of mudstone, and it is a good gas source rock. Simulation experiments found that the activation energy required for the generation of gaseous hydrocarbons by the mudstone of the Sangonghe Formation is lower than that by the mudstone of the Xishanyao Formation. The hydrocarbon generation process can be divided into three stages for both formations, but the gas generation potential of the Xishanyao Formation mudstone is higher than that of the Sangonghe Formation mudstone. A large amount of hydrocarbon was generated by the mudstone of the Xishanyao Formation when entering late thermal evolution, of which methane is dominant, mainly from the demethylation reaction of mature kerogen. On the other hand, a large amount of hydrocarbon was generated by the mudstone of the Sangonghe Formation in the early stage of thermal evolution, of which light hydrocarbon and wet gas are dominant, mainly from the early cracking stage of kerogen. This difference may be attributed to the structure of kerogen. The mudstone of the Xishanyao Formation is conducive to the formation of highly mature dry gas reservoirs, while the mudstone of the Sangonghe Formation is conducive to the formation of low maturity condensate gas and volatile oil reservoirs. The research result provides a scientific basis for the comparison of oil and gas sources and the evaluation of oil and gas resources in the Turpan-Hami Basin.

{"title":"The hydrocarbon generation potential of the mudstone source rock in the Jurassic Shuixigou Group, the Turpan-Hami Basin, and indicative significance for oil and gas exploration","authors":"Tong Lin , Kangle Wang , Haidong Wang , Runze Yang , Pan Li , Long Su","doi":"10.1016/j.ngib.2025.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ngib.2025.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coal-bearing source rocks in the Jurassic Shuixigou Group have received widespread attention as the primary source rocks in the Turpan-Hami Basin of China, but the hydrocarbon generation potential and process of the mudstone in the Shuixigou Group, especially the mudstone at the top of the Sangonghe Formation, are unclear. Taking the source rocks of the Xishanyao Formation and the Sangonghe Formation as objectives, this study conducted rock pyrolysis and gold tube simulation experiment to investigate their hydrocarbon generation characteristics and differences. Our results indicate that the source rocks of the Xishanyao Formation include mudstone, carbonaceous mudstone and coal, and the quality of the source rocks is highly heterogeneous; the source rocks of the Sangonghe Formation are mainly composed of mudstone, and it is a good gas source rock. Simulation experiments found that the activation energy required for the generation of gaseous hydrocarbons by the mudstone of the Sangonghe Formation is lower than that by the mudstone of the Xishanyao Formation. The hydrocarbon generation process can be divided into three stages for both formations, but the gas generation potential of the Xishanyao Formation mudstone is higher than that of the Sangonghe Formation mudstone. A large amount of hydrocarbon was generated by the mudstone of the Xishanyao Formation when entering late thermal evolution, of which methane is dominant, mainly from the demethylation reaction of mature kerogen. On the other hand, a large amount of hydrocarbon was generated by the mudstone of the Sangonghe Formation in the early stage of thermal evolution, of which light hydrocarbon and wet gas are dominant, mainly from the early cracking stage of kerogen. This difference may be attributed to the structure of kerogen. The mudstone of the Xishanyao Formation is conducive to the formation of highly mature dry gas reservoirs, while the mudstone of the Sangonghe Formation is conducive to the formation of low maturity condensate gas and volatile oil reservoirs. The research result provides a scientific basis for the comparison of oil and gas sources and the evaluation of oil and gas resources in the Turpan-Hami Basin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37116,"journal":{"name":"Natural Gas Industry B","volume":"12 1","pages":"Pages 50-63"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Paleoenvironmental factors controlling the development of the lacustrine shale interbed in the Jurassic Dongyuemiao Member of the Sichuan Basin, China

IF 4.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Natural Gas Industry B

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ngib.2025.02.002

Xiangfeng Wei , Qingqiu Huang , Jingyu Hao , Zhujiang Liu , Qiang Wang , Qingbo Wang , Daojun Wang , Jilin Xiao

Dongyuemiao Member shale in the Sichuan Basin, China, is characterized by organic-rich shale intervals with different types of interbeds and accumulation modes. The aim of this study is to elucidate the impact of paleoenvironmental indicators on interbed development. With this aim in mind, we established an interbed classification scheme and quantified the development of different types of interbeds and their frequencies. We categorized the shale interbeds into three types based on interbed type: silt interbeds (SIs), shell fragment interbeds (SFIs), and shell skeleton interbeds (SSIs). The SIs, SFIs, and SSIs are respectively the products of extrabasinal low-density turbidity currents, intrabasinal debris flow, and intrabasinal low-density turbidity currents. We propose that variations in paleoenvironmental conditions primarily influenced the types of interbeds that developed but had minimal impact on the frequency of their development. Models depicting the interbed development within the 1st Submember of Dongyuemiao Member indicate that during the early Dongyuemiao depositional period, under conditions of relatively aridity, weak weathering, high terrigenous input, and strong hydrodynamic activity, SSIs were well developed. In the middle depositional period, as the climate gradually transitioned to more humid conditions, and the weathering intensity and amount of terrestrial input increased, the development of SIs and SFIs significantly increased. During the late depositional period, with a continuous decrease in terrestrial inputs and sedimentation rates, the development of SIs decreased while that of SSIs increased.

{"title":"Paleoenvironmental factors controlling the development of the lacustrine shale interbed in the Jurassic Dongyuemiao Member of the Sichuan Basin, China","authors":"Xiangfeng Wei , Qingqiu Huang , Jingyu Hao , Zhujiang Liu , Qiang Wang , Qingbo Wang , Daojun Wang , Jilin Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.ngib.2025.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ngib.2025.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dongyuemiao Member shale in the Sichuan Basin, China, is characterized by organic-rich shale intervals with different types of interbeds and accumulation modes. The aim of this study is to elucidate the impact of paleoenvironmental indicators on interbed development. With this aim in mind, we established an interbed classification scheme and quantified the development of different types of interbeds and their frequencies. We categorized the shale interbeds into three types based on interbed type: silt interbeds (SIs), shell fragment interbeds (SFIs), and shell skeleton interbeds (SSIs). The SIs, SFIs, and SSIs are respectively the products of extrabasinal low-density turbidity currents, intrabasinal debris flow, and intrabasinal low-density turbidity currents. We propose that variations in paleoenvironmental conditions primarily influenced the types of interbeds that developed but had minimal impact on the frequency of their development. Models depicting the interbed development within the 1st Submember of Dongyuemiao Member indicate that during the early Dongyuemiao depositional period, under conditions of relatively aridity, weak weathering, high terrigenous input, and strong hydrodynamic activity, SSIs were well developed. In the middle depositional period, as the climate gradually transitioned to more humid conditions, and the weathering intensity and amount of terrestrial input increased, the development of SIs and SFIs significantly increased. During the late depositional period, with a continuous decrease in terrestrial inputs and sedimentation rates, the development of SIs decreased while that of SSIs increased.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37116,"journal":{"name":"Natural Gas Industry B","volume":"12 1","pages":"Pages 88-100"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

3D mechanical modeling and analysis of influencing factors on fracture breakdown pressure in dual horizontal well intensive hydraulic fracturing

IF 4.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Natural Gas Industry B

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ngib.2025.01.001

Wan Cheng , Zuncha Wang , Gang Lei , Qinghai Hu , Yuzhao Shi , Siyu Yang

Horizontal well intensive fracturing is a critical technology used to stimulate unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. Accurate prediction of wellbore breakdown pressure is conducive to optimal fracturing design and improvement of the reservoir stimulation effect. In this work, the three-dimensional displacement discontinuity method (DDM) is used to characterize fracture deformation and fracture closure after the pumping pressure relief. The influences of key parameters such as the minimum horizontal principal stress, fracture spacing, the Young's modulus, the Poisson's ratio and pumping pressure on the breakdown pressure are analyzed. The results show that, assuming that the fracture half-length is a, the breakdown pressure outside the fracture surface area increases significantly within 2a in the direction of the minimum horizontal principal stress and a in the directions of the vertical stress and maximum horizontal principal stress before pressure relief. The breakdown pressure of the modified zipper-type fracturing in the later stage is lower. When the fracture spacing is small, the fracture breakdown pressure decreases after the modified zipper-type fracturing of two horizontal wells. The fracture breakdown pressure of the first fractured well reaches a maximum when the fracture spacing is a – 1.5a, and the breakdown pressure decreases with increasing well spacing.

{"title":"3D mechanical modeling and analysis of influencing factors on fracture breakdown pressure in dual horizontal well intensive hydraulic fracturing","authors":"Wan Cheng , Zuncha Wang , Gang Lei , Qinghai Hu , Yuzhao Shi , Siyu Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ngib.2025.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ngib.2025.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Horizontal well intensive fracturing is a critical technology used to stimulate unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. Accurate prediction of wellbore breakdown pressure is conducive to optimal fracturing design and improvement of the reservoir stimulation effect. In this work, the three-dimensional displacement discontinuity method (DDM) is used to characterize fracture deformation and fracture closure after the pumping pressure relief. The influences of key parameters such as the minimum horizontal principal stress, fracture spacing, the Young's modulus, the Poisson's ratio and pumping pressure on the breakdown pressure are analyzed. The results show that, assuming that the fracture half-length is <em>a</em>, the breakdown pressure outside the fracture surface area increases significantly within 2<em>a</em> in the direction of the minimum horizontal principal stress and <em>a</em> in the directions of the vertical stress and maximum horizontal principal stress before pressure relief. The breakdown pressure of the modified zipper-type fracturing in the later stage is lower. When the fracture spacing is small, the fracture breakdown pressure decreases after the modified zipper-type fracturing of two horizontal wells. The fracture breakdown pressure of the first fractured well reaches a maximum when the fracture spacing is a – 1.5a, and the breakdown pressure decreases with increasing well spacing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37116,"journal":{"name":"Natural Gas Industry B","volume":"12 1","pages":"Pages 1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A method for optimizing and controlling rocking drillstring–assisted slide drilling

IF 4.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Natural Gas Industry B

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ngib.2025.02.003

Yabin Zhang , Jian Lu , Binfeng Guo , Xueying Wang , Feifei Zhang

Rocking the drillstring at the surface during slide drilling is a common method for reducing drag when drilling horizontal wells. However, the current methods for determining the parameters for rocking are insufficient, limiting the widespread use of this technology. In this study, the influence of rocking parameters on the friction-reduction effect was investigated using an axial–torsional dynamic model of the drillstring and an experimental apparatus for rocking-assisted slide drilling in a simulated horizontal well. The research shows that increasing the rocking speed is beneficial improving the friction-reduction effect, but there is a diminishing marginal effect. A method was proposed to optimize the rocking speed using the equivalent axial drag coefficient–rocking speed curve. Under the influence of rocking, the downhole weight on bit (WOB) exhibits a sinusoidal-like variation, with the predominant frequency being twice the rocking frequency. The fluctuation amplitude of the WOB in the horizontal section has a linear relationship with the rocking-affected depth. Based on this, a method was proposed to estimate the rocking-affected depth using the fluctuation amplitude of the standpipe pressure difference. Application of this method in the drilling field has improved the rate of penetration and toolface stability, demonstrating the reliability and effectiveness of the methods proposed in this paper.

{"title":"A method for optimizing and controlling rocking drillstring–assisted slide drilling","authors":"Yabin Zhang , Jian Lu , Binfeng Guo , Xueying Wang , Feifei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ngib.2025.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ngib.2025.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rocking the drillstring at the surface during slide drilling is a common method for reducing drag when drilling horizontal wells. However, the current methods for determining the parameters for rocking are insufficient, limiting the widespread use of this technology. In this study, the influence of rocking parameters on the friction-reduction effect was investigated using an axial–torsional dynamic model of the drillstring and an experimental apparatus for rocking-assisted slide drilling in a simulated horizontal well. The research shows that increasing the rocking speed is beneficial improving the friction-reduction effect, but there is a diminishing marginal effect. A method was proposed to optimize the rocking speed using the equivalent axial drag coefficient–rocking speed curve. Under the influence of rocking, the downhole weight on bit (WOB) exhibits a sinusoidal-like variation, with the predominant frequency being twice the rocking frequency. The fluctuation amplitude of the WOB in the horizontal section has a linear relationship with the rocking-affected depth. Based on this, a method was proposed to estimate the rocking-affected depth using the fluctuation amplitude of the standpipe pressure difference. Application of this method in the drilling field has improved the rate of penetration and toolface stability, demonstrating the reliability and effectiveness of the methods proposed in this paper.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37116,"journal":{"name":"Natural Gas Industry B","volume":"12 1","pages":"Pages 77-87"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Relationship between potentiometric surface and abnormally low pressure in the Yanchang Formation, Zhenjing area, Ordos Basin, China

IF 4.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Natural Gas Industry B

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ngib.2025.01.004

Chao Li , Huixi Lin , Yukai Qi , Likuan Zhang , Lan Yu , Yuhong Lei , Guiqiang Qiu , Liyuan Ma , Hanwen Hu

Abnormally low pressure commonly develops in petroliferous basins. It is closely associated with hydrocarbon distribution and can hinder safe drilling operations. Potentiometric surface is one of the causes of abnormally low pressure, but the relationship between such surface and abnormal pressure has not attracted much research attention. In this paper, a method is proposed for quantifying the potentiometric surface of the tight oil reservoir of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Zhenjing area, southern Ordos Basin, China. This method involves screening pressure data that reflect real pore pressure conditions underground and analyzing the formation sealing conditions in the reservoir based on fracture development and the chemical characteristics of the formation water. The relationship between the potentiometric surface and the abnormally low pressure observed in the study area is discussed. The results show that the pressure coefficient of the Yanchang Formation in the Zhenjing area is 0.85–1.02, with an average of 0.93, indicating a state between abnormally low pressure and normal pressure. The Yanchang Formation has complex sealing conditions, with favorable overall sealing and a locally open hydrodynamic environment controlled by sand body connectivity and fault activity. We proposed a method to calculate the potentiometric surface using the measured pressure data with a pressure coefficient close to 1. The potentiometric surface is 1040–1200 m, with a high value in the northwest and a low value in the southeast, and it is 0–350 m below the ground level. The pressure coefficient was calibrated with an average of 1, with the potentiometric surface used as the starting point, indicating that the low pressure coefficient may be caused by the potentiometric surface below the ground level. The results have theoretical implications for the analysis of formation pressure characteristics in areas or basins with comparable geological conditions, and practical implications for the analysis and development of oil and gas.

{"title":"Relationship between potentiometric surface and abnormally low pressure in the Yanchang Formation, Zhenjing area, Ordos Basin, China","authors":"Chao Li , Huixi Lin , Yukai Qi , Likuan Zhang , Lan Yu , Yuhong Lei , Guiqiang Qiu , Liyuan Ma , Hanwen Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ngib.2025.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ngib.2025.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Abnormally low pressure commonly develops in petroliferous basins. It is closely associated with hydrocarbon distribution and can hinder safe drilling operations. Potentiometric surface is one of the causes of abnormally low pressure, but the relationship between such surface and abnormal pressure has not attracted much research attention. In this paper, a method is proposed for quantifying the potentiometric surface of the tight oil reservoir of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Zhenjing area, southern Ordos Basin, China. This method involves screening pressure data that reflect real pore pressure conditions underground and analyzing the formation sealing conditions in the reservoir based on fracture development and the chemical characteristics of the formation water. The relationship between the potentiometric surface and the abnormally low pressure observed in the study area is discussed. The results show that the pressure coefficient of the Yanchang Formation in the Zhenjing area is 0.85–1.02, with an average of 0.93, indicating a state between abnormally low pressure and normal pressure. The Yanchang Formation has complex sealing conditions, with favorable overall sealing and a locally open hydrodynamic environment controlled by sand body connectivity and fault activity. We proposed a method to calculate the potentiometric surface using the measured pressure data with a pressure coefficient close to 1. The potentiometric surface is 1040–1200 m, with a high value in the northwest and a low value in the southeast, and it is 0–350 m below the ground level. The pressure coefficient was calibrated with an average of 1, with the potentiometric surface used as the starting point, indicating that the low pressure coefficient may be caused by the potentiometric surface below the ground level. The results have theoretical implications for the analysis of formation pressure characteristics in areas or basins with comparable geological conditions, and practical implications for the analysis and development of oil and gas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37116,"journal":{"name":"Natural Gas Industry B","volume":"12 1","pages":"Pages 37-49"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Advances on research of H2S removal by deep eutectic solvents as green solvent

IF 4.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Natural Gas Industry B

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ngib.2025.01.003

Feng Gao , Jinjin Li , Chaoyue Yang , Wu Zhang , Hongfa Huang , Zicheng Peng , Teng Gong

H₂S in natural gas and other industrial gas is seriously harmful to human health, environmental protection and the downstream industries. Efficient purification of H₂S containing gas is the basic process in the chemical industry. Benefiting from multiple advantages, deep eutectic solvents (DES) can be used as tailor-made green solvents, and have been booming in the fields of harmful gas removal and fuel oil desulfurization. Furthermore, significant scientific research of DES in desulfurization and purification of natural gas has accelerated the process of its practical application. This paper systematically summarizes and analyzes the removal mechanism, impact factors and challenges of DES as emerging green solvent in H₂S absorption and conversion. Strategies on H₂S removal by DES generally fall into two categories: physical absorption and chemical conversion. Although the chemical conversion of H₂S by DES has been less studied compared with the physical absorption, it presents great application potential. At present, the research on H₂S removal by DES is still in the initial stage. Therefore, it is necessary to further study the mechanism of H₂S removal and construct the relationship between structural properties and desulfurization performance of DES, thereby to solve the issues of sulfur blockage and low quality of sulfur paste which is suffered by conventional liquid redox desulfurization solvent system. Additionally, the methods for efficient solvent regeneration and recycling remain to be explored out to promote the practical application of iron-based DES in the field of gas desulfurization.

{"title":"Advances on research of H2S removal by deep eutectic solvents as green solvent","authors":"Feng Gao , Jinjin Li , Chaoyue Yang , Wu Zhang , Hongfa Huang , Zicheng Peng , Teng Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.ngib.2025.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ngib.2025.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>H<sub>2</sub>S in natural gas and other industrial gas is seriously harmful to human health, environmental protection and the downstream industries. Efficient purification of H<sub>2</sub>S containing gas is the basic process in the chemical industry. Benefiting from multiple advantages, deep eutectic solvents (DES) can be used as tailor-made green solvents, and have been booming in the fields of harmful gas removal and fuel oil desulfurization. Furthermore, significant scientific research of DES in desulfurization and purification of natural gas has accelerated the process of its practical application. This paper systematically summarizes and analyzes the removal mechanism, impact factors and challenges of DES as emerging green solvent in H<sub>2</sub>S absorption and conversion. Strategies on H<sub>2</sub>S removal by DES generally fall into two categories: physical absorption and chemical conversion. Although the chemical conversion of H<sub>2</sub>S by DES has been less studied compared with the physical absorption, it presents great application potential. At present, the research on H<sub>2</sub>S removal by DES is still in the initial stage. Therefore, it is necessary to further study the mechanism of H<sub>2</sub>S removal and construct the relationship between structural properties and desulfurization performance of DES, thereby to solve the issues of sulfur blockage and low quality of sulfur paste which is suffered by conventional liquid redox desulfurization solvent system. Additionally, the methods for efficient solvent regeneration and recycling remain to be explored out to promote the practical application of iron-based DES in the field of gas desulfurization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37116,"journal":{"name":"Natural Gas Industry B","volume":"12 1","pages":"Pages 26-36"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Technology of milling bridge plugs and field applications in shale gas horizontal wells with severe casing deformation

IF 4.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Natural Gas Industry B

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ngib.2025.01.005

Gang Xiang, Jialin Liu, Xiaolong Ma

Milling bridge plugs in shale gas wells with severe casing deformation often leads to the accumulation of cuttings, increasing the risk of stuck drill bits. Friction in the wellbore further complicates tool deployment into the horizontal section, posing challenges to efficient plug drilling and achieving wellbore access to the target layer. This paper integrates the theory of positive displacement motors and models their actual working characteristics to study the milling of bridge plugs in severely deformed horizontal wells. It examines the effects of coiled tubing diameter and wall thickness on the bending load of horizontal sections and discusses key technical requirements, including the timing of plug drilling, extending the run in the horizontal section, parameter control, and real-time field analysis. Field practices have shown that after casing deformation occurs, priority should be given to drilling out the bridge plugs below the point of deformation. The primary factors contributing to stuck drills in deformed wells include smaller mill shoe sizes and larger cuttings sizes. Short well-washing cycles and targeted cuttings removal can effectively reduce sticking risks. If sticking occurs, high-tonnage pulling should be avoided. Instead, releasing the stick through up-and-down string motion, combined with high-volume nozzle spraying and annulus pumping, is recommended. The selection of coiled tubing should consider diameter, wall thickness, and steel grade to handle complex situations. Larger diameters, thicker walls, and low-frequency, multi-head hydraulic oscillators are more effective for unlocking horizontal sections. This approach can reduce the risk of drill sticking and solve the problem of horizontal section lock-ups, offering a reliable solution for smooth drilling and efficient production in wells with severe casing deformation.

{"title":"Technology of milling bridge plugs and field applications in shale gas horizontal wells with severe casing deformation","authors":"Gang Xiang, Jialin Liu, Xiaolong Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.ngib.2025.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ngib.2025.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Milling bridge plugs in shale gas wells with severe casing deformation often leads to the accumulation of cuttings, increasing the risk of stuck drill bits. Friction in the wellbore further complicates tool deployment into the horizontal section, posing challenges to efficient plug drilling and achieving wellbore access to the target layer. This paper integrates the theory of positive displacement motors and models their actual working characteristics to study the milling of bridge plugs in severely deformed horizontal wells. It examines the effects of coiled tubing diameter and wall thickness on the bending load of horizontal sections and discusses key technical requirements, including the timing of plug drilling, extending the run in the horizontal section, parameter control, and real-time field analysis. Field practices have shown that after casing deformation occurs, priority should be given to drilling out the bridge plugs below the point of deformation. The primary factors contributing to stuck drills in deformed wells include smaller mill shoe sizes and larger cuttings sizes. Short well-washing cycles and targeted cuttings removal can effectively reduce sticking risks. If sticking occurs, high-tonnage pulling should be avoided. Instead, releasing the stick through up-and-down string motion, combined with high-volume nozzle spraying and annulus pumping, is recommended. The selection of coiled tubing should consider diameter, wall thickness, and steel grade to handle complex situations. Larger diameters, thicker walls, and low-frequency, multi-head hydraulic oscillators are more effective for unlocking horizontal sections. This approach can reduce the risk of drill sticking and solve the problem of horizontal section lock-ups, offering a reliable solution for smooth drilling and efficient production in wells with severe casing deformation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37116,"journal":{"name":"Natural Gas Industry B","volume":"12 1","pages":"Pages 64-70"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fatigue properties of tension leg tendon: A full-scale approach

IF 4.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Natural Gas Industry B

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ngib.2025.02.001

Jing Zhao , Ning Zhang , Sen Li , Xiao Liu , Meng Xu , Yuyang Zeng

The tension leg platform is a typical compliant platform that is connected to the seabed through tension leg tendons. However, it is hard to characterize tension leg tendons due to the complexity of their force and motions as well as the lack of full-scale test methods. We performed a finite element analysis and full-scale four-point bending fatigue tests on tension leg tendons and connectors to study the fatigue properties of the tension leg tendons (made using 36in-X70 steel pipes) used in the Gulf of Mexico. The maximum deflection and the maximum stress of samples under complex loading were estimated through finite element simulation to ensure the testing requirements, including load intensity, load method, load path, and frequency. The maximum equivalent strain and the corresponding position were then determined through testing, which were further compared with simulation results to verify their accuracy and applicability. The maximum strain amplitude from simulations was 761.42 με, while the equivalent strain amplitude obtained through tests was 734.90 με, which is close to the simulation result. In addition, when the number of fatigue cycles reached 1.055 million, sample damage did not occur. It confirms that the fatigue performance of the tendon steel pipe weld is better than the C1 curve value shown in the DNV RP C203 specification. The proposed full-scale approach to study the fatigue properties of tension leg tendons can provide a reference for domestic engineering design and manufacture of tension leg tendons as well as promote the localization of test equipment.

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引用次数: 0

Geochemistry and the genesis of natural gases in the deep reservoirs of the Bozhong Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China

IF 4.2 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Natural Gas Industry B

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ngib.2024.11.002

Feilong Wang , Guomin Tang , Zilong Zhao , Rongtao Chen , Ge Yan

A large gas field with reserves of nearly 200 billion m³—BZ19-6—was discovered in the Bozhong Depression in the Bohai Bay Basin in 2018. There is a considerable difference between the amount of natural gas that would traditionally be expected to be generated by the thermal degradation of low-mature kerogens and the resources that have been confirmed by exploration. Therefore, the geochemical characteristics and the genesis of gas have become crucial aspects of investigating deep natural gas in the Bozhong Depression. The deep gas in the depression is predominantly methane. Its dry coefficient (C₁/C_1-5) ranges from 0.73 to 0.94, which is generally characterized as wet gas. The main non-hydrocarbon gases are CO₂ (1.26 %–52.00 %) and N₂ (0.1 %–0.74 %), with traces of H₂S (10.44 × 10⁻⁶–36.63 × 10⁻⁶ ppm). The natural gases are thermogenic oil-type gases from the Shahejie and Dongying Formations. The deep natural gas in the Bozhong Depression is mainly derived from kerogen degradation, with contributions from oil cracking gas in the BZ1/19 and BZ2/3 structures. Complex carbon isotopic reversals are caused by the filling and mixing of natural gas with different maturities from the same source, evaporative fractionation due to the filling of late-stage high-mature natural gas, and Rayleigh fractionation under deep exogenous temperatures in the presence of transition metals. Combining the analysis of the fluid properties of natural gas, the evaluation of the performance of the migration system, and the understanding of the accumulation background indicates a high possibility that the gas was supplied from multiple hydrocarbon sources over long distances in the late stage. Thus, advantageous traps with high temperatures, close proximity to source kitchens, and favorable migration conditions are the preferred targets for future natural gas exploration in the Bozhong Depression.

{"title":"Geochemistry and the genesis of natural gases in the deep reservoirs of the Bozhong Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China","authors":"Feilong Wang , Guomin Tang , Zilong Zhao , Rongtao Chen , Ge Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.ngib.2024.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ngib.2024.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A large gas field with reserves of nearly 200 billion m<sup>3</sup>—BZ19-6—was discovered in the Bozhong Depression in the Bohai Bay Basin in 2018. There is a considerable difference between the amount of natural gas that would traditionally be expected to be generated by the thermal degradation of low-mature kerogens and the resources that have been confirmed by exploration. Therefore, the geochemical characteristics and the genesis of gas have become crucial aspects of investigating deep natural gas in the Bozhong Depression. The deep gas in the depression is predominantly methane. Its dry coefficient (C<sub>1</sub>/C<sub>1-5</sub>) ranges from 0.73 to 0.94, which is generally characterized as wet gas. The main non-hydrocarbon gases are CO<sub>2</sub> (1.26 %–52.00 %) and N<sub>2</sub> (0.1 %–0.74 %), with traces of H<sub>2</sub>S (10.44 × 10<sup>−6</sup>–36.63 × 10<sup>−6</sup> ppm). The natural gases are thermogenic oil-type gases from the Shahejie and Dongying Formations. The deep natural gas in the Bozhong Depression is mainly derived from kerogen degradation, with contributions from oil cracking gas in the BZ1/19 and BZ2/3 structures. Complex carbon isotopic reversals are caused by the filling and mixing of natural gas with different maturities from the same source, evaporative fractionation due to the filling of late-stage high-mature natural gas, and Rayleigh fractionation under deep exogenous temperatures in the presence of transition metals. Combining the analysis of the fluid properties of natural gas, the evaluation of the performance of the migration system, and the understanding of the accumulation background indicates a high possibility that the gas was supplied from multiple hydrocarbon sources over long distances in the late stage. Thus, advantageous traps with high temperatures, close proximity to source kitchens, and favorable migration conditions are the preferred targets for future natural gas exploration in the Bozhong Depression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37116,"journal":{"name":"Natural Gas Industry B","volume":"11 6","pages":"Pages 645-660"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143217210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0