Journal of Language Evolution最新文献

英文中文

Introduction to the special issue on the emergence of sound systems 介绍关于音响系统出现的特刊

IF 2.6

Journal of Language Evolution

Pub Date : 2017-06-26 DOI: 10.1093/JOLE/LZX014

H. Little

© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com How did human sound systems get to be the way they are? Collecting contributions implementing a wealth of methods to address this question, this special issue treats language and speech as being the result of a complex adaptive system. The work throughout provides evidence and theory at the levels of phylogeny, glossogeny, and ontogeny. In taking a multi-disciplinary approach that considers interactions within and between these levels of selection, the papers collectively provide a valuable, integrated contribution to existing work on the evolution of speech and sound systems.

©作者2017。牛津大学出版社出版。版权所有。关于权限，请发送电子邮件:journals.permissions@oup.com人类的声音系统是如何变成现在这样的?这期特刊收集了许多解决这个问题的方法，将语言和语音视为一个复杂的适应系统的结果。整个工作在系统发育、舌发育和个体发育的水平上提供了证据和理论。采用多学科的方法，考虑这些选择水平内部和之间的相互作用，这些论文共同为语音和声音系统进化的现有工作提供了有价值的综合贡献。

引用次数: 0

Language for $200: Success in the environment influences grammatical alignment 200美元的语言：在环境中的成功影响语法对齐

IF 2.6

Journal of Language Evolution

Pub Date : 2017-01-26 DOI: 10.1093/JOLE/LZW012

S. Lev-Ari, S. Peperkamp

Speakers constantly learn language from the environment by sampling their linguistic input and ad-justing their representations accordingly. Logically, people should attend more to the environment and adjust their behavior in accordance with it more the lower their success in the environment is. We test whether the learning of linguistic input follows this general principle in two studies: a corpus analysis of a TV game show, Jeopardy, and a laboratory task modeled after Go Fish. We show that lower (non-linguistic) success in the task modulates learning of and reliance on linguistic patterns in the environment. In Study 1, we ﬁnd that poorer performance increases conformity with linguistic norms, as reﬂected by increased preference for frequent grammatical structures. In Study 2, which consists of a more interactive setting, poorer performance increases learning from the immediate social environment, as reﬂected by greater repetition of others’ grammatical structures. We propose that these results have implications for models of language production and language learning and for the propagation of language change. In particular, they suggest that linguistic changes might spread more quickly in times of crisis, or when the gap between more and less successful people is larger. The results might also suggest that innovations stem from successful individuals while their propagation would depend on relatively less successful individuals. We provide a few historical examples that are in line with the ﬁrst suggested implication, namely, that the spread of linguistic changes is accelerated during difﬁcult times, such as war time and an economic downturn.

说话者不断地从环境中学习语言，通过采样他们的语言输入，并相应地调整他们的表达。从逻辑上讲，人们在环境中的成功程度越低，就越应该关注环境，并根据环境调整自己的行为。我们在两项研究中测试了语言输入的学习是否遵循这一一般原则:电视游戏节目《危险边缘》的语料库分析，以及以《Go Fish》为模型的实验室任务。我们表明，任务中较低的(非语言)成功调节了环境中语言模式的学习和依赖。在研究1中，我们发现较差的表现增加了与语言规范的一致性，这反映在对频繁语法结构的偏好增加上。在更具互动性的研究2中，较差的表现增加了对直接社会环境的学习，这反映在更多地重复他人的语法结构上。我们认为这些结果对语言产生和语言学习的模型以及语言变化的传播具有启示意义。他们特别指出，在危机时期，或者当成功人士和不成功人士之间的差距更大时，语言变化可能传播得更快。研究结果还表明，创新源于成功的个体，而创新的传播则依赖于相对不那么成功的个体。我们提供了一些符合第一个暗示的历史例子，即在困难时期，如战争时期和经济衰退时期，语言变化的传播会加速。

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引用次数: 1

Phoneme inventory size and the transition from monoplanar to dually patterned speech 音素存量大小与从单面语音到双模式语音的过渡

IF 2.6

Journal of Language Evolution

Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/JOLE/LZX010

Luke Fleming

Atkinson (2011) shows that phoneme inventories are largest in Africa and smaller elsewhere, and suggests that this clinal distribution reﬂects a serial founder effect of human migrations out of Africa. Because of the way in which velaric ingressive and pulmonic egressive airstream mechanisms combine to create extra-large consonant inventories, click languages have the largest phoneme inventories of all. Critics question why phoneme inventory size, but not other properties of language, should leave a trace of the origin and dispersal of natural language. This article argues that the ﬁrst modern human languages would likely have had very large phoneme inventories if we assume, following Hockett’s work (1960), that duality of patterning was the last ‘design feature’ of language to emerge. The diachronic trajectories of sign languages and writing systems illustrate that dually patterned phonologies are often preceded by a stage in which minimal units of form map directly onto semantic functions. Following Hjelmslev (1961), I label such linguistic systems, ‘monoplanar’. The article critiques language origins theories that have claimed that click consonants were sounds employed in the development of human speech because of their putatively iconic or sound symbolic properties. Focusing on the structural effects of velaric ingressives for phoneme inventory size, I argue that clicks would have been essential in elaborating large inventories, and thus large vocabularies, in monoplanar spoken languages not because of any inherently iconic properties, but because of their capacity to multiply phonemic distinctions by combining with accompaniments produced via the pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism. The contemporary distribution of phonemic clicks offers support for the hypothesis, as genetic studies increasingly point to an Eastern or Southern African origin for modern humans, while phonemic clicks have an areal but non-genetically restricted distribution in overlap-ping vicinities.

Atkinson(2011)表明，非洲的音素库存量最大，其他地方的音素库存量较小，并认为这种临床分布反映了人类迁出非洲的一系列创始人效应。由于声母进位和肺母进位的气流机制结合在一起，形成了超大的辅音库，因此点击语言的音素库是所有语言中最大的。批评者质疑为什么音素库存的大小，而不是语言的其他属性，应该留下自然语言的起源和传播的痕迹。本文认为，如果我们按照Hockett的工作(1960)假设模式的二元性是语言最后出现的“设计特征”，那么第一批现代人类语言可能拥有非常大的音素库存。手语和书写系统的历时轨迹表明，双模式音系通常在最小形式单元直接映射到语义功能的阶段之前。继Hjelmslev(1961)之后，我将这种语言系统称为“单平面”。这篇文章批评了语言起源理论，这些理论认为咔哒辅音是人类语言发展中使用的声音，因为它们被认为具有标志性或声音象征性。我将重点放在舌音侵入音对音素存量大小的结构影响上，我认为在单面口语中，点击音对于形成大量的音素存量和大量的词汇是必不可少的，这并不是因为它具有任何固有的标志性特性，而是因为它们能够通过结合肺部侵入气流机制产生的伴奏来增加音素差异。当代音位滴答声的分布为这一假设提供了支持，因为遗传学研究越来越多地指出现代人起源于非洲东部或南部，而音位滴答声在重叠的地区有一个区域分布，但不受遗传限制。

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引用次数: 8

Structure and abstraction in phonetic computation: Learning to generalise among concurrent acquisition problems 语音计算中的结构与抽象:在并发习得问题中学习泛化

IF 2.6

Journal of Language Evolution

Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/JOLE/LZX013

Bill D. Thompson, B. D. Boer

Sound systems vary dramatically in their lower-level details as a result of cultural evolution, but the presence of systematic organisation is universal. Why does variation pattern differently at these two levels of abstraction, and what can this tell us about the cognitive mechanisms that underpin human acquisition of speech? We explore an evolutionary rationale for the proposal that human learning extends to, and is perhaps even specialised for, making inferences at the higher-order level of abstraction. The ability to infer systematicity from distributional cues, by identifying signatures of structural homogeneity and anticipating subtle exceptions, can bootstrap lower-level learning, and is not subject to the moving target problem, a major evolutionary objection to specialisation in speech cognition. We examine this idea from a statistical perspective, by studying the representational assumptions that underpin generalisation among concurrent phonetic category induction problems. We present a probabilistic model for jointly inferring individual sound classes and a system-wide blue-print for the balance of shared and idiosyncratic structure among these classes. These models lead us to an evolutionary conjecture: culture pushes cognitive adaptation up the hierarchy of abstraction in learning

由于文化的演变，声音系统在其较低层次的细节上变化很大，但系统组织的存在是普遍存在的。为什么在这两个抽象层次上的变化模式不同，这能告诉我们什么关于支撑人类语言习得的认知机制?我们探索了人类学习延伸到，甚至可能专门用于，在抽象的高阶层次上进行推理的进化原理。通过识别结构同质性的特征和预测微妙的例外，从分布线索推断系统性的能力可以引导较低水平的学习，并且不受移动目标问题的影响，移动目标问题是语音认知专业化的主要进化异议。我们通过研究支持并发语音类别归纳问题的概括的代表性假设，从统计角度考察了这一想法。我们提出了一个概率模型，用于共同推断单个健全类和一个系统范围的蓝图，用于平衡这些类之间的共享和特殊结构。这些模型让我们得出了一个进化的猜想:文化推动认知适应在学习的抽象层次上上升

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引用次数: 7

What phoneme networks tell us about the age of language families 音素网络告诉我们语言家族的年龄

IF 2.6

Journal of Language Evolution

Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/JOLE/LZX007

Roland Mühlenbernd, Taraka Rama

引用次数: 1

Anatomical biasing and clicks: Evidence from biomechanical modeling 解剖偏置和点击:来自生物力学模型的证据

IF 2.6

Journal of Language Evolution

Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/JOLE/LZX004

S. Moisik, D. Dediu

It has been observed by several researchers that the Khoisan palate tends to lack a prominent alveolar ridge. A biomechanical model of click production was created to examine if these sounds might be subject to an anatomical bias associated with alveolar ridge size. Results suggest the bias is plausible, taking the form of decreased articulatory effort and improved volume change characteristics; how-ever, further modeling and experimental research is required to solidify the claim.

几位研究人员观察到，科伊桑腭往往缺乏突出的牙槽嵴。建立了咔哒声产生的生物力学模型，以检查这些声音是否可能受到与牙槽嵴大小相关的解剖学偏差的影响。结果表明，这种偏倚是合理的，表现为发音努力减少和音量变化特征改善;然而，需要进一步的建模和实验研究来巩固这一说法。

引用次数: 31

Measuring rhythmic complexity: A primer to quantify and compare temporal structure in speech, movement, and animal vocalizations 测量节奏复杂性:量化和比较语言、运动和动物发声的时间结构的入门

IF 2.6

Journal of Language Evolution

Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/JOLE/LZX002

A. Ravignani, Philipp Norton

Research on the evolution of human speech and phonology benefits from the comparative approach: structural, spectral, and temporal features can be extracted and compared across species in an attempt to reconstruct the evolutionary history of human speech. Here we focus on analytical tools to measure and compare temporal structure in human speech and animal vocalizations. We introduce the reader to a range of statistical methods usable, on the one hand, to quantify rhythmic complexity in single vocalizations, and on the other hand, to compare rhythmic structure between multiple vocalizations. These methods include: time series analysis, distributional measures, variability metrics, Fourier transform, autoand cross-correlation, phase portraits, and circular statistics. Using computer-generated data, we apply a range of techniques, walking the reader through the necessary software and its functions. We describe which techniques are most appropriate to test particular hypotheses on rhythmic structure, and provide possible interpretations of the tests. These techniques can be equally well applied to find rhythmic structure in gesture, movement, and any other behavior developing over time, when the research focus lies on its temporal structure. This introduction to quantitative techniques for rhythm and timing analysis will hopefully spur additional comparative research, and will produce comparable results across all disciplines working on the evolution of speech, ultimately advancing the field.

研究人类语音和音系的进化得益于比较方法:可以提取和比较不同物种的结构、频谱和时间特征，试图重建人类语音的进化史。在这里，我们专注于分析工具来测量和比较人类语言和动物发声的时间结构。我们向读者介绍了一系列可用的统计方法，一方面，量化单个发声的节奏复杂性，另一方面，比较多个发声之间的节奏结构。这些方法包括:时间序列分析、分布度量、可变性度量、傅立叶变换、自动和相互关联、相位肖像和循环统计。使用计算机生成的数据，我们应用了一系列技术，引导读者了解必要的软件及其功能。我们描述了哪些技术是最适合测试特定假设的节奏结构，并提供可能的解释测试。当研究重点在于时间结构时，这些技术同样可以很好地应用于发现手势、运动和任何其他随时间发展的行为的节奏结构。这篇对节奏和时间分析的定量技术的介绍有望刺激更多的比较研究，并将在所有研究语言进化的学科中产生可比的结果，最终推动这一领域的发展。

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引用次数: 35

Category competition as a driver of category contrast 品类竞争是品类对比的驱动因素

IF 2.6

Journal of Language Evolution

Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/JOLE/LZX009

A. Wedel, I. Fatkullin

Some mental categories map to percepts which are products of human behaviors, such as linguistic signals. Because behavior is learned and updated by experience, biases in the way a behavior is perceived can influence how it is reproduced, allowing behaviorally based categories to evolve over time. Here we show that this perception–production feedback loop can itself promote preservation of contrast between categories. Using both simulation and analytical tools, we show that asymmetries in the mapping of perceptual variants to competing categories acts to sharpen category boundaries. Evidence from patterns of change in modern languages is consistent with this mechanism. Because the ability to maintain a large number of distinct signal/meaning categories is a prerequisite for complex language, this cognitively general mechanism may have contributed to the initial evolution of the language faculty.

一些心理类别映射到感知，这些感知是人类行为的产物，比如语言信号。因为行为是通过经验习得和更新的，所以对一种行为的感知方式的偏见会影响它的再现方式，从而使基于行为的类别随着时间的推移而演变。在这里，我们表明这种感知-生产反馈回路本身可以促进类别之间对比的保存。使用模拟和分析工具，我们表明，感知变量映射到竞争类别的不对称性会使类别边界变得尖锐。现代语言变化模式的证据与这种机制是一致的。因为维持大量不同的信号/意义类别的能力是复杂语言的先决条件，这种认知一般机制可能有助于语言能力的最初进化。

引用次数: 10

Divergent acoustic properties of gelada and baboon vocalizations and their implications for the evolution of human speech. gelada和baboon发声的不同声学特性及其对人类语言进化的影响。

IF 2.6

Journal of Language Evolution

Pub Date : 2017-01-01 Epub Date: 2017-06-26 DOI: 10.1093/jole/lzx015

Morgan L Gustison, Thore J Bergman

Human speech has many complex spectral and temporal features traditionally thought to be absent in the vocalizations of other primates. Recent explorations of the vocal capabilities of non-human primates are challenging this view. Here, we continue this trend by exploring the spectro-temporal properties of gelada (Theropithecus gelada) vocalizations. First, we made cross-species comparisons of geladas, chacma baboons, and human vowel space area. We found that adult male and female gelada exhaled grunts-a call type shared with baboons-have formant profiles that overlap more with human vowel space than do baboon grunts. These gelada grunts also contained more modulation of fundamental and formant frequencies than did baboon grunts. Second, we compared formant profiles and modulation of exhaled grunts to the derived call types (those not shared with baboons) produced by gelada males. These derived calls contained divergent formant profiles, and a subset of them, notably wobbles and vocalized yawns, were more modulated than grunts. Third, we investigated the rhythmic patterns of wobbles, a call type shown previously to contain cycles that match the 3-8 Hz tempo of speech. We use a larger dataset to show that the wobble rhythm overlaps more with speech rhythm than previously thought. We also found that variation in cycle duration depends on the production modality; specifically, exhaled wobbles were produced at a slower tempo than inhaled wobbles. Moreover, the variability in cycle duration within wobbles aligns with a linguistic property known as 'Menzerath's law' in that there was a negative association between cycle duration and wobble size (i.e. the number of cycles). Taken together, our results add to growing evidence that non-human primates are anatomically capable of producing modulated sounds. Our results also support and expand on current hypotheses of speech evolution, including the 'neural hypothesis' and the 'bimodal speech rhythm hypothesis'.

人类的语音具有许多复杂的频谱和时间特征，传统上认为这在其他灵长类动物的发声中是不存在的。最近对非人类灵长类动物发声能力的探索正在挑战这一观点。在这里，我们通过探索gelada（Theropithecus gelada）发声的光谱-时间特性来延续这一趋势。首先，我们对geladas、chacma狒狒和人类元音空间区域进行了跨物种比较。我们发现，成年雄性和雌性gelada呼出的呼噜声是狒狒共有的一种叫声，其共振峰轮廓与人类元音空间的重叠比狒狒的呼噜声更大。与狒狒的呼噜声相比，这些gelada呼噜声还包含更多的基频和共振峰频率调制。其次，我们将共振峰轮廓和呼出呼噜声的调制与gelada雄性产生的衍生叫声类型（狒狒不共享的叫声类型）进行了比较。这些衍生的叫声包含不同的共振峰轮廓，其中一个子集，尤其是摆动和发声的哈欠，比咕哝声更具调节性。第三，我们研究了摆动的节奏模式，这是一种之前显示的包含与3-8相匹配的周期的呼叫类型 Hz的语速。我们使用更大的数据集来表明，摆动节奏与语音节奏的重叠比以前想象的要多。我们还发现，周期持续时间的变化取决于生产模式；具体来说，呼出的摆动比吸入的摆动产生的速度慢。此外，摆动中周期持续时间的可变性与一种被称为“Menzerath定律”的语言学性质一致，即周期持续时间与摆动大小（即周期数）之间存在负相关。总之，我们的研究结果进一步证明，非人类灵长类动物在解剖学上能够产生调制的声音。我们的研究结果也支持和扩展了当前的语音进化假说，包括“神经假说”和“双峰语音节奏假说”。

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引用次数: 0

Beyond cognacy: historical relations between words and their implication for phylogenetic reconstruction 超越同源:单词之间的历史关系及其对系统发育重建的影响

IF 2.6

Journal of Language Evolution

Pub Date : 2016-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/JOLE/LZW006

Johann-Mattis List

This article investigates the terminology and the processes underlying the fundamental historical relations between words in linguistics ( cognacy ) and genes in biology ( homology ). The comparison between linguistics and biology shows that there are major inconsistencies in the analogies drawn between the two research fields and the models applied in phylogenetic reconstruction in linguistics. Cognacy between words is treated as a binary relation which is either present or not. Words, however, can exhibit different degrees of cognacy which go beyond the distinction between orthologous and paralogous genes in biology. The complex nature of cognacy has strong implications for the models used for phylogenetic reconstruction. Instead of modeling lexical evolution as a process of cognate gain and cognate loss, we need to go beyond the cognate relation and develop models which take the degrees of cognacy into account. This opts for the use of evolutionary models which handle multistate characters and allow to define potentially asymmetrical transition tendencies among the character states instead of time-reversible binary state models in phylogenetic approaches. The benefit of multistate models with asymmetric transition tendencies is demonstrated by testing how well different models of lexical change perform in semantic reconstruction on a lexicostatistical dataset of 23 Chinese dialects in a parsimony framework. The results show that the improved models largely outperform the popular gain–loss models. This suggests that improved models of lexical change may have strong consequences for phylogenetic approaches in linguistics.

本文探讨了语言学中的词汇(同源)和生物学中的基因(同源)之间的基本历史关系的术语和过程。语言学和生物学的比较表明，这两个研究领域之间的类比和语言学系统发育重建中所采用的模型存在很大的不一致。词与词之间的同源关系是一种二元关系，不是存在就是不存在。然而，单词可以表现出不同程度的同源性，这超出了生物学中同源基因和同源基因之间的区别。同源性的复杂性质对用于系统发育重建的模型具有强烈的影响。我们不应该把词汇的演变建模为同源获得和同源丧失的过程，而应该超越同源关系，发展考虑同源程度的模型。这选择了使用进化模型来处理多状态特征，并允许定义特征状态之间潜在的不对称过渡趋势，而不是系统发育方法中的时间可逆二元状态模型。在简约框架下，对23种汉语方言的词典统计数据集进行了词汇变化模型在语义重构中的表现，验证了具有非对称转换倾向的多状态模型的优势。结果表明，改进后的模型在很大程度上优于常用的损益模型。这表明，改进的词汇变化模型可能会对语言学的系统发育方法产生强烈的影响。

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