Pub Date : 2021-08-15DOI: 10.1515/9781501756221-006
{"title":"4. Pluralism, Development, and the Nicaraguan Revolution","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501756221-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501756221-006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371554,"journal":{"name":"The Ends of Modernization","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130510062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501756214.003.0004
D. J. Lee
This chapter presents how politicians and planners reacted to the realization that US development was not working as planned, and not only in Nicaragua. The chapter discusses the action and pressure of the US Congress coming from a growing network of nongovernmental organizations and activists. As the Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional's rebellion grew, the United States made Nicaragua the site for a new program of “integrated rural development.” While US planners used Nicaragua to reconfigure development around a new form of “benign counterinsurgency,” the chapter unveils how radicalized Nicaraguans used the image of peasant victims of human rights abuse to mobilize an international human rights campaign. With the imagery of peasants as victims of a repressive developmental order, the chapter follows the union of Nicaraguan nationalists, radical socialists, and international human rights activists around the idea that peasants were both modernization's victims and potential revolutionary subjects.
{"title":"Dis-integrating Rural Development","authors":"D. J. Lee","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501756214.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501756214.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents how politicians and planners reacted to the realization that US development was not working as planned, and not only in Nicaragua. The chapter discusses the action and pressure of the US Congress coming from a growing network of nongovernmental organizations and activists. As the Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional's rebellion grew, the United States made Nicaragua the site for a new program of “integrated rural development.” While US planners used Nicaragua to reconfigure development around a new form of “benign counterinsurgency,” the chapter unveils how radicalized Nicaraguans used the image of peasant victims of human rights abuse to mobilize an international human rights campaign. With the imagery of peasants as victims of a repressive developmental order, the chapter follows the union of Nicaraguan nationalists, radical socialists, and international human rights activists around the idea that peasants were both modernization's victims and potential revolutionary subjects.","PeriodicalId":371554,"journal":{"name":"The Ends of Modernization","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124541940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501756214.003.0006
D. J. Lee
This chapter investigates the conflict on Nicaragua's eastern coast in the context of global critiques of the effects of both socialist and capitalist development on indigenous peoples. It explores the impact of the Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional's (FSLN) vision of social development through national integration on the indigenous and Afro-descendant desires for autonomy. The US government encouraged groups that would begin their own revolutionary movement in the east, causing fractures in the international solidarity movement cultivated by the FSLN. The chapter also recounts the struggles of Miskito activists and their international allies against the revolutionary government in Managua. It then analyses the Fourth World Movement outside the Cold War, which was made possible by new ideas about ethnic pluralism and environmental sustainability that were transforming international development and would impact indigenous rights struggles worldwide.
{"title":"Retracing Imperial Paths on the Mosquito Coast","authors":"D. J. Lee","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501756214.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501756214.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates the conflict on Nicaragua's eastern coast in the context of global critiques of the effects of both socialist and capitalist development on indigenous peoples. It explores the impact of the Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional's (FSLN) vision of social development through national integration on the indigenous and Afro-descendant desires for autonomy. The US government encouraged groups that would begin their own revolutionary movement in the east, causing fractures in the international solidarity movement cultivated by the FSLN. The chapter also recounts the struggles of Miskito activists and their international allies against the revolutionary government in Managua. It then analyses the Fourth World Movement outside the Cold War, which was made possible by new ideas about ethnic pluralism and environmental sustainability that were transforming international development and would impact indigenous rights struggles worldwide.","PeriodicalId":371554,"journal":{"name":"The Ends of Modernization","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116666140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501756214.003.0008
D. J. Lee
This chapter situates the return of the Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional to power in the 2000s within Latin America's “pink tide” and the longer history of international development and intervention. It recounts Nicaragua's relations with the United States, and the rise of the current Ortega regime and the subsequent unraveling of its support. The chapter also elaborates on the most frequently noted vulnerabilities of the pink tide governments before the wave of protests and election losses that overtook them in the 2010s: governments' overreliance on resource extraction. It highlights how it led to pollution, corruption, and inequality which helped spark popular discontent. Nicaragua's precarious neoliberal present brought about a new process of alliance formation that recapitulated many of the aspirations of the early days of modernization while pushing Nicaragua's history once again to the brink of catastrophe.
{"title":"Repetition, Alliance, and Protest in Contemporary Nicaragua","authors":"D. J. Lee","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501756214.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501756214.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter situates the return of the Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional to power in the 2000s within Latin America's “pink tide” and the longer history of international development and intervention. It recounts Nicaragua's relations with the United States, and the rise of the current Ortega regime and the subsequent unraveling of its support. The chapter also elaborates on the most frequently noted vulnerabilities of the pink tide governments before the wave of protests and election losses that overtook them in the 2010s: governments' overreliance on resource extraction. It highlights how it led to pollution, corruption, and inequality which helped spark popular discontent. Nicaragua's precarious neoliberal present brought about a new process of alliance formation that recapitulated many of the aspirations of the early days of modernization while pushing Nicaragua's history once again to the brink of catastrophe.","PeriodicalId":371554,"journal":{"name":"The Ends of Modernization","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127048942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501756214.003.0005
D. J. Lee
This chapter follows the successful 1979 revolution to international alliance formation by the Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN) and reveals how the Reagan administration reshaped international development policy in reaction. It argues that the revolution took place at a moment when Latin American and European politicians pushed for “ideological pluralism” to recognize the possibility of multiple paths to development worldwide while simultaneously advocating global economic restructuring. The FSLN tried to harness global dissatisfaction with the reactionary order linked to the United States, using diplomacy to transform dependency into revolutionary solidarity. The chapter then turns to discuss the Reagan administration's use of confrontation with Nicaragua to encourage a restructuring of economic and political development in the region. The chapter looks at how the administration harnessed ideas and structures created by the revolution to undermine the alliance between socialists and capitalists while placing Nicaragua at the center of the administration's own response to the challenge of global solidarity.
{"title":"Pluralism, Development, and the Nicaraguan Revolution","authors":"D. J. Lee","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501756214.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501756214.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter follows the successful 1979 revolution to international alliance formation by the Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN) and reveals how the Reagan administration reshaped international development policy in reaction. It argues that the revolution took place at a moment when Latin American and European politicians pushed for “ideological pluralism” to recognize the possibility of multiple paths to development worldwide while simultaneously advocating global economic restructuring. The FSLN tried to harness global dissatisfaction with the reactionary order linked to the United States, using diplomacy to transform dependency into revolutionary solidarity. The chapter then turns to discuss the Reagan administration's use of confrontation with Nicaragua to encourage a restructuring of economic and political development in the region. The chapter looks at how the administration harnessed ideas and structures created by the revolution to undermine the alliance between socialists and capitalists while placing Nicaragua at the center of the administration's own response to the challenge of global solidarity.","PeriodicalId":371554,"journal":{"name":"The Ends of Modernization","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133226030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501756214.003.0001
D. J. Lee
This chapter discovers the relations between the United States and Nicaragua in the age of development, from the pinnacle of modernization as ideology in the 1960s through the end of the Cold War in the 1990s. The chapter explores US plans for development as they changed in reaction to events in the global South, beginning with the Cuban revolution, that set off a global program of anticommunist modernization. It reveals how Nicaragua played an important role in US plans for Latin America thanks to its leaders' close affinities with the United States and the two countries' long interconnected histories. While requiring attention to interests and imaginings emanating from the United States, the chapter also tracks closely the circulation of development ideas between North and South. It examines how elite Nicaraguans especially responded to US programs for development. From the Alliance for Progress onward, US officials made Latin American ideas, networks, and individuals an intimate part of programs for reshaping the region's political and economic life.
{"title":"Development, Ideology, and Catastrophe in the Americas","authors":"D. J. Lee","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501756214.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501756214.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discovers the relations between the United States and Nicaragua in the age of development, from the pinnacle of modernization as ideology in the 1960s through the end of the Cold War in the 1990s. The chapter explores US plans for development as they changed in reaction to events in the global South, beginning with the Cuban revolution, that set off a global program of anticommunist modernization. It reveals how Nicaragua played an important role in US plans for Latin America thanks to its leaders' close affinities with the United States and the two countries' long interconnected histories. While requiring attention to interests and imaginings emanating from the United States, the chapter also tracks closely the circulation of development ideas between North and South. It examines how elite Nicaraguans especially responded to US programs for development. From the Alliance for Progress onward, US officials made Latin American ideas, networks, and individuals an intimate part of programs for reshaping the region's political and economic life.","PeriodicalId":371554,"journal":{"name":"The Ends of Modernization","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133588944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-15DOI: 10.1515/9781501756221-007
{"title":"5. Retracing Imperial Paths on the Mosquito Coast","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501756221-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501756221-007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371554,"journal":{"name":"The Ends of Modernization","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114265795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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