Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4079/2578-9201.1(2022).02
{"title":"Right-Wing Populism in the United States: The Intersection of Conspiracy Theories and Mainstream Political Thought","authors":"","doi":"10.4079/2578-9201.1(2022).02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4079/2578-9201.1(2022).02","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371706,"journal":{"name":"The George Washington University Undergraduate Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128148528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4079/2578-9201.2(2019).04
S. Purwanto
The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis had a significant impact on the Indonesian financial sector. Despite statistics showing an increase in low-wage workers’ employment, reduction in overall confidence resulted in bank runs, consequently weakening the Rupiah. Amidst currency depreciation and Suharto’s faulty economic policies, the Indonesian labor market proved unsustainable. When banks began to declare bankruptcy, industries with services that depended on banks also faced the difficulty of dismissing employees or lowering their wages. The labor market was restructured in a way that increased inter-sectoral mobility and widened income inequality. Reduction in real workers’ wages, heavy decrease in government budget and a weakening of export-dependent sectors were all factors that contributed to an increase in the number of people living on or below the poverty line. Indonesia’s continued ethnic divide and corrupt governance made market restructuring rigid and irreversible, further prolonging the crisis and widening the population of low-wage workers. Suharto’s policies that occurred on the backdrop of the crisis had dire consequences that exceeded his presidency. President Suharto’s regime lasted from 1967 to 1998 marked the longest ranging Indonesian presidency. It carries the infamy of mass genocide and a cycle of economic crises. Although the 1997 Asian economic crisis caused great currency depreciation for Indonesia, statistics show increased employment for low-wage workers. However, said influx is ignorant of individuals’ purchasing power amidst other issues like inflation. These consequences are still true for modern-day low-wage workers. Suharto’s unstable regime was the catalyst for the Indonesian currency crisis, resulting in numerous short term harms and decades-long restructuring of the labor market. The creation of the low-wage worker crisis, which spills into today, can largely be traced back to policies made in 1997. The worrying amounts of under-employment and gruesome working conditions resulted from increased mobility across sectors, a shift in labor market structures, and the widening of income inequality. These three distinct problems, stemming from Indonesia’s stagnating economy ultimately can be traced back to currency depreciation. A mixture of faulty policies and a shift in global capitalism led to the eruption of the Asian economic crisis in 1997. Prior to the crisis, Asian regimes such as Thailand and Japan experienced massive growth due to western investors attempting to liberalize trade and privatize Asian markets (Bell, 2010). Monetary authorities could control such increase in capital flows, eventually leading to unstable currency fluctuations (McLeod, 2000). Indonesia, however, marks a different case among these other Asian nations. Before 1997, the Indonesian economy was considered better than Thailand’s as data showcases higher real GDP rates. Throughout 1997, however, the crisis depreciated currencies of nations includ
{"title":"The Long Lasting Brunt of Indonesia’s Currency Depreciation: a historical analysis on Suharto’s reign and the decades-long condemnation of low-wage workers","authors":"S. Purwanto","doi":"10.4079/2578-9201.2(2019).04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4079/2578-9201.2(2019).04","url":null,"abstract":"The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis had a significant impact on the Indonesian financial sector. Despite statistics showing an increase in low-wage workers’ employment, reduction in overall confidence resulted in bank runs, consequently weakening the Rupiah. Amidst currency depreciation and Suharto’s faulty economic policies, the Indonesian labor market proved unsustainable. When banks began to declare bankruptcy, industries with services that depended on banks also faced the difficulty of dismissing employees or lowering their wages. The labor market was restructured in a way that increased inter-sectoral mobility and widened income inequality. Reduction in real workers’ wages, heavy decrease in government budget and a weakening of export-dependent sectors were all factors that contributed to an increase in the number of people living on or below the poverty line. Indonesia’s continued ethnic divide and corrupt governance made market restructuring rigid and irreversible, further prolonging the crisis and widening the population of low-wage workers. Suharto’s policies that occurred on the backdrop of the crisis had dire consequences that exceeded his presidency. President Suharto’s regime lasted from 1967 to 1998 marked the longest ranging Indonesian presidency. It carries the infamy of mass genocide and a cycle of economic crises. Although the 1997 Asian economic crisis caused great currency depreciation for Indonesia, statistics show increased employment for low-wage workers. However, said influx is ignorant of individuals’ purchasing power amidst other issues like inflation. These consequences are still true for modern-day low-wage workers. Suharto’s unstable regime was the catalyst for the Indonesian currency crisis, resulting in numerous short term harms and decades-long restructuring of the labor market. The creation of the low-wage worker crisis, which spills into today, can largely be traced back to policies made in 1997. The worrying amounts of under-employment and gruesome working conditions resulted from increased mobility across sectors, a shift in labor market structures, and the widening of income inequality. These three distinct problems, stemming from Indonesia’s stagnating economy ultimately can be traced back to currency depreciation. A mixture of faulty policies and a shift in global capitalism led to the eruption of the Asian economic crisis in 1997. Prior to the crisis, Asian regimes such as Thailand and Japan experienced massive growth due to western investors attempting to liberalize trade and privatize Asian markets (Bell, 2010). Monetary authorities could control such increase in capital flows, eventually leading to unstable currency fluctuations (McLeod, 2000). Indonesia, however, marks a different case among these other Asian nations. Before 1997, the Indonesian economy was considered better than Thailand’s as data showcases higher real GDP rates. Throughout 1997, however, the crisis depreciated currencies of nations includ","PeriodicalId":371706,"journal":{"name":"The George Washington University Undergraduate Review","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124066567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4079/2578-9201.1(2023).11
{"title":"A Legacy of Disenfranchisement: Interrogating the Displacement of the Historical Black Foggy Bottom Community","authors":"","doi":"10.4079/2578-9201.1(2023).11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4079/2578-9201.1(2023).11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371706,"journal":{"name":"The George Washington University Undergraduate Review","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114995652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4079/2578-9201.1(2022).07
{"title":"Rembrandt: Seeking Closure in Classical Narratives","authors":"","doi":"10.4079/2578-9201.1(2022).07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4079/2578-9201.1(2022).07","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371706,"journal":{"name":"The George Washington University Undergraduate Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129539000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4079/2578-9201.1(2023).01
{"title":"The Henequenero Legacy: The Development of the Korean Mexican Identity","authors":"","doi":"10.4079/2578-9201.1(2023).01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4079/2578-9201.1(2023).01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371706,"journal":{"name":"The George Washington University Undergraduate Review","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130864378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4079/2578-9201.2(2019).02
N. Reeves
{"title":"The Impact of Political Instability on the Tourism Sector in the Middle East and North Africa","authors":"N. Reeves","doi":"10.4079/2578-9201.2(2019).02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4079/2578-9201.2(2019).02","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371706,"journal":{"name":"The George Washington University Undergraduate Review","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114193986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4079/2578-9201.1(2022).08
{"title":"The Forgotten Entrepreneurs: New York City’s Irish Immigrant Peddlers in the Nineteenth Century","authors":"","doi":"10.4079/2578-9201.1(2022).08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4079/2578-9201.1(2022).08","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371706,"journal":{"name":"The George Washington University Undergraduate Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124216973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4079/2578-9201.1(2022).09
{"title":"The Venerated and the Despised: Dualities in the Catholic Church’s Responses to Pious Women","authors":"","doi":"10.4079/2578-9201.1(2022).09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4079/2578-9201.1(2022).09","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371706,"journal":{"name":"The George Washington University Undergraduate Review","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129655409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4079/2578-9201.1(2023).10
{"title":"The Impact of COVID-19 on the Fashion Luxury Industry","authors":"","doi":"10.4079/2578-9201.1(2023).10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4079/2578-9201.1(2023).10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371706,"journal":{"name":"The George Washington University Undergraduate Review","volume":"21 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114031665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4079/2578-9201.2(2019).09
E. Anderson
{"title":"Postcolonial Approaches to Democracy and its Impact on Gender in Jordan","authors":"E. Anderson","doi":"10.4079/2578-9201.2(2019).09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4079/2578-9201.2(2019).09","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371706,"journal":{"name":"The George Washington University Undergraduate Review","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128303783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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