Pub Date : 2018-08-30DOI: 10.1163/22136746-01502004
Zhifeng Wang
To win support from all social groups in rural China after the inception of Japan’s full-scale invasion, the CCP introduced the program of “rent and interest reduction” in place of its original radical land policy. Nevertheless, the “25-percent rent reduction” did not have much appeal to owner-cultivators in Shanxi province, where land ownership was dispersed and tenancy not predominant. Money-lending activities largely vanished after the implementation of “reduction of interest rates to 15 percent.” As a result, the Border Region Government had to raise the ceiling on interest rates. Later, to win support of owner-cultivators who had long paid only taxes rather than rents, the CCP modified its policy by confiscating and redistributing the land, houses, and other properties of landlords and rich peasants under the pretext of “Settling Old Accounts” during the struggles against corruption, local bullies, unregistered land, and pro-Japanese collaborators. This, in conjunction with the worsening shortage of resources, the radical mindset, and the vested interests of grassroots cadres, led to the emergence of leftist deviations.
{"title":"Origins of the Leftist Deviation in the Movement for Rent and Interest Reduction in the Shanxi Base Area","authors":"Zhifeng Wang","doi":"10.1163/22136746-01502004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22136746-01502004","url":null,"abstract":"To win support from all social groups in rural China after the inception of Japan’s full-scale invasion, the CCP introduced the program of “rent and interest reduction” in place of its original radical land policy. Nevertheless, the “25-percent rent reduction” did not have much appeal to owner-cultivators in Shanxi province, where land ownership was dispersed and tenancy not predominant. Money-lending activities largely vanished after the implementation of “reduction of interest rates to 15 percent.” As a result, the Border Region Government had to raise the ceiling on interest rates. Later, to win support of owner-cultivators who had long paid only taxes rather than rents, the CCP modified its policy by confiscating and redistributing the land, houses, and other properties of landlords and rich peasants under the pretext of “Settling Old Accounts” during the struggles against corruption, local bullies, unregistered land, and pro-Japanese collaborators. This, in conjunction with the worsening shortage of resources, the radical mindset, and the vested interests of grassroots cadres, led to the emergence of leftist deviations.","PeriodicalId":37171,"journal":{"name":"Rural China","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22136746-01502004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42289947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-30DOI: 10.1163/22136746-01502001
Philip C. C. Huang
This article takes as its point of departure contrasts between China’s fundamental philosophy of governance and the Anglo-American classical-liberal tradition, to show the differences between a mode of thinking that sees binary opposites as forming interactive unified wholes rather than mutually exclusive either / or opposites. It reviews the Chinese state’s relationship with village communities by looking back at the history of the past century, in North China and in the Yangzi Delta. The article summarizes the traditional mode of governance in the Qing period, undergirded by both state leadership and village self-governance, as well as both moralism and practicality, in the management of village affairs and mediations of disputes. That was followed by the decline and partial breakdown of the system in the Republic, and then excessive state control in the collective era, followed by the opposite of nearly complete state withdrawal in the late Reform period. What is needed is a more balanced relationship between the state and the village, with both top-down leadership and bottom-up participation. Within the party’s own “mass line” tradition, we can separate out the excesses of movement politics from positive practices like the emphasis on investigation and study in public policy-making, on test-point trials before enacting public policies, and on popular participation. Such popular participation should be developed further today to build a better and more balanced relationship between state and society, and prevent recurrences of tendencies toward either too much or too little state involvement in village affairs, in order to implement better the moral ideals of “humane government” and “serve” “the people.” Voluntary popular participation should actually be established as the sine qua non for enacting major public policies affecting the people’s livelihood.
{"title":"The State and the Village: From a Balanced Relationship to Imbalance and Rebalancing","authors":"Philip C. C. Huang","doi":"10.1163/22136746-01502001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22136746-01502001","url":null,"abstract":"This article takes as its point of departure contrasts between China’s fundamental philosophy of governance and the Anglo-American classical-liberal tradition, to show the differences between a mode of thinking that sees binary opposites as forming interactive unified wholes rather than mutually exclusive either / or opposites. It reviews the Chinese state’s relationship with village communities by looking back at the history of the past century, in North China and in the Yangzi Delta. The article summarizes the traditional mode of governance in the Qing period, undergirded by both state leadership and village self-governance, as well as both moralism and practicality, in the management of village affairs and mediations of disputes. That was followed by the decline and partial breakdown of the system in the Republic, and then excessive state control in the collective era, followed by the opposite of nearly complete state withdrawal in the late Reform period. What is needed is a more balanced relationship between the state and the village, with both top-down leadership and bottom-up participation. Within the party’s own “mass line” tradition, we can separate out the excesses of movement politics from positive practices like the emphasis on investigation and study in public policy-making, on test-point trials before enacting public policies, and on popular participation. Such popular participation should be developed further today to build a better and more balanced relationship between state and society, and prevent recurrences of tendencies toward either too much or too little state involvement in village affairs, in order to implement better the moral ideals of “humane government” and “serve” “the people.” Voluntary popular participation should actually be established as the sine qua non for enacting major public policies affecting the people’s livelihood.","PeriodicalId":37171,"journal":{"name":"Rural China","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22136746-01502001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43858440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-30DOI: 10.1163/22136746-01502005
Yan Huang
Past studies have well documented the atrophy of lineage organizations and functions in rural China after 1949 as well as their resurgence in the post-Mao era. To further the research on lineage organizations and changes in their functions, this article reexamines the role of lineage organizations in the resistance against graveyard removal in Xiatang village of central Jiangxi province. Xiatang villagers attempted to revive traditional clan culture by rebuilding ancestral halls and updating clan genealogies; they also succeeded in defending their nominal ownership of Mt. Qingling by appealing to their ancestral property rights in the struggle against graveyard removal. The recent improvements in villagers’ living conditions, changes in the mode of production in agriculture, and the expansion of market forces have all led to changes in power relations in Xiatang village, in which the revived lineage organizations played a role that is both symbolic and instrumental. Yet, the control of community resources by the administrative and business elites, together with the penetration of state power into rural society through various channels, also effectively eroded lineage influences.
{"title":"Community Justice and the Appeal to Ancestral Property Rights: An Analysis of Disputes over Development Plans in Xiatang Village of Central Jiangxi","authors":"Yan Huang","doi":"10.1163/22136746-01502005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22136746-01502005","url":null,"abstract":"Past studies have well documented the atrophy of lineage organizations and functions in rural China after 1949 as well as their resurgence in the post-Mao era. To further the research on lineage organizations and changes in their functions, this article reexamines the role of lineage organizations in the resistance against graveyard removal in Xiatang village of central Jiangxi province. Xiatang villagers attempted to revive traditional clan culture by rebuilding ancestral halls and updating clan genealogies; they also succeeded in defending their nominal ownership of Mt. Qingling by appealing to their ancestral property rights in the struggle against graveyard removal. The recent improvements in villagers’ living conditions, changes in the mode of production in agriculture, and the expansion of market forces have all led to changes in power relations in Xiatang village, in which the revived lineage organizations played a role that is both symbolic and instrumental. Yet, the control of community resources by the administrative and business elites, together with the penetration of state power into rural society through various channels, also effectively eroded lineage influences.","PeriodicalId":37171,"journal":{"name":"Rural China","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22136746-01502005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46898900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-04DOI: 10.1163/22136746-01501004
Lianchao Yu
Unlike capitalist farms or traditional peasant household organizations or commodified agriculture with the proletarianization of the peasantry as examined in classic studies, the so-called “family farm” 家庭农场 proposed by the CPC in its “No. 1 Document” is a characteristically Chinese concept that needs further examination and clarification. Based on long-term fieldwork, this study of family farms for grain production in Pingzhen in southern Anhui demonstrates that the rise of these family farms is a result of both policy implementation and response to the pressure of capital bankruptcy, but it is also rooted in the endogenous efforts of middle-stratum, managerial farmers. With the size of 100 to 200 mu and rare use of hired laborers, the family farm operates by relying on family members. Yet its high level of capitalization (as seen in the use of machinery and other forms of modern input) and hence high level of labor productivity permits its prevalence over small farmers as well as large capitalized farms. But the family farm is more than an economic unit; it also performs multiple social functions. Its development, therefore, has to be moderate, adaptive, and incremental.从经典作家笔下的资本主义农场到农民家庭组织，再到商品化条件下农民的无产化，中央一号文件所提出的家庭农场是一个颇具中国特色的概念，因此对其性质需要进一步厘清。根据在皖南萍镇粮食家庭农场所做的长期调查，笔者发现家庭农场的形成既有政策和外力的推动，也有中农和职业农民内生性力量的承接。在当前核心家庭为主的家庭人口结构背景下，一二百亩的家庭农场，雇工比例极低。无长工、少短工，依靠家庭劳动力，成为家庭农场在劳动力方面的主要特征。家庭农场在保证土地生产率的同时，通过使用机械、扩大规模，增加了土地总产出，同时增加了自身收益。但家庭农场土地获得需要较高租金，固定资本投入也多，另外对种子、农药和化肥等生产要素投入积极。高资本和高劳动生产率构成家庭农场击败小农、中农和资本型农场的根本。不过，在社会效益上，小农和中农具有多方面功能，家庭农场的发展只能是适度的、局部的，只能循序渐进。
{"title":"Capitalization without Labor-Hiring: The Family Farm as a New Type of Agricultural Management in Pingzhen of Southern Anhui (无雇佣化的资本化：对新型农业经营主体家庭农场性质再认识——以皖南萍镇粮食家庭农场为例)","authors":"Lianchao Yu","doi":"10.1163/22136746-01501004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22136746-01501004","url":null,"abstract":"Unlike capitalist farms or traditional peasant household organizations or commodified agriculture with the proletarianization of the peasantry as examined in classic studies, the so-called “family farm” 家庭农场 proposed by the CPC in its “No. 1 Document” is a characteristically Chinese concept that needs further examination and clarification. Based on long-term fieldwork, this study of family farms for grain production in Pingzhen in southern Anhui demonstrates that the rise of these family farms is a result of both policy implementation and response to the pressure of capital bankruptcy, but it is also rooted in the endogenous efforts of middle-stratum, managerial farmers. With the size of 100 to 200 mu and rare use of hired laborers, the family farm operates by relying on family members. Yet its high level of capitalization (as seen in the use of machinery and other forms of modern input) and hence high level of labor productivity permits its prevalence over small farmers as well as large capitalized farms. But the family farm is more than an economic unit; it also performs multiple social functions. Its development, therefore, has to be moderate, adaptive, and incremental.从经典作家笔下的资本主义农场到农民家庭组织，再到商品化条件下农民的无产化，中央一号文件所提出的家庭农场是一个颇具中国特色的概念，因此对其性质需要进一步厘清。根据在皖南萍镇粮食家庭农场所做的长期调查，笔者发现家庭农场的形成既有政策和外力的推动，也有中农和职业农民内生性力量的承接。在当前核心家庭为主的家庭人口结构背景下，一二百亩的家庭农场，雇工比例极低。无长工、少短工，依靠家庭劳动力，成为家庭农场在劳动力方面的主要特征。家庭农场在保证土地生产率的同时，通过使用机械、扩大规模，增加了土地总产出，同时增加了自身收益。但家庭农场土地获得需要较高租金，固定资本投入也多，另外对种子、农药和化肥等生产要素投入积极。高资本和高劳动生产率构成家庭农场击败小农、中农和资本型农场的根本。不过，在社会效益上，小农和中农具有多方面功能，家庭农场的发展只能是适度的、局部的，只能循序渐进。","PeriodicalId":37171,"journal":{"name":"Rural China","volume":"15 1","pages":"81-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22136746-01501004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42848262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-04DOI: 10.1163/22136746-01501006
Wanqun Liu, Hui-Lan Lin
A nationwide campaign for poverty-elimination has been underway for years. This article examines the task of “double implementation” 双到 of poverty-alleviation policies in County A, and discusses the obvious faults in the process and the complicated factors behind such faults, including the constraints of objective conditions, the mandatory requirements for poverty elimination as a political task, the malfunctioning of mechanisms for correcting mistakes, and local government’s redefinition of policy objectives, etc. All these factors work together to make the work of poverty-elimination deviate from its original objectives, as well as to make the mechanism of “inter-government complicity” function to legitimate such deviation.近年来，一场大规模的扶贫运动在全国轰轰烈烈的开展起来。本文以A县前两轮扶贫“双到”工作为例，指出扶贫政策在实践中存在着明显的执行偏差。通过考察扶贫政策的具体执行过程，发现扶贫政策执行偏差的生成机制复杂而多元，包括客观条件限制、硬性扶贫政治任务约束、纠偏机制失灵、地方政府的政策目标替代等。这些因素之间相互交叠、彼此嵌套，使得扶贫工作逐步偏离原初的政策目标，并通过“政府间的共谋”的机制得以“合法化”。
A nationwide campaign for power optimization has been under way for years This article examines the task of "double implementation" double to of power admission policies in County A, and discusses the objective faults in the process and the applied factors behind such faults, including the constraints of objective conditions, the mandatory requirements for power determination as a political task, the malfunctioning of mechanisms for correcting mistakes, In recent years, a large-scale poverty alleviation campaign has been vigorously carried out across the country. This article takes the first two rounds of poverty alleviation "double arrival" work in County A as an example, pointing out that there are obvious implementation deviations in poverty alleviation policies in practice. By examining the specific implementation process of poverty alleviation policies, it was found that the generation mechanisms of deviation in poverty alleviation policy implementation are complex and diverse, including objective conditions constraints, rigid poverty alleviation political task constraints, failure of correction mechanisms, and substitution of policy objectives by local governments. These factors overlap and nest with each other, gradually deviating from the original policy objectives of poverty alleviation work, and being "legalized" through the mechanism of "collusion between governments".
{"title":"The Policy of Targeted Elimination of Poverty and Its Faulty Implementation: Findings from County A of Guangdong Province (精准扶贫中的政策执行偏差——基于广东省A 县的扶贫经验)","authors":"Wanqun Liu, Hui-Lan Lin","doi":"10.1163/22136746-01501006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22136746-01501006","url":null,"abstract":"A nationwide campaign for poverty-elimination has been underway for years. This article examines the task of “double implementation” 双到 of poverty-alleviation policies in County A, and discusses the obvious faults in the process and the complicated factors behind such faults, including the constraints of objective conditions, the mandatory requirements for poverty elimination as a political task, the malfunctioning of mechanisms for correcting mistakes, and local government’s redefinition of policy objectives, etc. All these factors work together to make the work of poverty-elimination deviate from its original objectives, as well as to make the mechanism of “inter-government complicity” function to legitimate such deviation.近年来，一场大规模的扶贫运动在全国轰轰烈烈的开展起来。本文以A县前两轮扶贫“双到”工作为例，指出扶贫政策在实践中存在着明显的执行偏差。通过考察扶贫政策的具体执行过程，发现扶贫政策执行偏差的生成机制复杂而多元，包括客观条件限制、硬性扶贫政治任务约束、纠偏机制失灵、地方政府的政策目标替代等。这些因素之间相互交叠、彼此嵌套，使得扶贫工作逐步偏离原初的政策目标，并通过“政府间的共谋”的机制得以“合法化”。","PeriodicalId":37171,"journal":{"name":"Rural China","volume":"15 1","pages":"157-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22136746-01501006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49421888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-04DOI: 10.1163/22136746-01501005
Mouyun Zhao
Using Gini coefficients of land distribution, the proportion of small landowners, and the size of landholdings of large landowners in rural Shanxi before the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, this article shows that, overall, land was not concentrated but rather fragmented among all classes and that small landowners (mainly owner-cultivator peasants and semi-owner-cultivator peasants) predominated. In addition, the data presented here indicate that tenancy relations were also relatively unproblematic. Most of the tensions and contradictions in rural Shanxi were between the government and the common people, who bore the dual burden of state oppression and heavy taxation. The intense population-to-land pressure also contributed to Shanxi’s rural poverty.通过对山西部分农村地权分配基尼系数的测算和小土地所有者比例及大地户占地情况的统计，可知在抗战前的山西农村，土地在总体上是比较分散的分配在各个阶层的，以自耕农和半自耕农为代表的小土地所有制占据主导地位，在此基础上的租佃关系比较缓和。乡村社会的矛盾和冲突更多地体现在官民之间，即农民负担过重，受压榨太甚。此外，紧张的人地关系亦是造成农村普遍贫困的一个重要因素。
Using Gini benefits of land distribution, the promotion of small landowners, and the size of landholdings of large landowners in rural Shanxi before the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, this article shows that, overall, Land was not centralized but rather fragmented among all classes and that small landowners (main owner cultivator talents and semi owner cultivator talents) dominant In addition, the data presented here indicates that tense relationships were also relatively unproblematic Most of the tensions and contradictions in rural Shanxi were between the government and the common people, who are both the dual burden of state oppression and heavy taxation The intensive population to land pressure also contributed to Shanxi's rural power. By calculating the Gini coefficient of land ownership distribution in some rural areas of Shanxi, as well as calculating the proportion of small land owners and the land occupation situation of landlords, it can be seen that in rural areas of Shanxi before the Anti Japanese War, land was generally distributed in a relatively scattered manner among various social classes, with small land ownership represented by self farmers and semi self farmers occupying the dominant position, On this basis, the tenant relationship is relatively relaxed. The contradictions and conflicts in rural society are more reflected in the relationship between officials and the people, that is, the burden on farmers is too heavy and the pressure is too great. In addition, the tense relationship between people and land is also an important factor causing widespread poverty in rural areas.
{"title":"Land Issues in Shanxi Province before the War of Resistance against Japan (抗战前山西土地问题新探)","authors":"Mouyun Zhao","doi":"10.1163/22136746-01501005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22136746-01501005","url":null,"abstract":"Using Gini coefficients of land distribution, the proportion of small landowners, and the size of landholdings of large landowners in rural Shanxi before the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, this article shows that, overall, land was not concentrated but rather fragmented among all classes and that small landowners (mainly owner-cultivator peasants and semi-owner-cultivator peasants) predominated. In addition, the data presented here indicate that tenancy relations were also relatively unproblematic. Most of the tensions and contradictions in rural Shanxi were between the government and the common people, who bore the dual burden of state oppression and heavy taxation. The intense population-to-land pressure also contributed to Shanxi’s rural poverty.通过对山西部分农村地权分配基尼系数的测算和小土地所有者比例及大地户占地情况的统计，可知在抗战前的山西农村，土地在总体上是比较分散的分配在各个阶层的，以自耕农和半自耕农为代表的小土地所有制占据主导地位，在此基础上的租佃关系比较缓和。乡村社会的矛盾和冲突更多地体现在官民之间，即农民负担过重，受压榨太甚。此外，紧张的人地关系亦是造成农村普遍贫困的一个重要因素。","PeriodicalId":37171,"journal":{"name":"Rural China","volume":"15 1","pages":"127-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22136746-01501005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47382556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-04DOI: 10.1163/22136746-01501001
Hua Yang, Hui Wang
With the migration and urbanization of China’s rural population, married members of the Post-1980 and Post-1990 generation, together with their parents, have formed a new type of three-generation family which in some respects is similar to the earlier three-generation families but quite different in substance. In the new three-generation families, even though the offspring and the parents constitute separate accounting units, they have not undergone formal household division. The parents have come to be incorporated into their offspring’s families, forming a new three-generation family with each of their offspring. The structure of the new three-generation families allows the offspring to cope with the pressures from village competition, labor migration, and urbanization by fully using the resources and labor power of the parents, thereby driving the development of these new peasant families. Such families have in fact overemphasized instrumentalist rationality, resulting in the overuse and exploitation of middle-aged labor. The elderly who are unable to work are excluded from the household and their living space has been narrowed. The formation of these new families runs counter to the expectation that rural families will become entirely nuclear families after China’s industrialization, showing that rural family formation has a distinctive cultural basis.伴随着农村人口流动和农民城市化，婚后的“八零后”、“九零后”农民与父代组成了类似三代直系家庭但却有实质差别的新“三代家庭”。在该类家庭中，父代与子代、子代家庭之间的会计单位是相互独立的，但是子代与父代在形式上又没有明确分家，这就使得父代被分别纳入到子代家庭，成为子代家庭的成员，从而分别与子代家庭构成三代直系家庭。新“三代家庭”结构有利于子代对父代资源和劳动力的充分调配，以应对村庄竞争、人口流动和城市化所带来的问题和压力，推动农民家庭发展。新“三代家庭”过于强调家庭关系的工具理性，从而使得农村中年人的劳动力被过度使用和剥削。没有劳动能力的老年人不被纳入进新“三代家庭”，他们的生存空间被挤压。新“三代家庭”的出现有力地驳斥了中国工业化后农民家庭将彻底核心化的论断，说明农村家庭的延续和变化皆有其独特的文化基础。
{"title":"New Three-Generation Families in Rural China (中国农村新“三代家庭”研究)","authors":"Hua Yang, Hui Wang","doi":"10.1163/22136746-01501001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22136746-01501001","url":null,"abstract":"With the migration and urbanization of China’s rural population, married members of the Post-1980 and Post-1990 generation, together with their parents, have formed a new type of three-generation family which in some respects is similar to the earlier three-generation families but quite different in substance. In the new three-generation families, even though the offspring and the parents constitute separate accounting units, they have not undergone formal household division. The parents have come to be incorporated into their offspring’s families, forming a new three-generation family with each of their offspring. The structure of the new three-generation families allows the offspring to cope with the pressures from village competition, labor migration, and urbanization by fully using the resources and labor power of the parents, thereby driving the development of these new peasant families. Such families have in fact overemphasized instrumentalist rationality, resulting in the overuse and exploitation of middle-aged labor. The elderly who are unable to work are excluded from the household and their living space has been narrowed. The formation of these new families runs counter to the expectation that rural families will become entirely nuclear families after China’s industrialization, showing that rural family formation has a distinctive cultural basis.伴随着农村人口流动和农民城市化，婚后的“八零后”、“九零后”农民与父代组成了类似三代直系家庭但却有实质差别的新“三代家庭”。在该类家庭中，父代与子代、子代家庭之间的会计单位是相互独立的，但是子代与父代在形式上又没有明确分家，这就使得父代被分别纳入到子代家庭，成为子代家庭的成员，从而分别与子代家庭构成三代直系家庭。新“三代家庭”结构有利于子代对父代资源和劳动力的充分调配，以应对村庄竞争、人口流动和城市化所带来的问题和压力，推动农民家庭发展。新“三代家庭”过于强调家庭关系的工具理性，从而使得农村中年人的劳动力被过度使用和剥削。没有劳动能力的老年人不被纳入进新“三代家庭”，他们的生存空间被挤压。新“三代家庭”的出现有力地驳斥了中国工业化后农民家庭将彻底核心化的论断，说明农村家庭的延续和变化皆有其独特的文化基础。","PeriodicalId":37171,"journal":{"name":"Rural China","volume":" 36","pages":"1-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22136746-01501001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41252633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-04DOI: 10.1163/22136746-01501002
Hailong Wu
The amount of bride price in the lineage-centered villages in northern Guangdong has decreased, in sharp contrast to its escalation throughout the country. This article examines changes in life styles in the rural communities of northern Guangdong through an analysis of local activities in relation to bride prices. Indicative of the deterioration of the extended family and the weakening of the authority of parents in decision-making, the determination of bride price has shifted from the senior generation to adult children, and the importance of bride price in marriage has decreased accordingly, as has its amount. All these suggest the growing importance of emotion as a defining factor in the family as a result of changes in family relations and the household economy that have undermined traditional family morality.粤北宗族村的彩礼相对于全国彩礼高涨的形势，不增反而相对下降。本文通过婚姻彩礼行为的分析，透视了粤北传统宗族村落家庭生活方式的变迁。在大家庭生活式微的过程中，婚姻彩礼从由长辈主导到由子女主导。彩礼在婚姻中的作用逐渐弱化，彩礼价格也相对下降。大家庭逐渐丧失公共性，长辈从家长的公共角色转变为父母这样的私人角色。随着家庭政治经济的嬗变，家庭内的伦理道德丧失了存在的需要和基础，情感成为家庭中起主导作用的力量。
The amount of bride price in the linear centered villages in northern Guangdong has decreased, in sharp contrast to its escalation throughout the country This article examines changes in life styles in the rural communities of northern Guangdong through an analysis of local activities in relation to bring prices Indicative of the determination of the extended family and the weakening of the authority of parents in decision making, the determination of bride price has shifted from the senior generation to adult children, and the importance of bride price in marriage has increased according to, as has its amount All these suggestions of the growing importance of emotion as a defining factor in the family as a result of changes in family relationships and the household economy that has under determined traditional family morality. This article analyzes the changes in family lifestyles in traditional ancestral villages in northern Guangdong through the analysis of dowry behavior. In the process of declining family life, marriage dowry has shifted from being dominated by elders to being dominated by children. The role of dowry in marriage is gradually weakening, and the price of dowry is also relatively decreasing. The large family gradually loses its public nature, and the elders shift from the public role of parents to the private role of parents. With the evolution of family politics and economy, the ethical and moral values within the family have lost their need and foundation for existence, and emotions have become the dominant force in the family.
{"title":"The Decline of Extended Families and Changes in Bride Price in Lineage Villages in Northern Guangdong (大家庭式微：理解粤北宗族村落彩礼变迁的一种视角——基于城村的考察)","authors":"Hailong Wu","doi":"10.1163/22136746-01501002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22136746-01501002","url":null,"abstract":"The amount of bride price in the lineage-centered villages in northern Guangdong has decreased, in sharp contrast to its escalation throughout the country. This article examines changes in life styles in the rural communities of northern Guangdong through an analysis of local activities in relation to bride prices. Indicative of the deterioration of the extended family and the weakening of the authority of parents in decision-making, the determination of bride price has shifted from the senior generation to adult children, and the importance of bride price in marriage has decreased accordingly, as has its amount. All these suggest the growing importance of emotion as a defining factor in the family as a result of changes in family relations and the household economy that have undermined traditional family morality.粤北宗族村的彩礼相对于全国彩礼高涨的形势，不增反而相对下降。本文通过婚姻彩礼行为的分析，透视了粤北传统宗族村落家庭生活方式的变迁。在大家庭生活式微的过程中，婚姻彩礼从由长辈主导到由子女主导。彩礼在婚姻中的作用逐渐弱化，彩礼价格也相对下降。大家庭逐渐丧失公共性，长辈从家长的公共角色转变为父母这样的私人角色。随着家庭政治经济的嬗变，家庭内的伦理道德丧失了存在的需要和基础，情感成为家庭中起主导作用的力量。","PeriodicalId":37171,"journal":{"name":"Rural China","volume":"15 1","pages":"31-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22136746-01501002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43836764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-04DOI: 10.1163/22136746-01501003
Zhuzhi Xia
There are striking regional variations in agricultural transformation throughout China. Findings from the economically advanced areas show that government intervention in such areas likely results in the rise of “dependent farmers” 依附农 who are embedded in the existing administrative system and whose management approach and its consequences defy the conventional wisdom on agricultural capitalism. In the case of suburban Shanghai, the coming of sojourning farmers and the resultant changes in agriculture have become “problematic” under the current policies of agricultural governance, hence their removal from local agricultural production and the rise of “local farmers and family farms” in their stead. Despite the facade of modern agriculture and autonomous management, the family farm operates essentially in an “administrative” mode. The local government plays a decisive role in farmers’ choice of production and returns through its whole package of agricultural management systems, thus turning the market-oriented managerial farmers into dependents of the administrative system. The major problem with the new method in agricultural management, therefore, lies in the high cost of agricultural management and the government’s subsequent subsidies for agriculture to insure its survival, hence the formation of the dual dependence of farmland contractors and actual operators upon the agricultural administrative system and the emergence of a “profit-sharing order.” On the basis of this, the article further elaborates on problems with the farmland system in the advanced areas.中国农业的转型具有区域差异的特征,发达地区的经验表明政府干预可能形成嵌入行政体系的“依附农”,其经营方式和后果不同于通常所界定的农业资本主义。以沪郊农村为例,在农业治理要求下,沪郊外来农民及自发的农业变迁被“问题化”,随之被地方政府排除出农业生产领域,“本地农民-家庭农场”取而代之。家庭农场虽然有现代农业及自主经营的外在形式,但其内在运作机制是一套“行政化”的农业经营模式。地方政府通过一整套农业经营制度安排支配着经营者选择、生产标准和收益空间,将面向市场的自主经营者转变为面向行政体系的依附经营者。新农业经营方式的主要问题是农业经营成本被人为推高,迫使政府以农业补贴维持农业再生产,进而形成土地承包者和实际经营者共同依附农业行政体系获得丰厚收益的“分利秩序”。在这一基础上,本文还对发达地区所显示的农地制度问题进行了初步的反思。
{"title":"Dependent Farmers and Their Embedment in the Administrative System: Government Intervention and Agricultural Transformation in Suburban Shanghai (嵌入行政体系的依附农——沪郊农村的政府干预和农业转型)","authors":"Zhuzhi Xia","doi":"10.1163/22136746-01501003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22136746-01501003","url":null,"abstract":"There are striking regional variations in agricultural transformation throughout China. Findings from the economically advanced areas show that government intervention in such areas likely results in the rise of “dependent farmers” 依附农 who are embedded in the existing administrative system and whose management approach and its consequences defy the conventional wisdom on agricultural capitalism. In the case of suburban Shanghai, the coming of sojourning farmers and the resultant changes in agriculture have become “problematic” under the current policies of agricultural governance, hence their removal from local agricultural production and the rise of “local farmers and family farms” in their stead. Despite the facade of modern agriculture and autonomous management, the family farm operates essentially in an “administrative” mode. The local government plays a decisive role in farmers’ choice of production and returns through its whole package of agricultural management systems, thus turning the market-oriented managerial farmers into dependents of the administrative system. The major problem with the new method in agricultural management, therefore, lies in the high cost of agricultural management and the government’s subsequent subsidies for agriculture to insure its survival, hence the formation of the dual dependence of farmland contractors and actual operators upon the agricultural administrative system and the emergence of a “profit-sharing order.” On the basis of this, the article further elaborates on problems with the farmland system in the advanced areas.中国农业的转型具有区域差异的特征,发达地区的经验表明政府干预可能形成嵌入行政体系的“依附农”,其经营方式和后果不同于通常所界定的农业资本主义。以沪郊农村为例,在农业治理要求下,沪郊外来农民及自发的农业变迁被“问题化”,随之被地方政府排除出农业生产领域,“本地农民-家庭农场”取而代之。家庭农场虽然有现代农业及自主经营的外在形式,但其内在运作机制是一套“行政化”的农业经营模式。地方政府通过一整套农业经营制度安排支配着经营者选择、生产标准和收益空间,将面向市场的自主经营者转变为面向行政体系的依附经营者。新农业经营方式的主要问题是农业经营成本被人为推高,迫使政府以农业补贴维持农业再生产,进而形成土地承包者和实际经营者共同依附农业行政体系获得丰厚收益的“分利秩序”。在这一基础上,本文还对发达地区所显示的农地制度问题进行了初步的反思。","PeriodicalId":37171,"journal":{"name":"Rural China","volume":"15 1","pages":"55-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22136746-01501003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43952821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-20DOI: 10.1163/22136746-01402005
Chang Liu, Shiqi Bao, Dan-Ni Pei
The xianggu (shiitake) mushroom industry in Xixia county, Henan, emerged and initially experienced rapid growth during the reform and opening up period. It has benefited from both the rapid expansion of the food consumption market in China and the guidance and support of the local government. After thirty years of sustained expansion, the growth of the mushroom market began to slow down and competition within the industry became fierce. Facing rich and powerful mushroom dealers, individual mushroom farmers have had to bear the brunt of market fluctuations. To break the predicament of farmers’ suffering from low prices (because of the bumper harvest paradox) and to help farmers protect their interests and gain a fair share of the industry’s profits, and thus to achieve sustained and healthy development of the mushroom industry, important institutional innovations are needed.西峡县香菇产业在改革开放时期经历了从零开始的飞速增长，这既得益于食品消费市场的迅速扩张，也得益于地方政府的引导和扶持。在经历了三十年的持续扩张后，香菇市场增速开始放缓，业内竞争压力凸显。面对财大气粗的菇行，势孤力单的个体菇农首当其冲,受到市场的挤压。要破解菇贱伤农的困局，帮助菇农保护自己的利益和分享产业的利润，并实现香菇产业的健康持续发展，就需要在产业组织和制度上进行创新。 (This article is in English.)
The xianggu (shiitake) Mushroom industry in Xixia county, Henan, emerging and initially experienced rapid growth during the reform and opening up period It has been benefitted from both the rapid expansion of the food consumption market in China and the guidance and support of the local government After third years of sustained expansion, the growth of the Mushroom market Began to slow down and competition within the industry because of field Facing rich and powerful Mushroom dealers, individual Mushroom farmers have had to bear the brunt of market fluctuations To break the premise of farmers' sustenance from low prices (because of the bumper Harvest parade) and to help farmers protect their interests and gain a fair share of the industry's profits, and that to achieve sustained and healthy development of the multi room industry, Important institutional innovations are needed. The mushroom industry in Xixia County experienced rapid growth from scratch during the reform and opening up period, which was not only due to the rapid expansion of the food consumption market, but also thanks to the guidance and support of local governments. After 30 years of continuous expansion, the growth rate of the mushroom market has begun to slow down, highlighting the competitive pressure in the industry. Faced with the wealthy and wealthy mushroom industry, individual mushroom farmers with solitary power bear the brunt and are squeezed by the market. To break through the dilemma of cheap mushrooms harming farmers, help mushroom farmers protect their own interests and share industry profits, and achieve the healthy and sustainable development of the mushroom industry, it is necessary to innovate in industrial organization and systems. (This article is in English.)
{"title":"The Xianggu Mushroom Industry in Xixia County, Henan: A Case Study (西峡香菇产业的个案研究)","authors":"Chang Liu, Shiqi Bao, Dan-Ni Pei","doi":"10.1163/22136746-01402005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22136746-01402005","url":null,"abstract":"The xianggu (shiitake) mushroom industry in Xixia county, Henan, emerged and initially experienced rapid growth during the reform and opening up period. It has benefited from both the rapid expansion of the food consumption market in China and the guidance and support of the local government. After thirty years of sustained expansion, the growth of the mushroom market began to slow down and competition within the industry became fierce. Facing rich and powerful mushroom dealers, individual mushroom farmers have had to bear the brunt of market fluctuations. To break the predicament of farmers’ suffering from low prices (because of the bumper harvest paradox) and to help farmers protect their interests and gain a fair share of the industry’s profits, and thus to achieve sustained and healthy development of the mushroom industry, important institutional innovations are needed.西峡县香菇产业在改革开放时期经历了从零开始的飞速增长，这既得益于食品消费市场的迅速扩张，也得益于地方政府的引导和扶持。在经历了三十年的持续扩张后，香菇市场增速开始放缓，业内竞争压力凸显。面对财大气粗的菇行，势孤力单的个体菇农首当其冲,受到市场的挤压。要破解菇贱伤农的困局，帮助菇农保护自己的利益和分享产业的利润，并实现香菇产业的健康持续发展，就需要在产业组织和制度上进行创新。 (This article is in English.)","PeriodicalId":37171,"journal":{"name":"Rural China","volume":"14 1","pages":"375-404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22136746-01402005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44640946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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