This chapter highlights Bishop Berkeley's 'keys of the kingdom', in which he argued that the seaports of the south and east were lynchpins in an economy that had become highly export dependent. It notes that they were the conduits through which trade passed, where goods were assembled, processed and despatched, and where financial services were available. And 'merchants' did indeed possess the keys. The chapter examines the classic era of the merchant, the sedentary négotiant who dominated the business and usually the government of port cities, who dealt in a variety of import/export lines of trade with overseas correspondents, and who settled accounts by means of an internationally accepted set of protocols governing the use of bills of exchange across western Europe and the North Atlantic. It also describes the Irish merchant communities in Sligo, Galway, and Dublin who were overwhelmingly male and culturally diverse. Finally, the chapter assesses the Catholic merchants' pre-eminent position in this wholesale trade after the enormous setbacks of the seventeenth century.
{"title":"THE KEYS OF THE KINGDOM","authors":"D. Dickson","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1nwbqv3.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1nwbqv3.10","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter highlights Bishop Berkeley's 'keys of the kingdom', in which he argued that the seaports of the south and east were lynchpins in an economy that had become highly export dependent. It notes that they were the conduits through which trade passed, where goods were assembled, processed and despatched, and where financial services were available. And 'merchants' did indeed possess the keys. The chapter examines the classic era of the merchant, the sedentary négotiant who dominated the business and usually the government of port cities, who dealt in a variety of import/export lines of trade with overseas correspondents, and who settled accounts by means of an internationally accepted set of protocols governing the use of bills of exchange across western Europe and the North Atlantic. It also describes the Irish merchant communities in Sligo, Galway, and Dublin who were overwhelmingly male and culturally diverse. Finally, the chapter assesses the Catholic merchants' pre-eminent position in this wholesale trade after the enormous setbacks of the seventeenth century.","PeriodicalId":371806,"journal":{"name":"The First Irish Cities","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132225241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-08DOI: 10.12987/9780300255898-013
{"title":"8. Food for Thought","authors":"","doi":"10.12987/9780300255898-013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300255898-013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371806,"journal":{"name":"The First Irish Cities","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124355822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-08DOI: 10.12987/9780300255898-014
{"title":"9. Order and Disorder","authors":"","doi":"10.12987/9780300255898-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300255898-014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371806,"journal":{"name":"The First Irish Cities","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127576585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter spotlights the role of the state (via the army) in enforcing urban security and in creating professional policing for the capital city. It begins by describing the greatest building project in Dublin, the Royal Barracks. The creation within a capital city of such a vast military establishment was a consequence of the agreement by the (all Protestant) Irish Parliament to house and maintain on Irish soil the bulk of the English standing army during peacetime. The chapter then turns to study the logic behind the increased concentration of the military in the cities. It argues that the permanent presence of military manpower, albeit in largely open residential barracks, helped make the case for continuing the gradual process of urban de-fortification. The chapter also looks into the three collective threats to urban order: faction fights, scarcity riots and artisan protests. It focuses more on the severe food shortages across Ulster and the food protests in 1729 in which civic authorities turned to the military for help. Finally, the chapter reviews the implications of industrial protest — a collective action by producers taken against their masters, other traders or workers, or even against consumers.
{"title":"ORDER AND DISORDER","authors":"D. Dickson","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1nwbqv3.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1nwbqv3.17","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter spotlights the role of the state (via the army) in enforcing urban security and in creating professional policing for the capital city. It begins by describing the greatest building project in Dublin, the Royal Barracks. The creation within a capital city of such a vast military establishment was a consequence of the agreement by the (all Protestant) Irish Parliament to house and maintain on Irish soil the bulk of the English standing army during peacetime. The chapter then turns to study the logic behind the increased concentration of the military in the cities. It argues that the permanent presence of military manpower, albeit in largely open residential barracks, helped make the case for continuing the gradual process of urban de-fortification. The chapter also looks into the three collective threats to urban order: faction fights, scarcity riots and artisan protests. It focuses more on the severe food shortages across Ulster and the food protests in 1729 in which civic authorities turned to the military for help. Finally, the chapter reviews the implications of industrial protest — a collective action by producers taken against their masters, other traders or workers, or even against consumers.","PeriodicalId":371806,"journal":{"name":"The First Irish Cities","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127786442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-08DOI: 10.12987/yale/9780300229462.003.0002
D. Dickson
This chapter discusses John Ferrar's history of Limerick which reflected on the ending of the city's final siege in 1691. It notes that the achievement of a hundred years of peace from the 1690s to the 1790s was one of the defining characteristics of eighteenth-century Ireland. The chapter then looks at the disappearance of defensive walls from most of the larger urban centers. These walls were old and by Continental standards quite tame structures, both in height and in mass. It also analyzes how both entry gates and much of the connected walling had vanished from Irish cities by 1800. In their prime, city walls had defined the intangibles of civic identity and corporate prestige. The chapter argues that the disappearance of city walls was a deliberate and often controversial process that reflected the progressive subjugation of city communities to the princely state and its military priorities. The chapter then shifts focus on to how urban defences had continued to shape military outcomes in the course of the seventeenth century — particularly the case in the northernmost city of Derry.
{"title":"The Walls Come Down","authors":"D. Dickson","doi":"10.12987/yale/9780300229462.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300229462.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses John Ferrar's history of Limerick which reflected on the ending of the city's final siege in 1691. It notes that the achievement of a hundred years of peace from the 1690s to the 1790s was one of the defining characteristics of eighteenth-century Ireland. The chapter then looks at the disappearance of defensive walls from most of the larger urban centers. These walls were old and by Continental standards quite tame structures, both in height and in mass. It also analyzes how both entry gates and much of the connected walling had vanished from Irish cities by 1800. In their prime, city walls had defined the intangibles of civic identity and corporate prestige. The chapter argues that the disappearance of city walls was a deliberate and often controversial process that reflected the progressive subjugation of city communities to the princely state and its military priorities. The chapter then shifts focus on to how urban defences had continued to shape military outcomes in the course of the seventeenth century — particularly the case in the northernmost city of Derry.","PeriodicalId":371806,"journal":{"name":"The First Irish Cities","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133705357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-08DOI: 10.12987/9780300255898-011
{"title":"6. Together and Apart","authors":"","doi":"10.12987/9780300255898-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300255898-011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371806,"journal":{"name":"The First Irish Cities","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114163166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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