Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21622515.2019.1593514
S. Cosgrove, B. Jefferson, P. Jarvis
ABSTRACT Pesticides are an important part of crop production worldwide, however their use poses a threat to potable water sources. Seasonal use of pesticides can cause increased concentrations to be detected at potable water abstraction sites as a shock load which can be difficult for conventional treatment processes to deal with. Concentrations of pesticides above 0.1 µg/L in drinking water contravene the regulations as laid out in the Drinking Water Directive and cause significant reputational and financial impact to water companies. This review considers the relationships between the pesticides that have caused compliance failures and their physico-chemical properties, and factors such as weather and rainfall. It was found that over 50% of the pesticide compliance failures in England and Wales were caused by the molluscicide metaldehyde and that the majority of the problematic pesticides are considered to be polar and mobile. The review looks in further detail at five different pesticides with differing physico-chemical properties known to have caused compliance failures and to be of particular concern for water companies. In addition adsorption media which could be utilised in agricultural catchments were investigated to understand whether they could be applied to prevent the onward contamination of potable water sources. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Pesticide removal from drinking water sources by adsorption: a review","authors":"S. Cosgrove, B. Jefferson, P. Jarvis","doi":"10.1080/21622515.2019.1593514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2019.1593514","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Pesticides are an important part of crop production worldwide, however their use poses a threat to potable water sources. Seasonal use of pesticides can cause increased concentrations to be detected at potable water abstraction sites as a shock load which can be difficult for conventional treatment processes to deal with. Concentrations of pesticides above 0.1 µg/L in drinking water contravene the regulations as laid out in the Drinking Water Directive and cause significant reputational and financial impact to water companies. This review considers the relationships between the pesticides that have caused compliance failures and their physico-chemical properties, and factors such as weather and rainfall. It was found that over 50% of the pesticide compliance failures in England and Wales were caused by the molluscicide metaldehyde and that the majority of the problematic pesticides are considered to be polar and mobile. The review looks in further detail at five different pesticides with differing physico-chemical properties known to have caused compliance failures and to be of particular concern for water companies. In addition adsorption media which could be utilised in agricultural catchments were investigated to understand whether they could be applied to prevent the onward contamination of potable water sources. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":37266,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology Reviews","volume":"8 1","pages":"1 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21622515.2019.1593514","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42750799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21622515.2019.1647292
M. Schmack, M. Anda, S. Dallas, R. Fornarelli
ABSTRACT The integration of hybrid water systems (HWS) into the traditional supply networks is closely linked to achieving sustainable water provision for ever-expanding urban developments. These systems aim to utilise locally occurring water sources by collecting and using water within a discrete boundary. Alternative water technologies such as greywater and rainwater collection systems can reduce pressure on shallow groundwater resources, lessen infrastructure and maintenance costs of existing water systems by deferring new developments such as seawater RO desalination plants and wastewater treatment plants. Ultimately, large-scale HWS implementation can bring about the creation of a water trading market, either in the form of physical peer-to-peer water trading or via a credit-debit system. This review highlights the social, technical and administrative components and factors involved in establishing sustainable HWS. It describes traditional and future trends in urban water management, that is now guided by Water Sensitive Urban Design and Integrated Urban Water Management approaches. The technical aspects of HWS’, their components, benefits and drawbacks of their implementation are highlighted. Social implications from the viewpoints of water practitioners as well as consumers are discussed. An overview of the economics of hybrid water systems, both in terms of their cost and energy consumption per water unit is provided. Sections on the role of policy makers and governance arrangements for small-scale distributed water systems and an overview of the current status of rural and urban water trading schemes conclude the review. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Urban water trading – hybrid water systems and niche opportunities in the urban water market – a literature review","authors":"M. Schmack, M. Anda, S. Dallas, R. Fornarelli","doi":"10.1080/21622515.2019.1647292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2019.1647292","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The integration of hybrid water systems (HWS) into the traditional supply networks is closely linked to achieving sustainable water provision for ever-expanding urban developments. These systems aim to utilise locally occurring water sources by collecting and using water within a discrete boundary. Alternative water technologies such as greywater and rainwater collection systems can reduce pressure on shallow groundwater resources, lessen infrastructure and maintenance costs of existing water systems by deferring new developments such as seawater RO desalination plants and wastewater treatment plants. Ultimately, large-scale HWS implementation can bring about the creation of a water trading market, either in the form of physical peer-to-peer water trading or via a credit-debit system. This review highlights the social, technical and administrative components and factors involved in establishing sustainable HWS. It describes traditional and future trends in urban water management, that is now guided by Water Sensitive Urban Design and Integrated Urban Water Management approaches. The technical aspects of HWS’, their components, benefits and drawbacks of their implementation are highlighted. Social implications from the viewpoints of water practitioners as well as consumers are discussed. An overview of the economics of hybrid water systems, both in terms of their cost and energy consumption per water unit is provided. Sections on the role of policy makers and governance arrangements for small-scale distributed water systems and an overview of the current status of rural and urban water trading schemes conclude the review. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":37266,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology Reviews","volume":"8 1","pages":"65 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21622515.2019.1647292","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49613171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21622515.2019.1631393
K. Vijayaraghavan
ABSTRACT Biochar is a stable carbon-rich product synthesized from biological materials through different heating techniques. The main aim of this review is to evaluate various biochar production methods, parameters affecting the production of biochar, facilities to investigate the composition and structure of biochar, mechanism associated with production of biochar as well as various modification procedures to suit biochar for different applications. Various methods used to synthesize biochar include pyrolysis, torrefaction, gasification, hydrothermal and flash carbonization. Several factors such as feedstock composition and type, pyrolysis conditions such as temperature and time strongly influences the property of synthesized biochar. The physico-chemical properties of biochar strongly influence the role of biochar in several applications such as fuel cells, biosorption, agriculture, supercapacitors, catalyst/support and environmental remediation. It was identified through research efforts that the properties of biochar can be altered using various chemical or physical agents to suit various applications. Thus, the present review consolidates recent advancements in biochar research with special attention towards contaminant remediation and agricultural applications. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Recent advancements in biochar preparation, feedstocks, modification, characterization and future applications","authors":"K. Vijayaraghavan","doi":"10.1080/21622515.2019.1631393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2019.1631393","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Biochar is a stable carbon-rich product synthesized from biological materials through different heating techniques. The main aim of this review is to evaluate various biochar production methods, parameters affecting the production of biochar, facilities to investigate the composition and structure of biochar, mechanism associated with production of biochar as well as various modification procedures to suit biochar for different applications. Various methods used to synthesize biochar include pyrolysis, torrefaction, gasification, hydrothermal and flash carbonization. Several factors such as feedstock composition and type, pyrolysis conditions such as temperature and time strongly influences the property of synthesized biochar. The physico-chemical properties of biochar strongly influence the role of biochar in several applications such as fuel cells, biosorption, agriculture, supercapacitors, catalyst/support and environmental remediation. It was identified through research efforts that the properties of biochar can be altered using various chemical or physical agents to suit various applications. Thus, the present review consolidates recent advancements in biochar research with special attention towards contaminant remediation and agricultural applications. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":37266,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology Reviews","volume":"8 1","pages":"47 - 64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21622515.2019.1631393","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44407195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21622515.2018.1466915
V. S. Kshirsagar, P. Pawar
ABSTRACT The efficiency and fault tolerance of biogas plant depends on the proper mixing of the sludge in the digester. The quality of mixing can be numerically evaluated based on the velocity profile in the digester. Most of the earlier studies have been focused on improving these velocity patterns with the help of impellers, which requires extra energy to drive them. The current study explores a passive approach for improving velocity pattern by providing the static flaps of optimal sizes at optimal locations. The design optimization problem is formulated to maximize the surface and domain velocities in the digester by varying the geometries and locations of flaps. Sufficient surface velocity gives an advantage by preventing the process of scum formation whereas the improved domain velocity improves gas production rate by improving contact between biomass flocks and the substrate. This concept is demonstrated through the numerical results obtained using CFD and optimization tools of COMSOL Multiphysics software. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Design optimization of biogas digester for performance improvement and fault minimization","authors":"V. S. Kshirsagar, P. Pawar","doi":"10.1080/21622515.2018.1466915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2018.1466915","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The efficiency and fault tolerance of biogas plant depends on the proper mixing of the sludge in the digester. The quality of mixing can be numerically evaluated based on the velocity profile in the digester. Most of the earlier studies have been focused on improving these velocity patterns with the help of impellers, which requires extra energy to drive them. The current study explores a passive approach for improving velocity pattern by providing the static flaps of optimal sizes at optimal locations. The design optimization problem is formulated to maximize the surface and domain velocities in the digester by varying the geometries and locations of flaps. Sufficient surface velocity gives an advantage by preventing the process of scum formation whereas the improved domain velocity improves gas production rate by improving contact between biomass flocks and the substrate. This concept is demonstrated through the numerical results obtained using CFD and optimization tools of COMSOL Multiphysics software. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":37266,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology Reviews","volume":"7 1","pages":"105 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21622515.2018.1466915","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43367848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21622515.2018.1540666
Milton M. Arimi
ABSTRACT The technologies for analysis of wastewater contaminants have recently experienced rapid advancement. One of these technologies, with high potential in wastewater treatment is the analysis of the particle size distribution (PSD) of contaminants. However, there are no detailed documented studies on the application of this technique. This study aimed at critically reviewing the technologies for PSD analysis and the application of chemical oxygen demand (COD) fractionation analysis for the characterisation of municipal wastewaters. The suitability of the PSD technology for wastewater depends on the type of wastewater and its treatment process applied. Despite the advancements in PSD technologies, many researchers and industrialists are yet to utilise PSD analysis for wastewater. It is possible to use PSD to map out the foulants distribution for optimal design of membrane treatment of municipal and other wastewaters. Biological processes increase colloidal particles which are predominantly responsible for membrane fouling. There should be more investigations on how different wastewater treatment processes alter the PSD of contaminants. More usage of PSD analysis will lead to faster and more optimal designs of the treatment processes for the removal of contaminants. It will also have great usage in the process design for the recovery of useful products from the wastewaters. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Particle size distribution as an emerging tool for the analysis of wastewater","authors":"Milton M. Arimi","doi":"10.1080/21622515.2018.1540666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2018.1540666","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The technologies for analysis of wastewater contaminants have recently experienced rapid advancement. One of these technologies, with high potential in wastewater treatment is the analysis of the particle size distribution (PSD) of contaminants. However, there are no detailed documented studies on the application of this technique. This study aimed at critically reviewing the technologies for PSD analysis and the application of chemical oxygen demand (COD) fractionation analysis for the characterisation of municipal wastewaters. The suitability of the PSD technology for wastewater depends on the type of wastewater and its treatment process applied. Despite the advancements in PSD technologies, many researchers and industrialists are yet to utilise PSD analysis for wastewater. It is possible to use PSD to map out the foulants distribution for optimal design of membrane treatment of municipal and other wastewaters. Biological processes increase colloidal particles which are predominantly responsible for membrane fouling. There should be more investigations on how different wastewater treatment processes alter the PSD of contaminants. More usage of PSD analysis will lead to faster and more optimal designs of the treatment processes for the removal of contaminants. It will also have great usage in the process design for the recovery of useful products from the wastewaters. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":37266,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology Reviews","volume":"7 1","pages":"274 - 290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21622515.2018.1540666","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48789814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21622515.2018.1473504
I. Kabdaşlı, O. Tünay
ABSTRACT The control of nutrients is a priority issue to protect drinking water resources as well as other water bodies. Although this control can be ensured through well designed joint treatment systems in cities, its application in rural areas is not as technically feasible. Therefore, the concept of decentralized treatment and source separation of domestic wastewater has been developed as a result of this requirement. This concept includes, not only control of nutrients, but also recovery and reuse of nutrients mainly for agricultural purposes. Among the source-separated fractions of domestic wastewaters, human urine or yellow water is of importance since it collects a significant part of all nutrients in a small volume. Therefore, studies have been focused on nutrient recovery from source separated human urine. This review evaluates the present state of urine treatment and resource recovery using struvite precipitation, ion exchange with zeolites and adsorption processes. The evaluation of these processes has been made by considering their theoretical bases, operational parameters, efficiencies, advantages and disadvantages. Coupling of these treatment and recovery processes with newly developed technologies such as electrochemical and biological means were considered. The impact of the use of these technologies on the environment was also evaluated. Further need of research for all processes has also been assessed and emphasized. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Nutrient recovery by struvite precipitation, ion exchange and adsorption from source-separated human urine – a review","authors":"I. Kabdaşlı, O. Tünay","doi":"10.1080/21622515.2018.1473504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2018.1473504","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The control of nutrients is a priority issue to protect drinking water resources as well as other water bodies. Although this control can be ensured through well designed joint treatment systems in cities, its application in rural areas is not as technically feasible. Therefore, the concept of decentralized treatment and source separation of domestic wastewater has been developed as a result of this requirement. This concept includes, not only control of nutrients, but also recovery and reuse of nutrients mainly for agricultural purposes. Among the source-separated fractions of domestic wastewaters, human urine or yellow water is of importance since it collects a significant part of all nutrients in a small volume. Therefore, studies have been focused on nutrient recovery from source separated human urine. This review evaluates the present state of urine treatment and resource recovery using struvite precipitation, ion exchange with zeolites and adsorption processes. The evaluation of these processes has been made by considering their theoretical bases, operational parameters, efficiencies, advantages and disadvantages. Coupling of these treatment and recovery processes with newly developed technologies such as electrochemical and biological means were considered. The impact of the use of these technologies on the environment was also evaluated. Further need of research for all processes has also been assessed and emphasized. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":37266,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology Reviews","volume":"7 1","pages":"106 - 138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21622515.2018.1473504","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44165109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Antibiotics are extensively used to protect the health of both humans and animals. This inevitably results in the contamination of aquatic environments with antibiotics. The removal of antibiotics from aquatic environments has raised concerns amongst researchers. Silicon-based materials, from natural (i.e. zeolite and quartz or feldspar minerals) to modified materials (i.e. mesoporous silica and silica gels), have been widely researched as efficient adsorbents or catalytic for the removal of contaminants from aqueous solutions. This is due to their nature features such as large pore volume, adjustable pore structure, large surface area, well-modified surface, and high reaction activity. The main objective of this study is to describe and compare the application of various silicon-based materials in the removal of different antibiotics from aqueous solutions. The most promising works have been discussed and the main challenges and development of silicon-based materials used in the treatment of water have been analyzed.
{"title":"Removal of antibiotics from aqueous solution using silicon-based materials. An overview","authors":"Yige Guo, Bin Chen, Dongfang Liu, Wenli Huang, Yu Sun, Ying Zhao","doi":"10.1080/21622515.2018.1482374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2018.1482374","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Antibiotics are extensively used to protect the health of both humans and animals. This inevitably results in the contamination of aquatic environments with antibiotics. The removal of antibiotics from aquatic environments has raised concerns amongst researchers. Silicon-based materials, from natural (i.e. zeolite and quartz or feldspar minerals) to modified materials (i.e. mesoporous silica and silica gels), have been widely researched as efficient adsorbents or catalytic for the removal of contaminants from aqueous solutions. This is due to their nature features such as large pore volume, adjustable pore structure, large surface area, well-modified surface, and high reaction activity. The main objective of this study is to describe and compare the application of various silicon-based materials in the removal of different antibiotics from aqueous solutions. The most promising works have been discussed and the main challenges and development of silicon-based materials used in the treatment of water have been analyzed.","PeriodicalId":37266,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology Reviews","volume":"7 1","pages":"177 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21622515.2018.1482374","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43102808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21622515.2018.1499364
Anuradha Awasthi, K. Kumari, H. Panchal, R. Sathyamurthy
ABSTRACT This review paper mainly focuses on different types of solar still and highlights the passive solar still. It considers advanced modifications in the design and development of materials, single- and multi-effect solar stills with augmentation of different materials, energy-absorbing insulators, and mechanisms of heat and mass transfer to improve the loss of heat and enhance the productivity of solar stills. The cost–benefit analysis along with the progressive advancement of solar stills is the major contribution of this review. To increase the output of a solar still, the application of advanced modifications is a promising tool, and it is anticipated that more improvements will shortly be added in this area with significant modifications in the design of solar stills. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Passive solar still: recent advancements in design and related performance","authors":"Anuradha Awasthi, K. Kumari, H. Panchal, R. Sathyamurthy","doi":"10.1080/21622515.2018.1499364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2018.1499364","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This review paper mainly focuses on different types of solar still and highlights the passive solar still. It considers advanced modifications in the design and development of materials, single- and multi-effect solar stills with augmentation of different materials, energy-absorbing insulators, and mechanisms of heat and mass transfer to improve the loss of heat and enhance the productivity of solar stills. The cost–benefit analysis along with the progressive advancement of solar stills is the major contribution of this review. To increase the output of a solar still, the application of advanced modifications is a promising tool, and it is anticipated that more improvements will shortly be added in this area with significant modifications in the design of solar stills. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":37266,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology Reviews","volume":"7 1","pages":"235 - 261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21622515.2018.1499364","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44260429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21622515.2018.1483974
D. Y. Koseoglu-Imer, A. Karagunduz
ABSTRACT Electromembrane processes use the electric potential difference as the driving force to move charged ions through ion-selective membranes. These membranes have negative or positive charged functional groups and can be named as cation- and anion-exchange membranes (CEM and AEM) depending on the sign of the permeating ions. As the electrical force is applied, the membranes allow the permeation of oppositely signed ions and separate the ionic species from an aqueous solution and from other uncharged species. Electromembrane processes are well-established techniques and have gained importance in many areas such as desalination processes, energy production, food processing, molecular separation, water treatment and recovery and membrane concentrate treatment. The desalination with electromembrane process is widely used today for the production of high-quality water from seawater or brackish water. The main electromembrane desalination processes are categorized as electrodialysis (ED), electrodeionization (EDI), capacitive deionization (CDI), reverse electrodialysis (EDR), electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBM). In this review article, the most popular electromembrane desalination processes have been evaluated with their theoretical basis and technological background. The main objectives of the review are (1) to describe the technological background of electromembrane processes (2) to summarize past and present attempts towards scaling up and commercialization of electromembrane desalination process (3) to present a critical review of their advantages and limitations (4) to outline the R&D activities with cost analysis. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Recent developments of electromembrane desalination processes","authors":"D. Y. Koseoglu-Imer, A. Karagunduz","doi":"10.1080/21622515.2018.1483974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2018.1483974","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Electromembrane processes use the electric potential difference as the driving force to move charged ions through ion-selective membranes. These membranes have negative or positive charged functional groups and can be named as cation- and anion-exchange membranes (CEM and AEM) depending on the sign of the permeating ions. As the electrical force is applied, the membranes allow the permeation of oppositely signed ions and separate the ionic species from an aqueous solution and from other uncharged species. Electromembrane processes are well-established techniques and have gained importance in many areas such as desalination processes, energy production, food processing, molecular separation, water treatment and recovery and membrane concentrate treatment. The desalination with electromembrane process is widely used today for the production of high-quality water from seawater or brackish water. The main electromembrane desalination processes are categorized as electrodialysis (ED), electrodeionization (EDI), capacitive deionization (CDI), reverse electrodialysis (EDR), electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBM). In this review article, the most popular electromembrane desalination processes have been evaluated with their theoretical basis and technological background. The main objectives of the review are (1) to describe the technological background of electromembrane processes (2) to summarize past and present attempts towards scaling up and commercialization of electromembrane desalination process (3) to present a critical review of their advantages and limitations (4) to outline the R&D activities with cost analysis. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":37266,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology Reviews","volume":"7 1","pages":"199 - 219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21622515.2018.1483974","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60183401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21622515.2017.1423398
A. J. Hargreaves, C. Constantino, G. Dotro, E. Cartmell, P. Campo
ABSTRACT Municipal effluents contain heavy metals in particular copper, lead, nickel, zinc and mercury. The concern regarding the impact of these contaminants in the aquatic environment is reflected in the latest criteria revisions to water-related legislation, such as the Clean Water Act in the US and the Water Framework Directive in Europe. These revisions may lower metal concentrations considered acceptable in final effluents. The study of metal behaviour within the wastewater treatment process is crucial to develop and optimise systems to achieve acceptable metal concentrations in effluent discharges. To comply with more stringent environmental quality standards, utilities may require the implementation of additional treatment technologies. This review evaluates the performance of conventional municipal wastewater treatment processes, that is, primary sedimentation and biological treatment via the activated sludge and trickling filter processes. The mechanisms and parameters influencing metal removal are discussed to evaluate how an understanding of metal behaviour within wastewater treatment processes may allow optimisation and enhancement of conventional treatment processes, or inform the selection of new technologies to enhance trace metal removal. The performance of advanced treatment technologies capable of removing metals from municipal wastewater under real-world conditions has also been evaluated.
{"title":"Fate and removal of metals in municipal wastewater treatment: a review","authors":"A. J. Hargreaves, C. Constantino, G. Dotro, E. Cartmell, P. Campo","doi":"10.1080/21622515.2017.1423398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2017.1423398","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Municipal effluents contain heavy metals in particular copper, lead, nickel, zinc and mercury. The concern regarding the impact of these contaminants in the aquatic environment is reflected in the latest criteria revisions to water-related legislation, such as the Clean Water Act in the US and the Water Framework Directive in Europe. These revisions may lower metal concentrations considered acceptable in final effluents. The study of metal behaviour within the wastewater treatment process is crucial to develop and optimise systems to achieve acceptable metal concentrations in effluent discharges. To comply with more stringent environmental quality standards, utilities may require the implementation of additional treatment technologies. This review evaluates the performance of conventional municipal wastewater treatment processes, that is, primary sedimentation and biological treatment via the activated sludge and trickling filter processes. The mechanisms and parameters influencing metal removal are discussed to evaluate how an understanding of metal behaviour within wastewater treatment processes may allow optimisation and enhancement of conventional treatment processes, or inform the selection of new technologies to enhance trace metal removal. The performance of advanced treatment technologies capable of removing metals from municipal wastewater under real-world conditions has also been evaluated.","PeriodicalId":37266,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology Reviews","volume":"7 1","pages":"1 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21622515.2017.1423398","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46600772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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