Pub Date : 2015-03-09DOI: 10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108190
D. Patton, L. Marusich
As the U.S. military transitions to networkenabled operations, there is a need for systematic investigation into how human decision-making affects and is affected by the resulting rapid increase in communications and information flow [1]. The challenges associated with Big Data (volume, variety, velocity and veracity) become relevant for Soldier performance at the Mission Command and squad leader levels. Here we explore the relationship between two Big Data variables and human cognitive performance, particularly in the military domain. We conduct two experiments in which we manipulate the amount and rate (volume and velocity) of information presented to participants, and assess the participants' decisionmaking accuracy on different military-relevant tasks. The first experiment focuses on the squad leader and is conducted in ARL's Immersive Cognitive Readiness Simulator (ICoRS), which allows replication of the environment of a squad leader. The second experiment focuses on the role of a company commander and simulates the Mission Command environment. We present preliminary results from both phases of study and discuss future work in which participants in each phase of study interact with each other and cooperate to complete a task.
{"title":"Simulated network effects on tactical operations on decision making","authors":"D. Patton, L. Marusich","doi":"10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108190","url":null,"abstract":"As the U.S. military transitions to networkenabled operations, there is a need for systematic investigation into how human decision-making affects and is affected by the resulting rapid increase in communications and information flow [1]. The challenges associated with Big Data (volume, variety, velocity and veracity) become relevant for Soldier performance at the Mission Command and squad leader levels. Here we explore the relationship between two Big Data variables and human cognitive performance, particularly in the military domain. We conduct two experiments in which we manipulate the amount and rate (volume and velocity) of information presented to participants, and assess the participants' decisionmaking accuracy on different military-relevant tasks. The first experiment focuses on the squad leader and is conducted in ARL's Immersive Cognitive Readiness Simulator (ICoRS), which allows replication of the environment of a squad leader. The second experiment focuses on the role of a company commander and simulates the Mission Command environment. We present preliminary results from both phases of study and discuss future work in which participants in each phase of study interact with each other and cooperate to complete a task.","PeriodicalId":373467,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision","volume":"105 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120914597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-09DOI: 10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7107970
L. Bush
The number of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the Air Force inventory is rapidly increasing without a concomitant increase in manpower. Military planners are currently seeking technologies that enable operators to simultaneously control a greater number of UAVs. The technology planning and recommendation process requires a systems-level engineering analysis of UAV operations and their sensitivity to various constraints. Olsen and Wood introduced a concept called fan-out, which estimates how many operators are required to effectively operate a given set of UAVs. The fan-out concept assumes that UAVs are permanently assigned to a single operator or operator team. We designed a pooled UAV-to-operator team allocation scheme, which allows sharing of operator team resources across the entire UAV fleet. Rather than permanently assigning a given UAV to an operator team, our architecture dynamically allocates operator teams to UAVs on an as-needed basis during multi-UAV operations. We constructed an architecture based on queueing theory to empirically compare pooled and non-pooled performance. Queueing systems analysis of this architecture demonstrates that it performs better than a non-teaming approach. Moreover, our architectural analysis leads to a more general definition of fanout. More importantly, the closed-form queueing analysis is highly efficient, allowing us to analyze a greater number of problem configurations. This greater command of the problem space also offers advantages in determining appropriate autonomy and teaming technologies for further development.
{"title":"Shared UAV enterprise operator pooling framework (SUAVE) chance constrained pooled fan-out queueing analysis","authors":"L. Bush","doi":"10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7107970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7107970","url":null,"abstract":"The number of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the Air Force inventory is rapidly increasing without a concomitant increase in manpower. Military planners are currently seeking technologies that enable operators to simultaneously control a greater number of UAVs. The technology planning and recommendation process requires a systems-level engineering analysis of UAV operations and their sensitivity to various constraints. Olsen and Wood introduced a concept called fan-out, which estimates how many operators are required to effectively operate a given set of UAVs. The fan-out concept assumes that UAVs are permanently assigned to a single operator or operator team. We designed a pooled UAV-to-operator team allocation scheme, which allows sharing of operator team resources across the entire UAV fleet. Rather than permanently assigning a given UAV to an operator team, our architecture dynamically allocates operator teams to UAVs on an as-needed basis during multi-UAV operations. We constructed an architecture based on queueing theory to empirically compare pooled and non-pooled performance. Queueing systems analysis of this architecture demonstrates that it performs better than a non-teaming approach. Moreover, our architectural analysis leads to a more general definition of fanout. More importantly, the closed-form queueing analysis is highly efficient, allowing us to analyze a greater number of problem configurations. This greater command of the problem space also offers advantages in determining appropriate autonomy and teaming technologies for further development.","PeriodicalId":373467,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128793969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-09DOI: 10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108189
J. Waters, J. Pilcher, B. Plutchak, E. VonColln, D. Grady, Ritesh Patel
This position paper describes a framework, i.e. a set of design and architecture recommendations, for achieving agile training. The approach for the design is to be process and data driven, focused on reusability, and borrowing basic principles derived from web-based architectures, semantic processing, user-centered design, composability, complexity management, machine-understandability, scalability, gaming and open linked data. The fundamental features of the framework are open, easily understood, easily implemented, and tool-agnostic. With such a framework defined, the training community could collaborate to build out the more extensive cloud content, extend the capability and ensure that the benefits of agile training are achieved, namely more focused and faster training on shared processes anytime, anywhere at reduced cost and without a large support staff.
{"title":"Describing and reusing warfighter processes and products: an agile training framework","authors":"J. Waters, J. Pilcher, B. Plutchak, E. VonColln, D. Grady, Ritesh Patel","doi":"10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108189","url":null,"abstract":"This position paper describes a framework, i.e. a set of design and architecture recommendations, for achieving agile training. The approach for the design is to be process and data driven, focused on reusability, and borrowing basic principles derived from web-based architectures, semantic processing, user-centered design, composability, complexity management, machine-understandability, scalability, gaming and open linked data. The fundamental features of the framework are open, easily understood, easily implemented, and tool-agnostic. With such a framework defined, the training community could collaborate to build out the more extensive cloud content, extend the capability and ensure that the benefits of agile training are achieved, namely more focused and faster training on shared processes anytime, anywhere at reduced cost and without a large support staff.","PeriodicalId":373467,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115928460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-09DOI: 10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108173
Vinicius Sobral, J. P. Almeida, P. D. Costa
In order to leverage the benefits of the notion of situation at design time, proper support is required at the modeling level. In the past, this need has led to the development of a situation type specification language called SML. Although SML facilitates the definition of situation types by providing a graphical notation, designers could profit from additional support in order to assess the quality of the situation type models they produce. Since situations consist of combinations of context elements and may also be combined into complex situations, composition may lead to inconsistent, redundant and/or unintended situation type definitions. In order to address this challenge, in this paper we present a formal validation method for situation modeling based on the automatic transformation of SML models into a lightweight formal method.
{"title":"Assessing situation models with a lightweight formal method","authors":"Vinicius Sobral, J. P. Almeida, P. D. Costa","doi":"10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108173","url":null,"abstract":"In order to leverage the benefits of the notion of situation at design time, proper support is required at the modeling level. In the past, this need has led to the development of a situation type specification language called SML. Although SML facilitates the definition of situation types by providing a graphical notation, designers could profit from additional support in order to assess the quality of the situation type models they produce. Since situations consist of combinations of context elements and may also be combined into complex situations, composition may lead to inconsistent, redundant and/or unintended situation type definitions. In order to address this challenge, in this paper we present a formal validation method for situation modeling based on the automatic transformation of SML models into a lightweight formal method.","PeriodicalId":373467,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122453546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-09DOI: 10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108188
P. Hancock
In a world that appears primarily to be motivated by a worship of the false idol of profit, there can be little doubt that the era of automated road vehicles is upon us. Indeed, such technologies have already begun to percolate into the bespoke vehicle domain and what becomes feasible in the special case is a prime candidate to penetrate into the more general circumstance. Within a period of mere decades, will it be the case that we will look back upon the manually controlled vehicle in the same manner that we now look upon the manually operated elevator, as a piquant anachronism or the particular domain of a specialized segment of the antiques trade? But, before we achieve even the first degree of true “automobility” we shall have to pass through a hybrid stage of development in which the role of the individual human driver will have to evolve substantively. During this phase of evolution, the population of vehicles on the road will be best described as `mixed equipage' (i.e., dynamically changing combinations of automated and manually controlled vehicles). Whether such differing capacity vehicles will be separated in either space (e.g., lanes devoted to automatic vehicles) or time (e.g., blocks of time when only manual vehicles are permitted on a specific roadway), is a question which must concern all who attend this important inception. If differing capacity vehicles are allowed to `mix,' a critical element of acceptance for example, will be how automated vehicles deal with drowsy, fatigued, or otherwise impaired drivers exercising traditional manual control. After exploring this specific strand of hybrid development and innovative forms of vehicle control from a human factors perspective, and briefly considering the parallel development of diverse robotic systems, I conclude my present discourse by asking the provocative question which may be expressed as follows. While we can develop such automated systems, should we in fact pursue this line of development? The latter questions are intimately bound up in the notions of safety, efficiency, choice, freedom, and our prospective overall social and individual quality of life. Whether these latter questions ever enter into the primary scientific and engineering discourse about the coming technological wave of automation I considered rather doubtful.
{"title":"Automobility: the coming use of fully-automated on-road vehicles","authors":"P. Hancock","doi":"10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108188","url":null,"abstract":"In a world that appears primarily to be motivated by a worship of the false idol of profit, there can be little doubt that the era of automated road vehicles is upon us. Indeed, such technologies have already begun to percolate into the bespoke vehicle domain and what becomes feasible in the special case is a prime candidate to penetrate into the more general circumstance. Within a period of mere decades, will it be the case that we will look back upon the manually controlled vehicle in the same manner that we now look upon the manually operated elevator, as a piquant anachronism or the particular domain of a specialized segment of the antiques trade? But, before we achieve even the first degree of true “automobility” we shall have to pass through a hybrid stage of development in which the role of the individual human driver will have to evolve substantively. During this phase of evolution, the population of vehicles on the road will be best described as `mixed equipage' (i.e., dynamically changing combinations of automated and manually controlled vehicles). Whether such differing capacity vehicles will be separated in either space (e.g., lanes devoted to automatic vehicles) or time (e.g., blocks of time when only manual vehicles are permitted on a specific roadway), is a question which must concern all who attend this important inception. If differing capacity vehicles are allowed to `mix,' a critical element of acceptance for example, will be how automated vehicles deal with drowsy, fatigued, or otherwise impaired drivers exercising traditional manual control. After exploring this specific strand of hybrid development and innovative forms of vehicle control from a human factors perspective, and briefly considering the parallel development of diverse robotic systems, I conclude my present discourse by asking the provocative question which may be expressed as follows. While we can develop such automated systems, should we in fact pursue this line of development? The latter questions are intimately bound up in the notions of safety, efficiency, choice, freedom, and our prospective overall social and individual quality of life. Whether these latter questions ever enter into the primary scientific and engineering discourse about the coming technological wave of automation I considered rather doubtful.","PeriodicalId":373467,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision","volume":"1983 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125455681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-09DOI: 10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108186
Serge Thill, M. Riveiro
An increasing number of vehicles provide feedback on eco-driving; information whose purpose it is to increase fuel efficiency in driving. The development of this feedback is relatively novel and there are currently no standards or long-term insights into best design strategies (e.g. leading to a permanent improvement in driving style). In this paper, we discuss the unexplored relevance of situation awareness (SA) research for eco-driving feedback, highlighting in particular that eco-driving feedback has to be understood as intricately tied into SA. Specifically, we argue that, for the purpose of promoting eco-friendly driving behaviour, the relevant information needs to be part of a driver SA without interfering with safety-critical aspects. We show that this requires ecofeedback systems to possess, themselves, a SA of the traffic situation. This lends support to arguments that SA in a road traffic context is different from SA in the military or aviation domain and takes on a more distributed nature. We conclude by suggesting that head-up displays are a particularly promising interface technology with which to implement the suggestions provided here.
{"title":"Situation awareness in eco-driving","authors":"Serge Thill, M. Riveiro","doi":"10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108186","url":null,"abstract":"An increasing number of vehicles provide feedback on eco-driving; information whose purpose it is to increase fuel efficiency in driving. The development of this feedback is relatively novel and there are currently no standards or long-term insights into best design strategies (e.g. leading to a permanent improvement in driving style). In this paper, we discuss the unexplored relevance of situation awareness (SA) research for eco-driving feedback, highlighting in particular that eco-driving feedback has to be understood as intricately tied into SA. Specifically, we argue that, for the purpose of promoting eco-friendly driving behaviour, the relevant information needs to be part of a driver SA without interfering with safety-critical aspects. We show that this requires ecofeedback systems to possess, themselves, a SA of the traffic situation. This lends support to arguments that SA in a road traffic context is different from SA in the military or aviation domain and takes on a more distributed nature. We conclude by suggesting that head-up displays are a particularly promising interface technology with which to implement the suggestions provided here.","PeriodicalId":373467,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130119344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-09DOI: 10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108176
D. K. B. Ismail, Olivier Grivard
The measurement of the operators' workload is an important aspect of usage-oriented design of professional systems. In domains such as avionics, air traffic management or mission systems, being able to quantify the operators' workload under stress, and in potentially demanding physical and mental conditions, is mandatory to anticipate overload and prevent human errors. Current approaches to workload estimation rely mainly on experimentation in simulation as an approach that has proven its efficiency for the identification of bad system and/or user interface design. Even if one cannot expect to totally avoid experimenting, given the complexity of the issue of workload computation, a priori estimation of workload might be an interesting tool to pre-validate a design in order to save some time in the experimentation phase and facilitate the analysis of overload situations that appear during experimentation. Various approaches to the a priori measurement of workload have been proposed: performance-based, physiological and subjective measures. Although performance and physiological measures of workload may be more precise, subjective measures are more practical, easier and less costly to use. For these reasons, they have been applied to many complex domains. The experience, the skills and the level of training of the operator have been identified in the literature as being important human factors. Nevertheless, these parameters have not been deeply analyzed in the context of workload estimation. In this paper, we develop a predictive workload model based on the analysis of the tasks assigned to a human operator. We propose to use mental representations of tasks, human actors, human roles, knowledge and abilities. We then propose to estimate the operator's workload with reference to his experience and training, the load over time and the task complexity. Our approach is illustrated on an airborne maritime surveillance use-case, in the context of the French Medusa project.
{"title":"Model-driven estimation of operators’ workload for usage centred design of interactive systems","authors":"D. K. B. Ismail, Olivier Grivard","doi":"10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108176","url":null,"abstract":"The measurement of the operators' workload is an important aspect of usage-oriented design of professional systems. In domains such as avionics, air traffic management or mission systems, being able to quantify the operators' workload under stress, and in potentially demanding physical and mental conditions, is mandatory to anticipate overload and prevent human errors. Current approaches to workload estimation rely mainly on experimentation in simulation as an approach that has proven its efficiency for the identification of bad system and/or user interface design. Even if one cannot expect to totally avoid experimenting, given the complexity of the issue of workload computation, a priori estimation of workload might be an interesting tool to pre-validate a design in order to save some time in the experimentation phase and facilitate the analysis of overload situations that appear during experimentation. Various approaches to the a priori measurement of workload have been proposed: performance-based, physiological and subjective measures. Although performance and physiological measures of workload may be more precise, subjective measures are more practical, easier and less costly to use. For these reasons, they have been applied to many complex domains. The experience, the skills and the level of training of the operator have been identified in the literature as being important human factors. Nevertheless, these parameters have not been deeply analyzed in the context of workload estimation. In this paper, we develop a predictive workload model based on the analysis of the tasks assigned to a human operator. We propose to use mental representations of tasks, human actors, human roles, knowledge and abilities. We then propose to estimate the operator's workload with reference to his experience and training, the load over time and the task complexity. Our approach is illustrated on an airborne maritime surveillance use-case, in the context of the French Medusa project.","PeriodicalId":373467,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124316239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-09DOI: 10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108196
Audrey F. Callanan, P. Thulasiraman
A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a distributed network that facilitates wireless information gathering within a region of interest. The information collected by sensors is aggregated at a central node know as the sink node. Two challenges in the deployment of WSNs are limited battery power of each sensor node and sink node anonymity. The role played by the sink node raises its profile as a high value target for attack, thus its anonymity is crucial to the security of a WSN. In order to improve network security, we must implement a protocol that conceals the sink node's location while being cognizant of energy resource constraints. In this paper we develop a routing algorithm based on node clustering to improve sink node anonymity while simultaneously limiting node energy depletion. Via MATLAB simulations, we analyze the effectiveness of this algorithm in obfuscating the sink node's location in the WSN while preserving node energy. We show that the anonymity of the sink node is independent of traffic volume and that the average energy consumed by a node remains consistent across topological variations.
{"title":"Achieving sink node anonymity under energy constraints in tactical wireless sensor networks","authors":"Audrey F. Callanan, P. Thulasiraman","doi":"10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108196","url":null,"abstract":"A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a distributed network that facilitates wireless information gathering within a region of interest. The information collected by sensors is aggregated at a central node know as the sink node. Two challenges in the deployment of WSNs are limited battery power of each sensor node and sink node anonymity. The role played by the sink node raises its profile as a high value target for attack, thus its anonymity is crucial to the security of a WSN. In order to improve network security, we must implement a protocol that conceals the sink node's location while being cognizant of energy resource constraints. In this paper we develop a routing algorithm based on node clustering to improve sink node anonymity while simultaneously limiting node energy depletion. Via MATLAB simulations, we analyze the effectiveness of this algorithm in obfuscating the sink node's location in the WSN while preserving node energy. We show that the anonymity of the sink node is independent of traffic volume and that the average energy consumed by a node remains consistent across topological variations.","PeriodicalId":373467,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision","volume":"190 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124207944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-09DOI: 10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108194
Zequn Huang, Chien-Chung Shen, S. Doshi, Nimmi Thomas, Ha Duong
Cyber security training systems work as a suitable learning environment for educating cyber analysts on how to detect and defense before real cyber attacks happen. As training is an iterative process, the assessment component not only assesses the knowledge gained by the cyber analysts, but also adjusts the difficulty of training lessons accordingly based on the analysts' performance. In this paper, we present an attack graph-based probabilistic metric to measure lesson scenarios' difficulty levels. Based on causal relationships between vulnerabilities in an attack graph, we apply Bayesian Reasoning to aggregate individual vulnerabilities into an probabilistic value representing the attackers success likelihood to achieve the attack goal. However, one major complication of using Bayesian Reasoning is that it does not allow for cycles, which exists in attack graphs. We identify different types of cycles in the attack graphs and propose an efficient algorithm to remove cycles while preserving cyclic influence in the probability calculation.
{"title":"Difficulty-level metric for cyber security training","authors":"Zequn Huang, Chien-Chung Shen, S. Doshi, Nimmi Thomas, Ha Duong","doi":"10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108194","url":null,"abstract":"Cyber security training systems work as a suitable learning environment for educating cyber analysts on how to detect and defense before real cyber attacks happen. As training is an iterative process, the assessment component not only assesses the knowledge gained by the cyber analysts, but also adjusts the difficulty of training lessons accordingly based on the analysts' performance. In this paper, we present an attack graph-based probabilistic metric to measure lesson scenarios' difficulty levels. Based on causal relationships between vulnerabilities in an attack graph, we apply Bayesian Reasoning to aggregate individual vulnerabilities into an probabilistic value representing the attackers success likelihood to achieve the attack goal. However, one major complication of using Bayesian Reasoning is that it does not allow for cycles, which exists in attack graphs. We identify different types of cycles in the attack graphs and propose an efficient algorithm to remove cycles while preserving cyclic influence in the probability calculation.","PeriodicalId":373467,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124160644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-09DOI: 10.1109/COGSIMA.2015.7108192
J. Preden, J. Kaugerand, E. Suurjaak, S. Astapov, L. Motus, R. Pahtma
Obtaining a high level of situation awareness while maintaining optimal utilization of resources is becoming increasingly important, especially in the context of asymmetric warfare, where information superiority is crucial for maintaining the edge over the opponent. Obtaining an adequate level of situational information from an ISR system is dependent on sensor capabilities as well as the ability to cue the sensors appropriately based on the current information needs and the ability to utilize the collected data with suitable data processing methods. Applying the Data to Decision approach for managing the behavior of sensor systems facilitates optimal use of sensor assets while providing the required level of situational information. The approach presented in the paper combines the Data to Decision approach with the Fog Computing paradigm, where the computation is pushed to the edge of the network. This allows to take advantage of Big Data potentially generated by the sensor systems while keeping the resource requirements in terms of bandwidth manageable. We suggest a System of Systems approach for assembling the ISR system, where individual systems have a high level of autonomy and the computational resources to perform the necessary computation tasks. To facilitate a composition of a System of Systems of sensors for tactical applications the proactive middleware ProWare is applied. The work presented in the paper has been conducted as part of the European Defense Agency project IN4STARS, in the context of which an implementation of a sensor solution is being built, which facilitates on-line sensor cueing and collaboration between sensors by building upon the Fog Computing paradigm and utilizing the Data to Decision concepts.
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