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CELIBACY AS SOCIAL COUNTER-CONDUCT PRACTICE IN EARLY CHURCH 独身主义作为早期教会的社会反行为实践
Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.46362/quaerens.v4i2.81
Perdian Tumanan
This paper argues that the concept of sexual abstinence in early Christianity was not based on biblical proof-texting, but rather resulted from constructive theological efforts in response to the socio-political reality of the time and the early Christians’ aspirations towards women and the marginalized. By exploring the discourse surrounding marriage and sexuality in the Greco-Roman world and its impact on early Christianity, this paper highlights how the teaching on sexual abstinence challenged the imperial philosophy of desire and control. The paper posits that celibacy and sexual abstinence served as a social counter-conduct practice in response to the little appreciation for women’s bodies and the marginalized. In short, the teaching of Christian chastity addressed the elitism that pervasive in Greco-Roman philosophy of marriage and sexuality. Ultimately, the debate about celibacy in early Christianity was about the nature of human solidarity.
本文认为,早期基督教的禁欲观念不是基于圣经的文本证明,而是基于当时的社会政治现实和早期基督徒对妇女和边缘群体的渴望而做出的建设性神学努力。通过探讨希腊罗马世界中围绕婚姻和性的话语及其对早期基督教的影响,本文强调了性节制的教导如何挑战了欲望和控制的帝国哲学。这篇论文认为,独身和禁欲作为一种社会反行为的做法,是对女性身体和边缘群体缺乏欣赏的回应。简而言之,基督教贞操的教导解决了在希腊罗马婚姻和性哲学中普遍存在的精英主义。最终,早期基督教关于独身的争论是关于人类团结的本质。
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引用次数: 0
THE DEVELOPMENT OF HELL FROM JEWISH TO CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY: a Biblical Guide to Hell and Its Existence 从犹太神学到基督教神学对地狱的发展:关于地狱及其存在的圣经指南
Pub Date : 2022-10-16 DOI: 10.46362/quaerens.v4i1.80
Yusak Tanasyah
According to the view that is relatively common in the wider Christian culture, heaven and hell basically deserve compensation for the kind of earthly life we lead. Good people go to heaven as a worthy reward for a virtuous life, and bad people go to hell as a just punishment for an immoral life; in that way, the scale of justice is sometimes considered balanced. But almost all Christian theologians regard such a view, however commonly it may be in popular culture, as too simplistic and unsampled; the biblical perspective, as they see it, is much more subtle than that. It is important to acknowledge the polemical and apologetic setting of its development. Judaism underwent modifications to protect the Jewish faith and chastise apostates in the face of invading Hellenism. For the early Christ-movement, continued growth was necessary to defend itself against both internal defection and first-century Judaism and Greco-Roman paganism. The early church fathers believed that using the dread of damnation to uphold moral standards was ideologically motivated. As a result, the evolution of the afterlife may be viewed as a social construct, the effects of which in the contemporary day have had a permanent, harmful influence on many individuals.
根据在更广泛的基督教文化中相对普遍的观点,天堂和地狱基本上应该得到我们所过的尘世生活的补偿。好人上天堂,是对高尚生活的应有奖赏;坏人下地狱,是对不道德生活的公正惩罚;这样,正义的尺度有时被认为是平衡的。但是几乎所有的基督教神学家都认为这种观点过于简单化和缺乏经验,不管这种观点在大众文化中多么普遍;在他们看来,圣经的观点要微妙得多。重要的是要承认其发展的论战和道歉设置。面对入侵的希腊文化,犹太教经历了多次修改,以保护犹太信仰并惩罚叛教者。对于早期的基督运动来说,持续的增长是必要的,以保护自己免受内部背叛和一世纪的犹太教和希腊罗马异教的影响。早期的教父们认为,利用对诅咒的恐惧来维护道德标准是出于意识形态的动机。因此,来世的进化可能被视为一种社会结构,其影响在当代对许多人产生了永久的有害影响。
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引用次数: 0
ECUMENICAL MISSION IN INDONESIA: A Respon on Covid-19 Pandemic Situation 普世教会在印尼的使命:应对新冠肺炎疫情
Pub Date : 2022-07-31 DOI: 10.46362/quaerens.v4i1.102
Amran Simangunsong
Mission in ecumenical era is a new paradigm as the changing of time and the perspective of postmodern society. Recently, global people were challenged by pandemic situation that caused some shifts in the church ministry. This article offers some concept of mission which takes into account an interpretation to WCC declaration that is relevant to face pandemic situation in Indonesia. The writing method used is descriptive theological analysis with an ecumenical mission perspective. The result is that the mission of the church is to be present in the midst of the world to spread the word, help, love, and heal people affected by Covid-19 to become one.
大同时代的使命是随着时代的变迁和后现代社会的视角而出现的新范式。最近,全球人民受到疫情的挑战,导致教会事工发生了一些变化。本文提出了一些使命的概念,其中考虑到对世界基督教会宣言的解释,这与面对印度尼西亚的流行病形势有关。使用的写作方法是描述性的神学分析与基督教使命的观点。因此,教会的使命是在世界各地传播信息,帮助、爱护和治愈受Covid-19影响的人们,使他们成为一体。
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引用次数: 1
GOD WHO SAW ME: Faith and Dehumanization of Exegesis Studies Genesis 16 看见我的神:信仰和解经的非人性化研究创世记16
Pub Date : 2022-07-31 DOI: 10.46362/quaerens.v4i1.104
Chandra Wahyuni Irawati
The story of Abram and Sarah is an interesting story to discuss. Chaotic household trips due to the issue of Sarah's infertility became a crucial problem that saddened both of them. In the ancient world, Sarah's barrenness was not only considered a disgrace in the family, but also a serious problem for Abram as a man who would have no heir. Impatience awaits offspring, and Sarah's suggestion for Abram to take Hagar turns out to be a domestic conflict and oppression of Hagar, the servant. But God's grace did not only apply to Abram and Sarah but also to Hagar.
亚伯兰和撒拉的故事是一个值得讨论的有趣故事。由于莎拉的不孕问题,混乱的家庭旅行成为一个重要的问题,让他们俩都很难过。在古代,撒拉的不孕症不仅被认为是家族的耻辱,而且对亚伯兰来说也是一个严重的问题,因为他没有继承人。不耐烦地等待着后代,撒拉建议亚伯兰带走夏甲,结果是对仆人夏甲的家庭冲突和压迫。但是神的恩典不仅适用于亚伯兰和撒拉,也适用于夏甲。
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引用次数: 0
THE ROLE OF SCHOOLS IN OVERCOMING THE MARGINALIZATION OF THE CHILDREN THROUGH RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN INDONESIA 学校在印度尼西亚通过宗教教育克服儿童边缘化方面的作用
Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.46362/quaerens.v4i1.148
Linda Hasim, Henoch Budiyanto, Sutrisno, Christiani Hutabarat
Marginalization and prejudice are major challenges in civilizations around the world. As a result, developing measures to foster tolerance among young people is essential in the fight against prejudice. Religious education and awareness initiatives are one approach to achieving this goal. Indonesia schools and colleges, for example, may play an important role in developing tolerance and understanding among young people. Lessons about diversity, inclusivity, and respect for others can be incorporated into teacher curricula. Teaching about the history of prejudice and its impact on various groups, as well as promoting critical thinking and open-mindedness can all be part of this. This research aims to raise awareness, and in addition to religious education, can help develop tolerance and understanding. These religious educational programs against discrimination can be carried out by government agencies, non-governmental organizations, or community organizations. Finally, it is very important to recognize that promoting tolerance and fighting discrimination is a long-term process that requires ongoing effort and commitment. Religious education can help create more inclusive and equitable societies for all by working together to design and implement successful initiatives in Indonesia. it is very important to recognize that promoting tolerance and fighting discrimination is a long-term process that requires ongoing effort and commitment. Religious education can help create more inclusive and equitable societies for all by working together to design and implement successful initiatives. It is very important to recognize that promoting tolerance and fighting discrimination is a long-term process that requires ongoing effort and commitment. Religious education can help create more inclusive and equitable societies for all by working together to design and implement successful initiatives in Indonesia.
边缘化和偏见是世界文明面临的主要挑战。因此,在反对偏见的斗争中,制定促进青年人容忍的措施至关重要。宗教教育和提高认识倡议是实现这一目标的一个途径。例如,印度尼西亚的中小学和大学可以在培养年轻人的宽容和理解方面发挥重要作用。有关多样性、包容性和尊重他人的课程可以纳入教师课程。教授偏见的历史及其对不同群体的影响,以及促进批判性思维和开放思想都可以成为其中的一部分。这项研究旨在提高人们的意识,除了宗教教育之外,还可以帮助培养宽容和理解。这些反对歧视的宗教教育项目可以由政府机构、非政府组织或社区组织实施。最后,必须认识到促进容忍和反对歧视是一个长期的过程,需要不断努力和承诺。通过在印度尼西亚共同设计和实施成功的举措,宗教教育可以帮助为所有人创造更加包容和公平的社会。必须认识到,促进容忍和打击歧视是一个需要不断努力和承诺的长期过程。通过共同设计和实施成功的举措,宗教教育可以帮助为所有人创造更加包容和公平的社会。必须认识到,促进容忍和打击歧视是一个需要不断努力和承诺的长期过程。通过在印度尼西亚共同设计和实施成功的举措,宗教教育可以帮助为所有人创造更加包容和公平的社会。
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引用次数: 1
AUGUSTINE, SCRIPTURA, AND CITY OF GOD 奥古斯丁,圣经,上帝之城
Pub Date : 2022-06-25 DOI: 10.46362/quaerens.v4i1.74
Robb Lawrence Torseth
This article discusses how Augustine describes the City of God in his understanding of the Bible. The results of the article Augustine's use of Scripture in the City of God is authoritative and paradigmatic, providing the only sufficient foundation of truth for the development of his civic theology. This is apparent in the way he introduces Scriptural passages as either the final word in a matter or by interweaving his sentences and paragraphs therewith in both a theological and illustrative fashion. In doing so, he creates a sort of 'matrix' or blanket of Scripture to support, define, and perpetuate his arguments from beginning to end. This would not be possible if he did not believe the Bible to have been the sole source of divine grace and truth, a sufficient and inerrant testimony from God to man and the ultimate source of authority for faith.
这篇文章讨论了奥古斯丁如何在他对圣经的理解中描述上帝之城。文章奥古斯丁在上帝之城中使用圣经的结果是权威的和范例的,为他的公民神学的发展提供了唯一足够的真理基础。这在他引入《圣经》段落的方式上很明显,要么作为一个问题的最后一个词,要么以神学和说明性的方式将他的句子和段落交织在一起。在这样做的过程中,他创造了一种“矩阵”或圣经的毯子来支持,定义,并使他的论点从头到尾延续下去。如果他不相信圣经是神的恩典和真理的唯一来源,是神给人的充分无误的见证,是信仰权威的最终来源,这是不可能的。
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引用次数: 0
THE WESLEYAN SYNTHESIS RECONSIDERED 卫斯理综合重新考虑
Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.46362/quaerens.v3i2.68
H. Snyder
This article purpose finds what is “the Wesleyan synthesis,” and will also briefly revisit the much-discussed Wesleyan Quadrilateral. Wesley effectively combined in thought and practice these five elements, namely: (1) Divine sovereignty and human freedom, (2) Doctrine and experience, (3) Experience and structure, (4) Charismatic and institutional elements, and (5) Present and future salvation. This article argues that this synthesis is powerful, but also that it is biblical. In fact, the reason this synthesis is powerful is that it faithfully embodies the revealed truth of Scripture. The results of the Wesleyan synthesis are drawing three general conclusions. First, Wesley's theology was broader and more profound than has often been realized. Second, Wesley's theology can help us develop a biblical understanding of culture and culture change. Third, Wesley's theology is thus an open invitation to continue to develop a theology of church, mission, and culture that is profoundly biblical and sharply relevant to the present age.
本文的目的是发现什么是“卫斯理综合”,并将简要地重温备受讨论的卫斯理四边形。卫斯理有效地结合在思想和实践这五个要素,即:(1)神的主权和人的自由,(2)教义和经验,(3)经验和结构,(4)灵恩和制度的因素,(5)现在和未来的救恩。本文认为,这种综合是强有力的,但也是符合圣经的。事实上,这种综合之所以强大,是因为它忠实地体现了《圣经》启示的真理。卫斯理综合的结果得出了三个一般性结论。首先,韦斯利的神学是更广泛,更深刻的比往往已经实现。其次,卫斯理的神学可以帮助我们建立对文化和文化变迁的圣经理解。第三,卫斯理的神学因此是一个公开的邀请,继续发展教会、使命和文化的神学,这是深刻的圣经,并与当今时代密切相关。
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引用次数: 0
INTERCASTE MARRIAGE IN THE CONTEXT OF TORAJA: Towards Contextual Theology Of Intercaste Marriage In Toraja 托拉查语境中的跨种姓婚姻:托拉查语境中的跨种姓婚姻神学研究
Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.46362/quaerens.v3i2.76
Elim Wilsen Taruk
Intercaste marriage has been a perpetual problem faced by many, especially those who are coming from the hindus areas like India, where caste system has been part of the society. Hence, the term caste used here may not be familiar for the Toraja people, as in Toraja it is known as Tana’, a term that literally means stick or peg, actually used to mark a boundary in the rice field or of a land. However, it is also used metaphorically, that is to divide layers in society according to the appropriate level.[1] According to the Encyclopedia of Anthropology, the term caste comes from the Portugese casta (bread, lineage), and was coined by Portugese travellers to India in reference to the social, economic and religious systems they witnessed.[2] Meanwhile, according to Oxford Dictionary, the term refers to any of the Hindu social classes, a social system based on differences in family origin, rank, wealth, etc., Therefore, I insist to use it here for its parity when used in Toraja context (with its differences in society).
跨种姓婚姻一直是许多人面临的一个长期问题,尤其是那些来自种姓制度已经成为社会一部分的印度等印度教地区的人。因此,托拉贾人可能不熟悉这里使用的种姓一词,因为在托拉贾语中,它被称为Tana ',字面意思是棍子或钉子,实际上是用来标记稻田或土地的边界。然而,它也被用作隐喻,即根据适当的水平划分社会阶层。[1]根据《人类学百科全书》,种姓一词来自葡萄牙语casta(面包,血统),是葡萄牙旅行者在印度看到的社会、经济和宗教制度时创造的。[2]同时,根据牛津词典,这个词指的是印度的任何社会阶层,一种基于家庭出身、等级、财富等差异的社会制度。因此,我坚持在这里使用它,因为它在托拉贾语语境中使用时(与社会差异)是对等的。
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引用次数: 2
FREE GRACE VERSUS FREE WILL: John Wesley’s Understanding of Humanity and His practice of Pastoral Guidance 自由恩典与自由意志:约翰卫斯理对人性的理解及其牧灵指导的实践
Pub Date : 2021-12-26 DOI: 10.46362/quaerens.v3i2.69
Ho Peng Khoo
This is true for John Wesley too. Wesley’s understanding of humanity has not only affected his theological development, especially his Soteriology; it in turn impacted his practice of theology, in particular, his pastoral guidance to the thousands of “Methodists” in the British Isles almost throughout the entire eighteenth century. The latter is particularly true in the light of his concerned with practical Christianity, with the interplay of theology and the realities of daily life
约翰·卫斯理也是如此。卫斯理对人性的理解不仅影响了他的神学发展,尤其是他的救赎论;这反过来又影响了他的神学实践,特别是他在整个十八世纪对不列颠群岛上成千上万的“卫理公会教徒”的牧养指导。后者是特别正确的,在他的关注实际的基督教,与神学和日常生活的现实相互作用的光
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引用次数: 1
ROH KUDUS DALAM TRINITAS DAN KOMUNITAS UMAT TUHAN (HOLY SPIRIT IN THE TRINITY AND COMMUNITY OF GOD'S PEOPLE) 卢kudus dalam trinitas Dan komunitas umat tuhan(圣灵在三位一体和神的子民群体中)
Pub Date : 2021-06-28 DOI: 10.46362/QUAERENS.V3I1.30
Steven Tubagus, Timotius Bakti Sarono
The doctrine of the Holy Spirit and its praxis has been controversial among God's people. This controversy has even emerged since the beginning of the church about the person and position of the Holy Spirit with God the Father and the Son. This article aims to briefly explore the doctrine of the Holy Spirit and its praxis into the community of God's people. The writing method used is a praxis systematic critical method to examine the various nuances of the argument against the Holy Spirit with the aim of placing it in a proper understanding of the trinity concept. The result of this writing is the doctrine of the Holy Spirit there is no personality difference between God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, because humans meet these "persons" in every spiritual aspect. By conceptualizing God in the realm of the Spirit of God, it will be a more practical way to describe activities in community life.   Doktrin Roh Kudus dan praksisnya telah memberikan kontroversi selama ini di antara umat Tuhan. Kontroversi ini bahkan sudah muncul mulai permulaan gereja bagaimana pribadi dan posisi Roh Kudus dengan Allah Bapa dan Putra. Artikel ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi secara singkat doktrin Roh Kudus dan praksisnya ke dalam komunitas umat Tuhan. Metode penulisan yang digunakan adalah metode kritis sistematis praksis untuk menelaah berbagai nuansa argumen terhadap Roh Kudus dengan tujuan menempatkannya dalam pemahaman yang tepat tentang konsep trinitas. Hasil dari penulisan ini adalah doktrin Roh Kudus tidak ada perbedaan kepribadian antara Allah Bapa, Anak dan Roh Kudus, karena manusia bertemu dengan “pribadi-pribadi” ini dalam setiap aspek rohani. Dengan mengkonseptualisasikan Tuhan dalam alam Roh Allah akan menjadi cara yang lebih praktis untuk menggambarkan aktivitas secara kehidupan komunitas.
圣灵的教义及其实践在神的子民中一直存在争议。这种争论甚至从教会开始就出现了,关于圣灵与圣父和圣子的位格和地位。这篇文章的目的是简要地探讨圣灵的教义及其在神的子民群体中的实践。使用的写作方法是一种实践系统的批判方法,以检查反对圣灵的论点的各种细微差别,目的是将其置于对三位一体概念的正确理解中。这种写作的结果是圣灵的教义,在圣父、圣子和圣灵之间没有人格差异,因为人类在每一个属灵方面都遇到这些“位格”。将神概念化在神的灵的领域,这将是一个更实际的方式来描述社区生活中的活动。韩国总统卢武铉(音)是国民议会议员。Kontroversi ini bahkan sudah muncul mulai permulaan gereja bagaimana pribadi dan posisi Roh Kudus dengan Allah Bapa dan Putra。韩文:韩文:韩文:韩文:韩文:韩文:韩文:韩文方法penulisan yang digunakan adalah方法kritis sistematis prakis untuk menelaah berbagai unansa争论terhahad Roh Kudus dengan tujuan menempatkannya dalam pemahaman yang tepat tentenang konsep trinitas。哈西尔达里惩罚了卢·库德斯,他说:“这是我的职责。”哈西尔达里惩罚了卢·库德斯,他说:“这是我的职责。”登干,梦康,梦康,梦康,梦康,梦康,梦康,梦康。
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引用次数: 4
期刊
QUAERENS: Journal of Theology and Christianity Studies
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