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Data-driven and LCA-based Framework for environmental and circular assessment of Modular Curtain Walls 基于数据和生命周期评估的模块化幕墙环境和循环评估框架
Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-07-06 DOI: 10.47982/jfde.2024.305
Luca Morganti, Peru Elguezabal Esnarrizaga, A. Pracucci, Theo Zaffagnini, Veronica Garcia Cortes, Andreas Rudenå, Birgit Brunklaus, Julen Astudillo Larraz
To assist the sustainable development of the building sector, designers require tools illustrating the most viable design options. This paper, starting by presenting the opportunities and limitations of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology and Digital Product Passport (DPP) instrument when applied to Custom Modules for Curtain Walls, proposes a Semantic Data-driven Framework to facilitate the design of low-carbon and circular façade modules. Based on literature and the practical outcome of the H2020 project Basajaun, this framework integrates computer-aided technologies that manufacturing companies commonly employ to automate an efficient sustainability assessment process using primary data. This solution innovates industrial process management and architectural design and supports the creation of greener products. It also facilitates the output of documents supporting end-of-life scenarios. The development methodology involves investigating required quantitative project data, environmental factors, and circularity information, as well as the definition of flowcharts for the Life Cycle Inventory, extending a best practice for the façade module’s DPP. Furthermore, the methodology implicates data collection and IT implementation and organisation. This is through the definition of an ontology conceived for interconnection between digital systems. The findings shall contribute to implementing the LCA and DPP practices for custom prefabricated façade modules and suggest areas for further development. Challenges include obtaining and sharing data on environmental impacts and circularity, but involving stakeholders and addressing technical limitations can improve sustainability.
为了帮助建筑行业实现可持续发展,设计师需要一些工具来说明最可行的设计方案。本文首先介绍了生命周期评估(LCA)方法和数字产品护照(DPP)工具在应用于幕墙定制模块时的机遇和局限性,然后提出了一个语义数据驱动框架,以促进低碳和循环幕墙模块的设计。该框架以文献和 H2020 项目 Basajaun 的实践成果为基础,整合了制造企业常用的计算机辅助技术,利用原始数据自动执行高效的可持续性评估流程。该解决方案创新了工业流程管理和建筑设计,支持创造更环保的产品。它还有助于输出支持报废方案的文件。开发方法包括调查所需的定量项目数据、环境因素和循环性信息,以及为生命周期清单定义流程图,为外墙模块的 DPP 扩展最佳实践。此外,该方法还涉及数据收集和信息技术的实施与组织。这可以通过定义本体来实现数字系统之间的互联。研究结果将有助于为定制预制外墙模块实施生命周期评估和设计方案评估实践,并提出进一步发展的领域。面临的挑战包括获取和共享有关环境影响和循环性的数据,但让利益相关者参与进来并解决技术限制问题可以提高可持续性。
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引用次数: 0
Energy retrofit with prefabricated timber-based façade modules: pre- and post-comparison between two identical buildings 使用预制木质外墙模块进行节能改造:两座相同建筑的前后对比
Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-23 DOI: 10.47982/jfde.2023.1.01
Nicola Callegaro, R. Albatici
The introduction of prefabrication into the building façade retrofit market is still difficult due to many financial, economic, and social constraints, as well as technical and performance requirements that differ from those of new construction. The technical feasibility, construction details, and actual comfort and energy-saving benefits provided by the installation of prefabricated façade modules are still being investigated, as is one goal of the specific case study presented here. The Renew-Wall project aims to create a new modular, timber-based, non-intrusive system for retrofitting buildings, developing a series of significant and fully customisable innovations compared to currently available solutions. This paper describes the main properties of the designed prefabricated façade system, with a focus on its energy and thermo-hygrometric performances. Simulation and laboratory tests are compared with an experimental analysis conducted on two identical mock-up buildings (test cells) during a two-year monitoring campaign in which only one of the two test cells was retrofitted. The results show simulated average annual energy savings of 67%, perfectly in line with what was measured on-site. The prefabricated façade system also demonstrates efficient vapour release and a reduced risk of mould and fungus attack.
由于许多财政、经济和社会方面的限制,以及与新建建筑不同的技术和性能要求,将预制技术引入建筑幕墙改造市场仍然困难重重。安装预制外墙模块的技术可行性、施工细节以及实际的舒适度和节能效益仍在研究之中,这也是本文介绍的具体案例研究的目标之一。Renew-Wall 项目旨在创建一种新型模块化、以木材为基础、非侵入式的建筑改造系统,与现有解决方案相比,该项目开发了一系列重要的、完全可定制的创新技术。本文介绍了所设计的预制外墙系统的主要特性,重点是其能耗和温湿度性能。在为期两年的监测活动中,仅对两个相同的模拟建筑(测试单元)中的一个进行了改造。结果显示,模拟年平均节能率为 67%,与现场测量结果完全一致。预制外墙系统还能有效释放蒸汽,降低霉菌侵袭的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Energy-saving potential of thermochromic coatings in transparent building envelope components 透明建筑围护结构中热致变色涂层的节能潜力
Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-23 DOI: 10.47982/jfde.2023.2.a5
Matthias Fahland, Jolanta Szelwicka, Wiebke Langgemach
Advances in the energy management of buildings are essential for reducing the carbon footprint in the building sector. Applying special window coatings of varying optical properties offers new chances for improved energy efficiency. Thermochromic vanadium oxide (VO2) is an important material for this development and is, therefore, one of the most investigated thermochromic materials. It changes its transmittance in the infrared spectral range in response to a changing temperature. In this study, VO2 coating was deposited on ultra-thin flexible glass in a continuous roll-to-roll sputtering process. The thermochromic layer had a thickness of 70 nm, and it was embedded between two zirconium oxide layers of 170 nm each. The luminous transmittance of the stack was 50%. A solar modulation of 9.6% was reached between the low and high-temperature states. The transition temperature between the cold infrared transparent and the warm infrared opaque state was determined to be 22°C. Different application scenarios for this material were evaluated. The modulation of the solar transmittance was calculated for the combination of VO2 with state-of-the-art low-e coatings. Our findings show that such a combination does not offer a benefit for reducing the energy demand of a building. However, a stand-alone implementation of thermochromic coatings has a high potential if the energy consumption of the building is dominated by cooling demands.
建筑能源管理的进步对于减少建筑行业的碳足迹至关重要。应用具有不同光学特性的特殊窗户涂层为提高能源效率提供了新的机会。热致变色氧化钒(VO2)是促进这一发展的重要材料,因此也是研究最多的热致变色材料之一。它在红外光谱范围内的透射率会随着温度的变化而变化。在这项研究中,通过辊对辊连续溅射工艺在超薄柔性玻璃上沉积了 VO2 涂层。热致变色层的厚度为 70 nm,嵌入两层各为 170 nm 的氧化锆层之间。叠层的透光率为 50%。低温态和高温态之间的太阳光调制率为 9.6%。冷红外透明态和暖红外不透明态之间的过渡温度被确定为 22°C。对这种材料的不同应用场景进行了评估。计算了将 VO2 与最先进的低辐射涂层结合使用时的太阳透过率调制。我们的研究结果表明,这种组合对减少建筑物的能源需求没有好处。不过,如果建筑物的能耗以制冷需求为主,则单独使用热致变色涂料具有很大的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
SmartWall 智能墙
Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-23 DOI: 10.47982/jfde.2023.2.t2
E. Katsigiannis, P. Gerogiannis, I. Atsonios, A. Manolitsis, Maria Founti
Following the need of urban areas to maintain the existing building stock and simultaneously upgrade the overall energy performance, the renovation down-to-nZEB state has already become a necessity. In this regard, a vast range of prefabricated solutions have been developed lately. The main objective of such solutions would be not only to constitute an effective system to tackle building energy consumption but also to be versatile in terms of implementation and economic viability. In this regard, an adaptable off-site prefabricated envelope solution with an embodied HVAC system called “SmartWall” has been developed. The SmartWall can minimise thermal losses through the well-insulated envelope while, at the same time, its integrated HVAC system efficiently maintains indoor thermal comfort conditions. This study examines the virtual implementation of the SmartWall as a “Plug-n-Play” renovation solution to reach the nZEB state of a typical apartment in a multi-family residence in Athens. The analysis considers two SmartWall alternatives using conventional and eco-friendly materials. The results indicate a reduction of 88% in primary energy consumption without affecting thermal comfort conditions and highlighting that the nZEB state can be ensured if the SmartWall application is enhanced with photovoltaic modules.
城市地区需要在保持现有建筑存量的同时提升整体能效,因此,将建筑改造成净可再生能源建筑(NZEB)已成为一种必然。为此,最近开发出了大量预制解决方案。这些解决方案的主要目标不仅是要成为解决建筑能耗问题的有效系统,还要在实施和经济可行性方面具有多样性。为此,我们开发了一种可适应的非现场预制围护结构解决方案,该方案带有一个名为 "SmartWall "的暖通空调系统。SmartWall 可以通过良好的隔热围护结构最大限度地减少热损失,同时,其集成的暖通空调系统可以有效地保持室内热舒适度。本研究考察了 SmartWall 作为 "即插即用 "翻新解决方案的虚拟实施情况,以达到雅典多户住宅中典型公寓的 nZEB 状态。分析考虑了使用传统材料和环保材料的两种 SmartWall 替代方案。结果表明,在不影响热舒适度的条件下,一次能源消耗量减少了 88%,并强调如果在智能墙的应用中增加光伏模块,则可确保实现 nZEB 状态。
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引用次数: 0
Definition and design of a prefabricated and modular façade system to incorporate solar harvesting technologies 定义和设计预制模块化外墙系统,将太阳能收集技术融入其中
Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-23 DOI: 10.47982/jfde.2023.2.t1
Izaskun Alvarez-Alava, P. Elguezabal, Nuria Jorge, Tatiana Armijos-Moya, T. Konstantinou
The current research presents the design and development of a prefabricated modular façade solution for renovating residential buildings. The system is conceived as an industrialised solution that incorporates solar harvesting technologies, contributing to reducing energy consumption by employing an “active façade” concept. One of the main challenges was to achieve a highly flexible solution both in terms of geometry and enabling the incorporation of different solar-capturing devices (photovoltaic, thermal, and hybrid). Therefore, to be able to provide alternative customised configurations that can be fitted to various building renovation scenarios. Guided by the requirements and specifications, the design was defined after an iterative process, concluding with a final system design validated and adopted as viable for the intended purpose. A dimensional study for interconnecting all the technologies composing the system was carried out. Potential alternative configurations were assessed under the modularity and versatility perspective, resulting in a set of alternative combinations that better fit the established requirements. Complementarily, the system also integrates an active window solution a component that incorporates an autonomous energy recovery system through ventilation. The main outcome is explicated in a highly versatile modular façade system, which gives existing buildings the possibility to achieve Nearly Zero Energy Building requirements.
目前的研究介绍了一种用于住宅建筑翻新的预制模块化外墙解决方案的设计和开发。该系统是一种工业化解决方案,采用了太阳能收集技术,通过采用 "主动外墙 "概念来减少能源消耗。主要挑战之一是如何实现高度灵活的解决方案,既要考虑到几何形状,又要能够采用不同的太阳能捕获装置(光伏、热能和混合)。因此,要能够提供其他定制配置,以适应各种建筑改造方案。在要求和规格的指导下,经过反复推敲后确定了设计方案,最终的系统设计经过验证并被采纳为可行的预期目的。对组成系统的所有技术进行了尺寸研究。从模块化和多功能的角度对潜在的替代配置进行了评估,最终确定了一套更符合既定要求的替代组合。作为补充,该系统还集成了主动式窗户解决方案,这是一个通过通风实现自主能源回收系统的组件。主要成果体现在一个高度通用的模块化外墙系统上,它使现有建筑有可能达到近零能耗建筑的要求。
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引用次数: 0
Automation process in data collection for representing façades in building models as part of the renovation process 作为翻新过程的一部分,在建筑模型中表现外墙的数据收集自动化流程
Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-23 DOI: 10.47982/jfde.2023.2.a2
Kepa Iturralde, P. Elguezabal, Asier Mediavila
A key barrier in building-facade renovation processes is that, contrary to new designs, an initial building model where the design process is based rarely exists, and the technologies usually employed to create it (e.g., based on point cloud scanning) are costly or require modeling skills. This situation is a clear limitation, especially in early decision stages, where the level of detail required is not very high, and the analysis and studies to consider the renovation plan (e.g., simplified energy simulations and renovation potential, or estimation of the number, types, and dimensions of the prefabricated modules incorporating solar panels) highly depend on such digital models. This paper introduces a process that, based on freely available data such as open GIS sources (local Cadasters, OpenStreetMap…) and façade images, can semi-automatically generate the 3D building model of the existing conditions, and in a second step also suggests the prefabricated facades module layout for building upgrades. Additionally, no onsite visit is needed. When the upgrade is focused on the façade, a big opportunity is identified for generating the building model and a realistic representation of its envelope, only using online data sources as input. The process developed consists of a set of easy-to-use software tools that can be used independently or combined in a workflow, depending on the available data and starting conditions. Time saving is very clear and costs can be reduced.
建筑幕墙翻新过程中的一个主要障碍是,与新设计相反,设计过程所依据的初始建筑模型很少存在,通常用于创建模型的技术(如基于点云扫描的技术)成本高昂或需要建模技能。这种情况是一个明显的局限,尤其是在早期决策阶段,对细节的要求并不高,而考虑翻新计划的分析和研究(如简化的能源模拟和翻新潜力,或预制模块(包括太阳能电池板)的数量、类型和尺寸的估算)则高度依赖于此类数字模型。本文介绍了一种基于开放式地理信息系统(Cadasters、OpenStreetMap......)和外墙图像等可免费获取的数据,可半自动生成现有条件下的三维建筑模型,并在第二步中提出建筑升级的预制外墙模块布局建议。此外,还无需实地考察。当升级的重点是外墙时,只需使用在线数据源作为输入,就能生成建筑模型并逼真再现其外墙,这是一个很好的机会。所开发的流程包括一套易于使用的软件工具,可根据可用数据和起始条件在工作流程中独立使用或组合使用。节省时间和降低成本的效果非常明显。
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引用次数: 0
Multifunctional façades for renovation through industrialization 通过工业化改造的多功能外墙
Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-23 DOI: 10.47982/jfde.2023.2.00
Maria Founti, S. Avesani, P. Elguezabal
This Special Issue compiles results of EU H2020 funded projects working on the development of multi-functional envelope solutions for deep renovation of buildings. The projects have a common and aligned objective to develop and demonstrate plug & build smart components, including insulation materials, heating and cooling elements, ventilation, smart windows, energy production, solar harvesting, and storage with necessary connecting and controlling parts to be integrated in a prefabricated envelope system. They highlight that plug & build solutions are suitable for mass production by industry for buildings undergoing deep renovation to NZEB standards. They also underline that the development and implementation of digital based technologies can boost the application of such industrialized concepts.
本特刊汇集了欧盟 H2020 资助项目的成果,这些项目致力于开发用于建筑物深度翻新的多功能围护结构解决方案。这些项目的共同目标是开发和展示即插即用的智能组件,包括隔热材料、加热和冷却元件、通风设备、智能窗户、能源生产、太阳能收集和存储,并将必要的连接和控制部件集成到预制围护系统中。他们强调,即插即用解决方案适用于工业大规模生产,用于按照 NZEB 标准对建筑物进行深度改造。他们还强调,基于数字技术的开发和实施可以促进此类工业化概念的应用。
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引用次数: 0
Implementation of a multifunctional Plug-and-Play façade using a set-based design approach 采用基于集合的设计方法实现多功能即插即用外墙
Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-23 DOI: 10.47982/jfde.2023.2.t4
David Masip, Grazia Marrone, Irene Rafols Ribas
An immediate paradigm shift is needed to transform the deep renovation market for improved building performance and expanded energy efficiency horizons. The financial, social, and sustainability challenges of the EU targets suggest research towards reliable, inter-compatible, and interoperable solutions aiming at combining different energy conservation measures. This work proposes the implementation of a lightweight Plug-and-Play (PnP) building system for façade renovation using a set-based design approach. The PnP module, based on a main structure in the form of a Light Steel Frame (LSF) and a metal-faced sandwich panel, is combined with various market-ready components. The efficient integration of these third-party products is highlighted by defining and demonstrating the design process, implementing a solution driven by the reach of a highly industrialised solution, easy to assemble and install, customizable, scalable, and adaptable to the existing buildings. With the set-based design matrix, different integration scenarios are investigated through virtual prototypes. Moreover, to facilitate the shift from design to construction of the integrated PnP module, the study proposes three prototyping levels to demonstrate the efficiency of the design integration methodology and the technical feasibility of both the various module's configurations and the overall module, exploring them through the realisation of preliminary, full-scale façade and actual environment-applied prototypes.
为提高建筑性能和扩大能效范围,需要立即转变模式,以改造深度翻新市场。欧盟目标所面临的财政、社会和可持续发展方面的挑战表明,需要研究可靠、相互兼容和可互操作的解决方案,以便将不同的节能措施结合起来。这项研究提出了一种轻型即插即用(PnP)建筑系统,采用基于集合的设计方法进行外墙翻新。即插即用模块以轻钢框架(LSF)和金属面夹芯板形式的主体结构为基础,与各种市场现成的组件相结合。通过定义和展示设计流程,突出了这些第三方产品的高效整合,实施了一个由高度工业化解决方案驱动的解决方案,易于组装和安装、可定制、可扩展,并适应现有建筑。利用基于集合的设计矩阵,通过虚拟原型对不同的集成方案进行研究。此外,为了促进集成 PnP 模块从设计到施工的转变,该研究提出了三个原型级别,以展示设计集成方法的效率以及各种模块配置和整体模块的技术可行性,并通过实现初步、全尺寸外墙和实际环境应用原型进行探索。
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引用次数: 0
Off-site prefabricated hybrid façade systems 场外预制混合外墙系统
Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-23 DOI: 10.47982/jfde.2023.2.a1
I. Atsonios, E. Katsigiannis, Andrianos E. Koklas, Dionysis Kolaitis, Maria Founti, C. Mouzakis, C. Tsoutis, Daniel Adamovský, Jaume Colom, Daniel Philippen, Alberto Diego
The residential sector is responsible for the largest share of global energy consumption, while the existing building stock in Europe is relatively old. This issue, in combination with the low rate of new constructions, highlights the necessity for deep renovation of existing buildings to reach NZEB standards. At the same time, in the last decades, off-site prefabricated solutions have gained popularity in the building market, allowing the reliable and effective integration of diverse components and reducing the total renovation cost and occupants’ disturbance. The current study describes three all-in-one “Plug & Play” prefab renovation solutions and their assessment in terms of thermal, static, acoustic, and fire performance. The assessing performance is selected depending on their incorporated element as well as the national regulations of the country where the renovation solution is going to be installed. The assessment aims to ensure their characteristics’ satisfaction with the European and national requirements. In parallel, the assessment identifies the accurate behaviour of prefab façade systems both in passive and active mode and improves/optimises any possible design drawbacks.
住宅部门占全球能源消耗的最大份额,而欧洲现有的建筑存量相对陈旧。这一问题,再加上新建建筑比例较低,凸显了对现有建筑进行深度改造以达到 NZEB 标准的必要性。与此同时,在过去的几十年里,非现场预制解决方案在建筑市场上越来越受欢迎,它可以可靠、有效地集成各种组件,降低翻新总成本,减少对住户的干扰。本研究介绍了三种一体化的 "即插即用 "预制翻新解决方案,以及它们在热性能、静态性能、声学性能和防火性能方面的评估。评估性能的选择取决于它们所包含的元素以及翻新解决方案安装所在国的国家法规。评估的目的是确保其特性符合欧洲和国家的要求。同时,评估还能确定预制外墙系统在被动和主动模式下的准确性能,并改进/优化任何可能存在的设计缺陷。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing the circular re-design of prefabricated building envelope elements for carbon neutral renovation 评估预制建筑围护结构的循环再设计,实现碳中和改造
Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-23 DOI: 10.47982/jfde.2023.2.a4
Ivar Bergmans, Silu Bhochhibhoya, John Van Oorschot
Buildings and the construction industry at large are significant contributors to the catastrophic climate breakdown. The built environment is responsible for 37% of the total global carbon emission, of which about a third arises from the energy used to produce building and construction materials, usually referred to as embodied carbon. One of the key strategies to reduce the environmental impact of buildings is to significantly improve their energy efficiency, which is referred to as deep renovation. Prefabricated building envelope elements intended to prevent heat loss through the building envelope are considered a key deep-renovation technology. Connecting prefabricated elements to a building reflects a potential stream of waste if applied linearly with severe negative environmental impact in terms of natural resource depletion and exposure to pollutants. This article reports on a quantitative Design for Disassembly (Dfd) indicator to assess future recovery potential and, subsequently, its impact on embodied carbon emission of the circular redesign of three different prefabricated building envelope elements. Although none of the redesigned elements are yet considered 100% circular, the development of these three prefabricated building envelope elements showcases that the environmental impact can be substantially reduced following a well-structured and dedicated innovation process. The reduction of the environmental impact is indicated by lower quantities of embodied carbon up to 50% and an improved design for disassembly, reflecting a higher reuse potential of building materials and components. Several limitations and directions for further research were identified to advance the development of circular, prefabricated deep-renovation building envelope elements.
建筑物和整个建筑业是造成灾难性气候破坏的重要因素。建筑环境占全球碳排放总量的 37%,其中约三分之一来自生产建筑和建筑材料所使用的能源,通常称为内含碳。减少建筑物对环境影响的关键策略之一是大幅提高建筑物的能效,即深度翻新。旨在防止热量通过建筑围护结构流失的预制建筑围护结构构件被认为是一种关键的深度翻新技术。将预制构件连接到建筑物上,如果是线性应用,则会产生潜在的废物流,并在自然资源耗竭和污染物暴露方面对环境造成严重的负面影响。本文报告了一个量化的拆卸设计(Dfd)指标,用于评估三种不同预制建筑围护结构元素的循环再设计的未来回收潜力及其对体现碳排放的影响。尽管重新设计的构件还不能被认为是 100% 的循环型构件,但这三种预制建筑外围护结构构件的开发表明,经过结构合理、专注的创新过程,对环境的影响可以大大降低。减少对环境的影响表现在:降低了 50% 的内含碳量,改进了拆卸设计,提高了建筑材料和部件的再利用潜力。为推动循环型预制深层翻新建筑围护结构的发展,确定了一些局限性和进一步研究的方向。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Facade Design and Engineering
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