Pub Date : 2016-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.reach.2016.06.002
Günter Ruyters, Katrin Stang
The challenges confronting health care especially in today’s ageing societies of the industrialised countries demand a paradigm change in the medical sector. Among experts, it is generally expected that medicine and health care will focus on three tasks in the future:
–
health maintenance in healthy people,
–
individualised health care, and
–
challenging the traditional relation between physician and patient by providing the doctor’s advice irrespective of the location of the patients (telecare).
At the same time, life sciences as a whole, i.e. biology and medicine, is seeing a fundamental reorientation at the beginning of the 21st century: The focus is no longer on analysing specific genes or proteins in an organism but on understanding living systems in their entirety – a concept successfully used in systems biology. This should determine also our approach to human beings, who should be considered as integrative systems and as individuals. This rethink is indispensable if we are to meet the global challenges of the 21st century. In Germany, the Federal Government follows that logic in its so-called “High-Tech Strategy Paper” dated 2010. Therein, the subjects of health and nutrition are defined as one of five global challenges it intends to confront by future work in the area of individualised medicine, nutritional science, and research on ageing Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). Within the recently released “New High-Tech Strategy Paper – Innovations for Germany “dated 2014, the topics of individualised health care and medicine are stressed even more and will be worked on with dedicated actions. The subjects of nutrition and prevention will be given special attention in programs that will take care of health and living quality of the individual in a life-course perspective Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). In annual “World Health Summits” countries around the world are discussing similar strategies www.worldhealthsummit.org[3].
Now, what is all that to do with space medicine? First of all, medical research and health care in space have always been and still are focusing, in an integrative approach, on the healthy astronaut as an individual. Secondly, in terms of substance, space medicine essentially consists of ageing research: After all, the physiological changes that astronauts experience during their flights in space resemble the ageing processes of people on the ground. In space, these processes happen in quick motion, in a manner of speaking, and – luckily for the astronauts – most of the changes are fully or at least to a great extent reversible.
From these considerations it is obvious, that – in particular for people living in an ageing but nevertheless active society – space medicine is of inestimable
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Pub Date : 2016-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.reach.2016.06.003
Axel García, Andrew Lamb, Arseniy Sleptsov, Carolina Moreno, Maria Victorova, Natalia Glazkova, Veronika Shteyngardt
The main goal of this paper is to provide a space students’ view for the next step in the post-ISS era. The retirement of the International Space Station (ISS) within the next decade necessitates the prompt development of the next human space exploration architecture. The plans of NASA to go beyond Earth orbit, initially set up a circumlunar platform, would allow doing research and technology development in many areas, long-duration study of the effects of high radiation doses on humans, the testing of suitable protection methods and preparation for the next steps of human exploration. This plan appears to be the most logical step for future human space exploration. Chinese, Russian and western European mission planners envision a longer-term presence on the Moon, using the Chang’e, Federatsia and Moon Village architectures, respectively. Plans are afoot to develop In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) technologies for creating fuel and structures and providing life support, as well as using the low-electromagnetic-noise environment to make previously unfeasible astronomical observations. Although an intermediate step before going to Moon may be a better solution than going directly, these current plans could be well integrated to an international long-term strategy, where not every nation would focus on immediate necessities at the same time. While a Mars mission is the long-term goal of many space agencies, only ambitious non-governmental organizations such as SpaceX, Mars One and the Mars Society are exploring this as a direct next step. Current skepticisms about technical feasibility already in the direct post-ISS period as well as the enormous cost implications of such projects make it unlikely that this should be the next step. It also appears important to maintain research and earth observation capabilities in LEO post-ISS. Thus, international collaboration using the advantages of the Chinese Station and/or Roscosmos’ ISS component reutilization concept as well as integrating private Industry in the post ISS era would also be wise decisions.
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