Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.17159/caj/2022/32/2.15317
R. Burger
No Abstract
没有抽象的
{"title":"Message from the Incoming NACA President","authors":"R. Burger","doi":"10.17159/caj/2022/32/2.15317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/caj/2022/32/2.15317","url":null,"abstract":"No Abstract","PeriodicalId":37511,"journal":{"name":"Clean Air Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48671821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.17159/caj/2022/32/2.15282
I. Sampson
{"title":"The time is now to find each other to control pollution","authors":"I. Sampson","doi":"10.17159/caj/2022/32/2.15282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/caj/2022/32/2.15282","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37511,"journal":{"name":"Clean Air Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42253681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.17159/caj/2022/32/2.14588
Nandi Mwase, B. Olutola, J. Wichmann
Background: Epidemiological studies reported independent effects of air pollution and temperature on health, yet these twoexposures are often treated as separate risk factors. Few studies investigated temperature effect modification on the health effects ofair pollution in Africa and none examined the effects of black carbon on respiratory disease (RD) hospitalisations. The aim of this studywas to determine whether the association between RD hospitalisations and air pollution in the Vaal Triangle Air Pollution Priority Areawas modified by apparent temperature (Tapp) during January 2013 to February 2020. Methods: RD admission data (ICD10 J00-J99) were obtained from two hospitals located in Vanderbijlpark and Vereeniging. AmbientPM10, PM2.5, BC, NO2, SO2 and O3, temperature and relative humidity data were obtained from six monitoring stations. A case-crossover epidemiological study design was applied. Lag0-1 was investigated, i.e. the average air pollutant level on the day and the day before hospitalisation. Models were adjusted for public holidays and Tapp. Effect modification was investigated by stratifying days into low, moderate and high Tapp days. Susceptibility by age and sex was investigated. Results: Of the 43 386 hospital admissions, 50.9% (n=22 092) were women and 51.4% (n=22 304) were 0-14-year olds. Air pollutantsexceeded the daily WHO air quality guidelines generally on more than 50% of the days. In general, moderate Tapp worsened the effects of PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and BC, whilst the effects of NO2 and O3 were most pronounced on days with high Tapp. The elderly and females were more vulnerable to air pollution, especially on days with moderate Tapp. Conclusions: These results indicate that the risk of RD hospitalisation due to ambient air pollution exposure is different on low,moderate and high Tapp days in Vanderbijlpark and Vereeniging.
{"title":"Temperature modifies the association between air pollution and respiratory disease hospital admissions in an industrial area of South Africa: The Vaal Triangle Air Pollution Priority Area","authors":"Nandi Mwase, B. Olutola, J. Wichmann","doi":"10.17159/caj/2022/32/2.14588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/caj/2022/32/2.14588","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Epidemiological studies reported independent effects of air pollution and temperature on health, yet these twoexposures are often treated as separate risk factors. Few studies investigated temperature effect modification on the health effects ofair pollution in Africa and none examined the effects of black carbon on respiratory disease (RD) hospitalisations. The aim of this studywas to determine whether the association between RD hospitalisations and air pollution in the Vaal Triangle Air Pollution Priority Areawas modified by apparent temperature (Tapp) during January 2013 to February 2020.\u0000Methods: RD admission data (ICD10 J00-J99) were obtained from two hospitals located in Vanderbijlpark and Vereeniging. AmbientPM10, PM2.5, BC, NO2, SO2 and O3, temperature and relative humidity data were obtained from six monitoring stations. A case-crossover epidemiological study design was applied. Lag0-1 was investigated, i.e. the average air pollutant level on the day and the day before hospitalisation. Models were adjusted for public holidays and Tapp. Effect modification was investigated by stratifying days into low, moderate and high Tapp days. Susceptibility by age and sex was investigated.\u0000Results: Of the 43 386 hospital admissions, 50.9% (n=22 092) were women and 51.4% (n=22 304) were 0-14-year olds. Air pollutantsexceeded the daily WHO air quality guidelines generally on more than 50% of the days. In general, moderate Tapp worsened the effects of PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and BC, whilst the effects of NO2 and O3 were most pronounced on days with high Tapp. The elderly and females were more vulnerable to air pollution, especially on days with moderate Tapp.\u0000Conclusions: These results indicate that the risk of RD hospitalisation due to ambient air pollution exposure is different on low,moderate and high Tapp days in Vanderbijlpark and Vereeniging.","PeriodicalId":37511,"journal":{"name":"Clean Air Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44508423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.17159/caj/2022/32/2.15226
G. Kornelius, Patrick Forbes, T. Fischer, Malin Govender
The South African Greenhouse Gas reporting regulations (DEA 2017a) require that certain emission categories (including gaseous and liquid fuels for transport and stationary applications) use tier 2 methods to report greenhouse gas emissions starting five years after April 2017. Higher tier methods for greenhouse gas reporting require country-specific emission factors. This brief reports on the results obtained from sampling and analysing
{"title":"Tier 2 Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for South African Liquid and Gaseous Fuels","authors":"G. Kornelius, Patrick Forbes, T. Fischer, Malin Govender","doi":"10.17159/caj/2022/32/2.15226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/caj/2022/32/2.15226","url":null,"abstract":"The South African Greenhouse Gas reporting regulations (DEA 2017a) require that certain emission categories (including gaseous and liquid fuels for transport and stationary applications) use tier 2 methods to report greenhouse gas emissions starting five years after April 2017. Higher tier methods for greenhouse gas reporting require country-specific emission factors. This brief reports on the results obtained from sampling and analysing","PeriodicalId":37511,"journal":{"name":"Clean Air Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45982206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.17159/caj/2022/32/2.15320
A. Kaudia, Y. Sokona, B. Mantlana, A. Mbandi, P. Osano, Andersen Gwanyebit Kehbila, Lawrence Nzuve, Caroline Tagwireyi, C. Heaps, K. Hicks, Eve Palmer, B. Wernecke, Rebecca M. Garland
Ultimately
最终
{"title":"The launch of the first-ever Integrated Assessment of Air Pollution and Climate Change for Sustainable Development in Africa","authors":"A. Kaudia, Y. Sokona, B. Mantlana, A. Mbandi, P. Osano, Andersen Gwanyebit Kehbila, Lawrence Nzuve, Caroline Tagwireyi, C. Heaps, K. Hicks, Eve Palmer, B. Wernecke, Rebecca M. Garland","doi":"10.17159/caj/2022/32/2.15320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/caj/2022/32/2.15320","url":null,"abstract":"Ultimately","PeriodicalId":37511,"journal":{"name":"Clean Air Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45094800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-14DOI: 10.17159/caj/2022/32/2.12145
Edwin Cogho, J. Beukes, P. V. van Zyl, V. Vakkari
Coal mining is a significant activity on the Mpumalanga Highveld. One of the major air pollution issues associated with coal mining, is the spontaneous combustion of coal. There are no abatement technologies in place for such emissions, and typically long- and shortlived greenhouse gases, other gaseous pollutants and particulate matter are emitted by such events. For ambient air quality models to accurately capture the contribution of spontaneously combusted coal, it is necessary to determine the locations and durations of these burning events. Such information will also assist in explaining experimentally determined ambient air quality data. In this article, satellite fire radiative power (FRP) data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MODIS) was used to determine the locations and durations of spontaneously combusted coal within the Mpumalanga Highveld for January 2001 to December 2019. From the results it was concluded that five mining sites were prone to spontaneous combustion. These sites were all opencast mines situated on old bord and pillar mines. Two of these areas were actively burning for most of the 19-year study period. A relatively well-defined seasonal pattern was also observed, with combustion events being more prevalent during the winter months. Considering the active burning periods of the areas where spontaneous combustion were recorded, it is obvious that this is a major source of atmospheric pollutants on the Mpumalanga Highveld.
{"title":"The use of fire radiative power observations to determine spontaneous combustion event activities associated with coal mining on the Mpumalanga Highveld","authors":"Edwin Cogho, J. Beukes, P. V. van Zyl, V. Vakkari","doi":"10.17159/caj/2022/32/2.12145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/caj/2022/32/2.12145","url":null,"abstract":"Coal mining is a significant activity on the Mpumalanga Highveld. One of the major air pollution issues associated with coal mining, is the spontaneous combustion of coal. There are no abatement technologies in place for such emissions, and typically long- and shortlived greenhouse gases, other gaseous pollutants and particulate matter are emitted by such events. For ambient air quality models to accurately capture the contribution of spontaneously combusted coal, it is necessary to determine the locations and durations of these burning events. Such information will also assist in explaining experimentally determined ambient air quality data. In this article, satellite fire radiative power (FRP) data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MODIS) was used to determine the locations and durations of spontaneously combusted coal within the Mpumalanga Highveld for January 2001 to December 2019. From the results it was concluded that five mining sites were prone to spontaneous combustion. These sites were all opencast mines situated on old bord and pillar mines. Two of these areas were actively burning for most of the 19-year study period. A relatively well-defined seasonal pattern was also observed, with combustion events being more prevalent during the winter months. Considering the active burning periods of the areas where spontaneous combustion were recorded, it is obvious that this is a major source of atmospheric pollutants on the Mpumalanga Highveld.","PeriodicalId":37511,"journal":{"name":"Clean Air Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48297049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Students in a country like Ethiopia face a double air pollution challenge: they are frequently exposed (both outdoors and indoors) to sources of incomplete combustion and therefore to unhealthy concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO), while they also face increased carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in crowded dormitories and classrooms. Research on air pollution in the environment of Ethiopian students is scarce. This lack of research can be fixed by involving students in science through a student science project, essentially a subset of citizen science. Students of Arba Minch University, Ethiopia, conducted measurements of PM2.5, CO, and CO2 under self-selected circumstances. Their measurements are compared to guideline values related to health effects to identify priority areas for future research. For PM2.5, students’ measurements show likely exceedances of guideline values for an inside coffee ceremony, close to open waste burning, at a bus station and close to a diesel generator. For CO, exceedances are revealed in kitchens and the visitor’s area of restaurants using biomass fuel, close to outdoor charcoal cooking and close to waste burning. For CO2, exceedances are found within student dormitories. These areas can be considered priority areas for further research. Students can conduct additional measurements to distinguish other relevant scenarios. Insight into exposure can be improved if, besides different concentrations under different circumstances, also time durations of these different circumstances are studied. The findings reveal that students themselves can be a partial solution to research and resource gaps in their context.
{"title":"Using student science to identify research priority areas for air pollution in a university environment: an Ethiopian case study","authors":"Jan Dirk Dingemanse, Muse Abayneh Abiyu, Kirubel Getachew Tesfaye, Feyera Fekadu Roro","doi":"10.17159/caj/2022/32/2.13470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/caj/2022/32/2.13470","url":null,"abstract":"Students in a country like Ethiopia face a double air pollution challenge: they are frequently exposed (both outdoors and indoors) to sources of incomplete combustion and therefore to unhealthy concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO), while they also face increased carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in crowded dormitories and classrooms. Research on air pollution in the environment of Ethiopian students is scarce. This lack of research can be fixed by involving students in science through a student science project, essentially a subset of citizen science. Students of Arba Minch University, Ethiopia, conducted measurements of PM2.5, CO, and CO2 under self-selected circumstances. Their measurements are compared to guideline values related to health effects to identify priority areas for future research. For PM2.5, students’ measurements show likely exceedances of guideline values for an inside coffee ceremony, close to open waste burning, at a bus station and close to a diesel generator. For CO, exceedances are revealed in kitchens and the visitor’s area of restaurants using biomass fuel, close to outdoor charcoal cooking and close to waste burning. For CO2, exceedances are found within student dormitories. These areas can be considered priority areas for further research. Students can conduct additional measurements to distinguish other relevant scenarios. Insight into exposure can be improved if, besides different concentrations under different circumstances, also time durations of these different circumstances are studied. The findings reveal that students themselves can be a partial solution to research and resource gaps in their context.","PeriodicalId":37511,"journal":{"name":"Clean Air Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45378702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-12DOI: 10.17159/caj/2022/32/2.13228
Phathutshedzo Mukwevho, F. Retief, R. Burger
South Africa has developed a plethora of air quality management instruments as a means to address and mitigate air quality challenges. However, no holistic conceptualised understanding of these instruments exists to critically inform air quality management and governance. The aim of this paper is to identify existing air quality management instruments and conceptualise them in terms of three broad environmental management approaches, namely Command and Control-based (CaC), Fiscal-based and Civil-based. This allows for a critical understanding of the overall air quality governance framework in South Africa. A literature review methodology was followed to identify the different instruments. The research results suggest an over reliance on CaC, high levels of hybridisation, high level of complexity and an overall lack of synergy between instruments. The research notes that even amidst the plethora of instruments South Africa continues to face serious air quality challenges. We hope that the conceptualisation provided in this paper provides a basis towards a more detailed analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, and performance of different approaches and instruments to ensure more effective air quality governance and management in South Africa.
{"title":"Conceptualising air quality management instruments in South Africa","authors":"Phathutshedzo Mukwevho, F. Retief, R. Burger","doi":"10.17159/caj/2022/32/2.13228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/caj/2022/32/2.13228","url":null,"abstract":"South Africa has developed a plethora of air quality management instruments as a means to address and mitigate air quality challenges. However, no holistic conceptualised understanding of these instruments exists to critically inform air quality management and governance. The aim of this paper is to identify existing air quality management instruments and conceptualise them in terms of three broad environmental management approaches, namely Command and Control-based (CaC), Fiscal-based and Civil-based. This allows for a critical understanding of the overall air quality governance framework in South Africa. A literature review methodology was followed to identify the different instruments. The research results suggest an over reliance on CaC, high levels of hybridisation, high level of complexity and an overall lack of synergy between instruments. The research notes that even amidst the plethora of instruments South Africa continues to face serious air quality challenges. We hope that the conceptualisation provided in this paper provides a basis towards a more detailed analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, and performance of different approaches and instruments to ensure more effective air quality governance and management in South Africa.","PeriodicalId":37511,"journal":{"name":"Clean Air Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48560175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-24DOI: 10.17159/caj/2022/32/1.12866
J. Swartz, P. V. van Zyl, J. Beukes, C. Galy-Lacaux, C. Labuschagne, E. Brunke, T. Mkololo, J. Pienaar
The measurement of precipitation chemistry enables the assessment of the temporal and spatial evolution of the chemical composition of the atmosphere associated with atmospheric physical and chemical mechanisms. The aims of this study were to report the chemical composition of rainwater collected at a marine environment, i.e. the Cape Point Global Atmosphere Watch (CPT GAW) station from 2004 to 2012. As expected, the volume weighted mean (VWM) concentrations of Na+ (298.64 μEq.L-1) and Cl- (354.18 μEq.L-1) were significantly higher compared to the VWM concentrations of other ionic species, as well as compared to the VWM concentrations thereof at the sites in the South African interior. The average pH of rainwater was slightly lower than the pH of unpolluted rainwater, mainly due to NO3- associated with the occasional influence of the Cape Town metropole. In contrast to the sites situated in the north-eastern South African interior, where anthropogenic SO42- was the major constituent in rainwater, SO42- at CPT GAW was entirely associated with marine air with no anthropogenic contribution. It was also indicated that 94% of the chemical content at CPT GAW can be attributed to the marine source.
{"title":"Wet season chemical composition of atmospheric wet deposition at Cape Point","authors":"J. Swartz, P. V. van Zyl, J. Beukes, C. Galy-Lacaux, C. Labuschagne, E. Brunke, T. Mkololo, J. Pienaar","doi":"10.17159/caj/2022/32/1.12866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/caj/2022/32/1.12866","url":null,"abstract":"The measurement of precipitation chemistry enables the assessment of the temporal and spatial evolution of the chemical composition of the atmosphere associated with atmospheric physical and chemical mechanisms. The aims of this study were to report the chemical composition of rainwater collected at a marine environment, i.e. the Cape Point Global Atmosphere Watch (CPT GAW) station from 2004 to 2012. As expected, the volume weighted mean (VWM) concentrations of Na+ (298.64 μEq.L-1) and Cl- (354.18 μEq.L-1) were significantly higher compared to the VWM concentrations of other ionic species, as well as compared to the VWM concentrations thereof at the sites in the South African interior. The average pH of rainwater was slightly lower than the pH of unpolluted rainwater, mainly due to NO3- associated with the occasional influence of the Cape Town metropole. In contrast to the sites situated in the north-eastern South African interior, where anthropogenic SO42- was the major constituent in rainwater, SO42- at CPT GAW was entirely associated with marine air with no anthropogenic contribution. It was also indicated that 94% of the chemical content at CPT GAW can be attributed to the marine source.","PeriodicalId":37511,"journal":{"name":"Clean Air Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41419021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-24DOI: 10.17159/caj/2022/32/1.14026
R. Euripidou, J. Irlam, D. Hallowes, T. Lloyd, Nicole Loser
for a quarter of all heart attack deaths, and about a third of all deaths from stroke, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Health impacts are largest among women, children, older people, and the poor (Perera 2017; WHO 2021a).
{"title":"The Minimum Emission Standards (MES) and the sabotage of public health","authors":"R. Euripidou, J. Irlam, D. Hallowes, T. Lloyd, Nicole Loser","doi":"10.17159/caj/2022/32/1.14026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/caj/2022/32/1.14026","url":null,"abstract":"for a quarter of all heart attack deaths, and about a third of all deaths from stroke, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Health impacts are largest among women, children, older people, and the poor (Perera 2017; WHO 2021a).","PeriodicalId":37511,"journal":{"name":"Clean Air Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48482048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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