Pub Date : 2020-10-09DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2020.1809251
John R. Emery
ABSTRACT This article explores the principle of due care in war and the myth that improved battlefield technology makes Western warfare inherently more ethical. The discursive construction – which I term virtuous chaoplexic militarism – of the US as ethical by virtue of its utilization of technologically advanced modes of killing, seeks to dissolve the ethico-political dilemmas of war into quantifiable problems to-be-solved. This article illustrates this dissolution by outlining the transformation within US military decision-making from an ethics of practical judgement to a computational techno-ethics. To do this, I evaluate two concrete cases of US algorithms of militarism. The first case traces the rise of collateral damage estimation algorithms, colloquially known as bugsplat. I examine how bugsplat is programmed, its fundamental design flaws, and its practical exploitation by commanders to erroneously tick the box of ethical due care. The second case explores the SKYNET machine-learning algorithm that was designed to construct ‘legitimate targets’ for US drone strikes via heterogeneous correlations of SIM card metadata. While drone strikes are widely praised for their capacity to individualize targeting, the algorithmic process of SKYNET ultimately erodes the individual subjectivity that is foundational for ethics of war through data constructions of ‘terroristness.’ As both cases demonstrate, the ultimate goal of this virtuous chaoplexic militarism is to render the ethico-political dilemmas of killing quantifiable, predictable, and solvable. There exists an urgent need to interrogate socio-technical interactions in the military setting; and specifically, the degree to which practical judgement has been outsourced to a morally problematic computational techno-ethics.
{"title":"Probabilities towards death: bugsplat, algorithmic assassinations, and ethical due care","authors":"John R. Emery","doi":"10.1080/23337486.2020.1809251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2020.1809251","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores the principle of due care in war and the myth that improved battlefield technology makes Western warfare inherently more ethical. The discursive construction – which I term virtuous chaoplexic militarism – of the US as ethical by virtue of its utilization of technologically advanced modes of killing, seeks to dissolve the ethico-political dilemmas of war into quantifiable problems to-be-solved. This article illustrates this dissolution by outlining the transformation within US military decision-making from an ethics of practical judgement to a computational techno-ethics. To do this, I evaluate two concrete cases of US algorithms of militarism. The first case traces the rise of collateral damage estimation algorithms, colloquially known as bugsplat. I examine how bugsplat is programmed, its fundamental design flaws, and its practical exploitation by commanders to erroneously tick the box of ethical due care. The second case explores the SKYNET machine-learning algorithm that was designed to construct ‘legitimate targets’ for US drone strikes via heterogeneous correlations of SIM card metadata. While drone strikes are widely praised for their capacity to individualize targeting, the algorithmic process of SKYNET ultimately erodes the individual subjectivity that is foundational for ethics of war through data constructions of ‘terroristness.’ As both cases demonstrate, the ultimate goal of this virtuous chaoplexic militarism is to render the ethico-political dilemmas of killing quantifiable, predictable, and solvable. There exists an urgent need to interrogate socio-technical interactions in the military setting; and specifically, the degree to which practical judgement has been outsourced to a morally problematic computational techno-ethics.","PeriodicalId":37527,"journal":{"name":"Critical Military Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23337486.2020.1809251","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41750089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-14DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2020.1809253
Demet Aslı Çaltekin
ABSTRACT This review article examines Chris Rossdale’s Resisting Militarism: Direct Action and the Politics of Subversion, bringing its critical analysis of British antimilitarism into conversation with my doctoral project on the socio-legal analysis of conscientious objection in Turkey, the only country that has not recognized the right to conscientious objection among the members of the Council of Europe. It demonstrates how considering the various facets of militarism within different geographical contexts could help us to better understand the diverse resistance strategies. The article draws on Rossdale’s findings of antimilitarism in the UK and the semi-structured interviews that I conducted with 18 conscientious objectors in Turkey in June–July 2016 using snowballing sampling. It argues that militarism does not only shape society, but also interact with its social, cultural, economic, political elements. As a result, individuals coming from diverse social settings encounter militarization in diverse ways, which, in effect, has implications on how anti-militarists resist militarism.
{"title":"Making sense of militarism through antimilitarists’ resistance strategies","authors":"Demet Aslı Çaltekin","doi":"10.1080/23337486.2020.1809253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2020.1809253","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This review article examines Chris Rossdale’s Resisting Militarism: Direct Action and the Politics of Subversion, bringing its critical analysis of British antimilitarism into conversation with my doctoral project on the socio-legal analysis of conscientious objection in Turkey, the only country that has not recognized the right to conscientious objection among the members of the Council of Europe. It demonstrates how considering the various facets of militarism within different geographical contexts could help us to better understand the diverse resistance strategies. The article draws on Rossdale’s findings of antimilitarism in the UK and the semi-structured interviews that I conducted with 18 conscientious objectors in Turkey in June–July 2016 using snowballing sampling. It argues that militarism does not only shape society, but also interact with its social, cultural, economic, political elements. As a result, individuals coming from diverse social settings encounter militarization in diverse ways, which, in effect, has implications on how anti-militarists resist militarism.","PeriodicalId":37527,"journal":{"name":"Critical Military Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23337486.2020.1809253","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47961564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-04DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2020.1784639
Annika Bergman Rosamond, Annica Kronsell
ABSTRACT This article aims to enable a conversation between cosmopolitan thought, with focus on individual ethical experiences and reflections, and research on embodied military experiences. While we derive our ethical reasoning from cosmopolitanism, we concede that it lacks sensitivity to individuals’ other-regarding reflections and acts. Moreover, it does not sufficiently problematize the ways in which cosmopolitan deliberations are mediated in consideration of other desires and interests – what we define as mediated cosmopolitanism. To illustrate and substantiate our theoretical claims we draw on a selection of interviews and other material. We provide a two-step analysis, first by identifying the key themes in Sweden’s cosmopolitan military self-narrative, enabling us to determine the extent to which it intersects with individual veterans’ ethical reflections. Second, we conduct a discursive analysis of veterans’ embodied ethical reflections, that have emerged from their participation in international operations. We identify a cosmopolitan sense of obligation amongst Swedish veterans across our material, with such individuals articulating a wish to do good beyond borders. Notions of cosmopolitan responsibility, moreover, arise from veterans’ actual human encounters with civilians on the ground and through support for small-scale aid projects. However, veterans’ ethical reflections are rarely purely cosmopolitan, rather mediated through their wish to serve the nation, support fellow soldiers as a key part of the operation, acquiring new professional skills and the desire to seek new adventures. We argue that the concept of mediated cosmopolitanism captures such mixed ethical sentiments and embodied experiences. We conclude by summarizing our key arguments.
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Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2019.1575123
D. Withers
ABSTRACT In Britain the centenary of the First World War has generated new state-funded aesthetic, cultural, and educational activities. The red poppy has often been the focal point of artistic interventions, as artists have created works that respond to the potency of a symbol that has become, within a culture of hyper-commemoration, a ubiquitous part of everyday life. This Encounters piece offers a personal reflection on the aesthetic and social meanings of the red poppy, exploring how an intimate relationship with the mnenomic object is traversed by the public politics of the British nation-state. It contrasts two different artistic approaches to the red poppy – Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red by Paul Cummins and Gail Ritchie’s Wounded Poppies – to argue for the importance of artistic practices that can contest and re-contextualize familiar symbolic objects that have accrued narrow, and affectively persuasive, political meanings.
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Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2019.1585653
Christine Sylvester
ABSTRACT War, a central research topic in international relations, has traditionally been studied through the portal of states trying to manage an anarchic environment through war and diplomacy. Certain categories of individuals and groups routinely feature as war authorities while others do not at all. Ordinary people called on to execute state-led wars, made to suffer wars, grieve them, and die in them, are not usually credited with war authority. This article compares two American sites of war memorialization – Arlington National Cemetery and the (Vietnam Veterans) Wall That Heals – on the question of war authority. It finds that in struggles with the Arlington Cemetery management, civilians have gained the authority to present graves of soldiers deceased in America’s wars in Afghanistan and Iraq (Section 60) in ways that challenge state ownership of soldier bodies and histories. At the traveling Wall That Heals, a facsimile of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington DC, the current cultural tendency to heroize members of the military is on view in an extreme form that elevates ordinary soldiers to the status of Everyman executive authorities. Both sites show the importance of studying war as a decentralized site of authoritative war knowledge that encompasses civilian experiences with war.
摘要战争是国际关系中的一个中心研究课题，传统上是通过试图通过战争和外交来管理无政府环境的国家的门户来研究的。某些类别的个人和团体通常被视为战争权威，而其他类别则根本不是。普通人被要求执行国家领导的战争，被迫忍受战争，为战争悲伤，并在战争中死去，通常不被认为是战争权威。这篇文章比较了美国的两个战争纪念地——阿灵顿国家公墓和（越南退伍军人）修复墙——关于战争权威的问题。它发现，在与阿灵顿公墓管理层的斗争中，平民获得了为美国在阿富汗和伊拉克战争中牺牲的士兵扫墓的权力（第60条），其方式挑战了国家对士兵尸体和历史的所有权。在华盛顿特区越南退伍军人纪念馆的翻版“治愈之墙”（Wall That Heals），人们看到了当前将军人英雄化的文化趋势，这种文化趋势以一种极端的形式将普通士兵提升到了普通人行政当局的地位。这两个网站都表明了研究战争的重要性，因为它是一个分散的权威战争知识网站，包含了平民的战争经历。
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Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2019.1677041
Charlotte Heath-Kelly
ABSTRACT How does a memorial curate an image of conflict when it is dwarfed by 6.5 million square feet of the Department of Defence, when it is tasked with commemorating simultaneous military and civilian deaths, and when its public access consists of a sliver cut through one of the most secure sites on earth? Given the uniquely inconvenient siting of the Pentagon Memorial, this article argues that the Pentagon Memorial was itself curated by two memorial grammars: contemporary expectations that disaster sites resonate with ‘authenticity’; and that civilians are incorporated into commemorative rhetoric of heroic victimhood, during the War on Terror. These memorial grammars constitute the Pentagon Memorial through gendered logics of statecraft. The memorial is crafted as a response to the sudden violation of the domestic realm on 9/11, as well as the violent entangling of civilian and military victims at the crash site. Its design encircles this moment of violation, where the bodies of ‘protectors’ were entangled with those of the ‘protected’. The memorial freezes time a moment prior to impact – so that the masculine, militarized agents of state defence might once again be distinguished from civilians, and the distinction of inside/outside re-established. The Pentagon Memorial encircles the disruption of gendered logics of statecraft on 9/11, and their restitution.
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Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2018.1559580
E. Harrisson
{"title":"The significance of stitch as vehicle for visual testimony and metaphor for violence and healing","authors":"E. Harrisson","doi":"10.1080/23337486.2018.1559580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2018.1559580","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37527,"journal":{"name":"Critical Military Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23337486.2018.1559580","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44904622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2019.1677042
N. Danilova, Kandida Purnell
ABSTRACT Drawing on interviews with curators of Scotland’s military museums and fieldwork ethnographies, this article explores how the Scottish Soldier is enacted through curation and how, through artefacts and stories, curators (re)produce the Scottish Soldier within and through their museums’ spaces. This article identifies three intertwining curatorial practices: (a) Production of a Scottish warrior ‘dreamscape’ through a dual technique of displaying symbolic representations of Scots-as-warriors while simultaneously reframing the controversies of Scotland’s contribution to British colonial wars and recent conflicts; (b) Construction of classed, raced, and gendered hierarchies through the curation of war-informing artefacts (uniforms, medals, and weaponry) – all of which sustain the dominance of warrior-like masculinity deployed in the service of the British state; and (c) Humanization of soldiers via the disruption of stereotypical warrior codes and the making visible of personalized and locally based war stories working towards decontextualisation and sentimentalization of war. We argue that these curatorial practices enable the reproduction of a sacrificial Scottish Soldier and through this process they assist in the normalization of Britain’s wars.
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Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2020.1797328
Audrey Reeves, Charlotte Heath-Kelly
Amidst the protest movements sparked by the death of George Floyd at the hand of police officers in Minneapolis in May 2020, anti-racist demonstrators have taken over prominent statues evoking peop...
{"title":"Curating conflict: political violence in museums, memorials, and exhibitions","authors":"Audrey Reeves, Charlotte Heath-Kelly","doi":"10.1080/23337486.2020.1797328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2020.1797328","url":null,"abstract":"Amidst the protest movements sparked by the death of George Floyd at the hand of police officers in Minneapolis in May 2020, anti-racist demonstrators have taken over prominent statues evoking peop...","PeriodicalId":37527,"journal":{"name":"Critical Military Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23337486.2020.1797328","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44596336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-23DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2020.1771940
Desirée Poets
ABSTRACT Since at least the 1980s, policy, research, and common-sense depictions have associated Rio de Janeiro’s favelas with problems of gang violence, governance vacuum (state absence), and crisis. Within this discourse, favelas are constructed as spaces of exception, whose racialized residents are stripped of legal status and marked by a politics of death. Such imageries also constitute an archive of fear that has discursively-affectively upheld the city’s growing militarization. This article turns to the counter-hegemonic community museum of Maré (Museu da Maré), a complex of 16 favelas in Rio’s North Zone, to demonstrate how it interrupts militarization’s affective-discursive underpinnings. I focus on two facets of this interruption. Firstly, the Museu da Maré embraces a politics of life that suspends the conditions of possibility for a militarized/necrophile knowledge production about favelas that reproduces the idea that favelas are over-determined by the state of exception and a politics of death. Secondly, the museum, in affectively curating how the community experiences fear, breaks with how fear circulates in the city, undoing how it ‘sticks’ to favelas and their residents as the always potential perpetrators of violence. Beyond a project of resistance, I argue that the Museu da Maré foregrounds a politics of the future.
摘要至少从20世纪80年代开始，政策、研究和常识性描述就将里约热内卢贫民窟与帮派暴力、治理真空（国家缺位）和危机联系在一起。在这种话语中，贫民窟被构建成一个例外的空间，其种族化的居民被剥夺了法律地位，并以死亡政治为标志。这些图像也构成了一个恐惧的档案，它深情地支持着这座城市日益增长的军事化。本文转向反霸权的Maré社区博物馆（Museu da Maré），这是一个由里约北区16个贫民窟组成的综合体，以展示它如何打断军事化的情感话语基础。我把重点放在这次中断的两个方面。首先，马雷博物馆拥抱了一种生命政治，它暂停了关于贫民窟的军事化/恋尸知识生产的可能性条件，再现了贫民窟被例外状态和死亡政治过度决定的想法。其次，博物馆在深情地策划社区如何经历恐惧的过程中，打破了恐惧在城市中的传播方式，消除了恐惧如何“粘”在贫民窟及其居民身上，他们始终是潜在的暴力肇事者。除了抵抗项目之外，我认为马雷博物馆预示着未来的政治。
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