Pub Date : 2021-11-05DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2021.2001617
A. Moore
intrinsic working thus . . . unsettle fundamental assumptions about the relationship between violence, sacrifice, and exchange embedded in U.S. and international law. They constitute something distinct: an offshore military labour force that allows the United States to keep politically sensitive troop numbers and casualty figures artificially low while also reducing dependence on local populations with suspect loyalties. TCN vulnerability is thus a feature, not a flaw, of how the U.S. projects power overseas today (Li 2015, 128).
{"title":"Compensating empire’s labour","authors":"A. Moore","doi":"10.1080/23337486.2021.2001617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2021.2001617","url":null,"abstract":"intrinsic working thus . . . unsettle fundamental assumptions about the relationship between violence, sacrifice, and exchange embedded in U.S. and international law. They constitute something distinct: an offshore military labour force that allows the United States to keep politically sensitive troop numbers and casualty figures artificially low while also reducing dependence on local populations with suspect loyalties. TCN vulnerability is thus a feature, not a flaw, of how the U.S. projects power overseas today (Li 2015, 128).","PeriodicalId":37527,"journal":{"name":"Critical Military Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45204439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-14DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2021.1985756
B. Greener
ABSTRACT Enduring resistance to women joining combat roles, ostensibly to protect those women, is paradoxical when juxtaposed against the everyday dangers that women face. This paper draws attention to such sites of contradiction, summarizing the literature that investigates these before bringing Kate Manne’s ‘logic of misogyny’ into the conversation. Manne’s characterization of misogyny as a ‘hostile forcefield’, and her assertion that women are essentialised as givers, not takers, provide additional traction for understanding why women in combat roles are subject to an array of impossible inconsistencies, whilst the notion of ‘regendering’ provides some promise for beginning to unravel these contradictions.
{"title":"‘Man(ne)’s world’: explaining the paradoxical nature of attitudes towards women in combat","authors":"B. Greener","doi":"10.1080/23337486.2021.1985756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2021.1985756","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Enduring resistance to women joining combat roles, ostensibly to protect those women, is paradoxical when juxtaposed against the everyday dangers that women face. This paper draws attention to such sites of contradiction, summarizing the literature that investigates these before bringing Kate Manne’s ‘logic of misogyny’ into the conversation. Manne’s characterization of misogyny as a ‘hostile forcefield’, and her assertion that women are essentialised as givers, not takers, provide additional traction for understanding why women in combat roles are subject to an array of impossible inconsistencies, whilst the notion of ‘regendering’ provides some promise for beginning to unravel these contradictions.","PeriodicalId":37527,"journal":{"name":"Critical Military Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46383970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-12DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2021.1985288
Tua Sandman
ABSTRACT The present article advances a conceptual framework for the critical study of the representation of war and military violence. Essentially, it offers a conceptualization of dis/appearances of violence in public discourse, which combines the concepts of in/visibilization, de/naturalization, and dis/identification. Though they overlap and interweave in terms of what they capture, all three are considered relevant to fully elaborate how violence may dis/appear in narratives on war-like operations. Furthermore, the article exemplifies how one may make use of the conceptual framework, by exploring the representation of violence in Swedish public political debate at the time of active engagement in peace-enforcement and offensive military operations. More specifically, the empirical illustration critically examines the parliamentary debates on ONUC in Congo 1960–1964 and ISAF in Afghanistan 2002–2014. The analysis reveals and details how violence continuously tends to disappear as a reality, as a dilemma and/or as Sweden’s own practice and choice. At present, the scholarly debate mainly focuses on the US or the UK. To advance our understanding of the ways in which violence is normalized and made possible, we need refined conceptual tools that allow us to explore the complexity and political work of representations of war and violence in various contexts.
{"title":"How violence dis/appears in narratives on war-like operations: a conceptual framework","authors":"Tua Sandman","doi":"10.1080/23337486.2021.1985288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2021.1985288","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The present article advances a conceptual framework for the critical study of the representation of war and military violence. Essentially, it offers a conceptualization of dis/appearances of violence in public discourse, which combines the concepts of in/visibilization, de/naturalization, and dis/identification. Though they overlap and interweave in terms of what they capture, all three are considered relevant to fully elaborate how violence may dis/appear in narratives on war-like operations. Furthermore, the article exemplifies how one may make use of the conceptual framework, by exploring the representation of violence in Swedish public political debate at the time of active engagement in peace-enforcement and offensive military operations. More specifically, the empirical illustration critically examines the parliamentary debates on ONUC in Congo 1960–1964 and ISAF in Afghanistan 2002–2014. The analysis reveals and details how violence continuously tends to disappear as a reality, as a dilemma and/or as Sweden’s own practice and choice. At present, the scholarly debate mainly focuses on the US or the UK. To advance our understanding of the ways in which violence is normalized and made possible, we need refined conceptual tools that allow us to explore the complexity and political work of representations of war and violence in various contexts.","PeriodicalId":37527,"journal":{"name":"Critical Military Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45888984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-12DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2021.1977888
Weronika Grzebalska
ABSTRACT Following the war in Ukraine and other security challenges of non-military nature, Poland has recorded novel processes of re-militarization, with the resurgence of volunteer paramilitary organizing constituting one potent example. In the otherwise gender blind public discourse on defence developments, the latter were incidentally narrated as intrinsically entangled with patriarchal gender relations and illiberal ‘anti-gender’ politics, reflecting dominant feminist frameworks on militarization as a process entrenching gender inequality. Drawing from extensive fieldwork with paramilitary organizations, this paper explores the gender-paramilitary nexus in Poland through engaged, CMS-driven methods and frameworks. It argues that despite the paramilitary movement’s national-conservative platform, significant processes of regendering of the practice and idea of defence are nevertheless occurring on the ground. The paper traces them on three interconnected planes: women’s growing and largely uncontested presence in the movement; the revaluing of civilian-feminine lines of activity within the sector’s dual project of civil society in defence; and the largely egalitarian organizational culture, which engages both men and women in its dual, civic-martial practices, thus further destabilizing the link between defence and military masculinity. In this context, the paper suggests that the male-dominated character of paramilitary organizing is fuelled predominantly by socio-structural factors related to the feminization of social reproduction in Poland that the movement sees as unproblematic and external to its agenda. Lending analytical support to gender and CMS literature, the paper argues that uncovering gendered complexity and change in unlikely sites can aid more productive forms of feminist critique.
{"title":"Regendering defence through a national-conservative platform? The case of Polish paramilitary organizing","authors":"Weronika Grzebalska","doi":"10.1080/23337486.2021.1977888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2021.1977888","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Following the war in Ukraine and other security challenges of non-military nature, Poland has recorded novel processes of re-militarization, with the resurgence of volunteer paramilitary organizing constituting one potent example. In the otherwise gender blind public discourse on defence developments, the latter were incidentally narrated as intrinsically entangled with patriarchal gender relations and illiberal ‘anti-gender’ politics, reflecting dominant feminist frameworks on militarization as a process entrenching gender inequality. Drawing from extensive fieldwork with paramilitary organizations, this paper explores the gender-paramilitary nexus in Poland through engaged, CMS-driven methods and frameworks. It argues that despite the paramilitary movement’s national-conservative platform, significant processes of regendering of the practice and idea of defence are nevertheless occurring on the ground. The paper traces them on three interconnected planes: women’s growing and largely uncontested presence in the movement; the revaluing of civilian-feminine lines of activity within the sector’s dual project of civil society in defence; and the largely egalitarian organizational culture, which engages both men and women in its dual, civic-martial practices, thus further destabilizing the link between defence and military masculinity. In this context, the paper suggests that the male-dominated character of paramilitary organizing is fuelled predominantly by socio-structural factors related to the feminization of social reproduction in Poland that the movement sees as unproblematic and external to its agenda. Lending analytical support to gender and CMS literature, the paper argues that uncovering gendered complexity and change in unlikely sites can aid more productive forms of feminist critique.","PeriodicalId":37527,"journal":{"name":"Critical Military Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44857739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-31DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2021.1953740
Yagil Levy
ABSTRACT This article is conceptually motivated. By drawing on cases from the U.S. and Israeli militaries, it aims at demonstrating the existence of two separate systems of legitimacy of military violence – extra-military and intra-military – and mapping the gaps between them. It conceptualizes the legitimacy of violence and then maps seven conditions under which gaps are created between the two systems, as follows: the uniqueness of military culture, the extent to which the military does not mirror society, field command’s broadening improvisation and interpretation, ambiguous political directives, the extent to which the military leverages a legitimacy dispute, troops’ resistance, and the diachronic systems of legitimacy. The appearance of these gaps is more likely to present with weakening of civilian control and the break-up of military hierarchy.
{"title":"Legitimacy of violence: extra-military versus intra-military legitimacy","authors":"Yagil Levy","doi":"10.1080/23337486.2021.1953740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2021.1953740","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article is conceptually motivated. By drawing on cases from the U.S. and Israeli militaries, it aims at demonstrating the existence of two separate systems of legitimacy of military violence – extra-military and intra-military – and mapping the gaps between them. It conceptualizes the legitimacy of violence and then maps seven conditions under which gaps are created between the two systems, as follows: the uniqueness of military culture, the extent to which the military does not mirror society, field command’s broadening improvisation and interpretation, ambiguous political directives, the extent to which the military leverages a legitimacy dispute, troops’ resistance, and the diachronic systems of legitimacy. The appearance of these gaps is more likely to present with weakening of civilian control and the break-up of military hierarchy.","PeriodicalId":37527,"journal":{"name":"Critical Military Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48473621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-30DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2021.1953739
P. Johnson
ABSTRACT When the detention programme at the U.S. naval base at Guantánamo Bay (GTMO) started in 2002, the Bush administration described it as an essential front in the War on Terror. A few years later, the programme was widely seen as a liability. As political discourse about GTMO grew more critical, how did the detention programme’s official discourse evolve? What does this discourse tell us about the endurance of states of exception? Scholarship on GTMO emphasizes the exceptional status of the site, but often overlooks the broader military system of which the base is one part, as well as the ways GTMO has changed over time. To examine changes in the official discourse of the detention programme, this article undertakes visual and discourse analysis of 438 issues of The Wire, the official newspaper of the programme. The analysis identifies various changes, most notably that the newspaper switched format in late 2006, from military bulletin to lifestyle magazine. The Wire shifted from situating GTMO on the front lines of the War on Terror, to characterizing the base as a site of recreation. The Wire also changed from emphasizing the exceptional events of the War on Terror, to situating the detention programme within a longer history of unending conflict. These changes revitalized the exception of indefinite detention and perpetual warfare. This study shows that systems of exceptional violence are perpetuated not just through banal, normalizing processes, but also through discourses of leisure, therapy, and personal achievement.
{"title":"From front lines to fun runs: revitalizing the exception through official discourse at Guantánamo Bay","authors":"P. Johnson","doi":"10.1080/23337486.2021.1953739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2021.1953739","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT When the detention programme at the U.S. naval base at Guantánamo Bay (GTMO) started in 2002, the Bush administration described it as an essential front in the War on Terror. A few years later, the programme was widely seen as a liability. As political discourse about GTMO grew more critical, how did the detention programme’s official discourse evolve? What does this discourse tell us about the endurance of states of exception? Scholarship on GTMO emphasizes the exceptional status of the site, but often overlooks the broader military system of which the base is one part, as well as the ways GTMO has changed over time. To examine changes in the official discourse of the detention programme, this article undertakes visual and discourse analysis of 438 issues of The Wire, the official newspaper of the programme. The analysis identifies various changes, most notably that the newspaper switched format in late 2006, from military bulletin to lifestyle magazine. The Wire shifted from situating GTMO on the front lines of the War on Terror, to characterizing the base as a site of recreation. The Wire also changed from emphasizing the exceptional events of the War on Terror, to situating the detention programme within a longer history of unending conflict. These changes revitalized the exception of indefinite detention and perpetual warfare. This study shows that systems of exceptional violence are perpetuated not just through banal, normalizing processes, but also through discourses of leisure, therapy, and personal achievement.","PeriodicalId":37527,"journal":{"name":"Critical Military Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42854469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-29DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2021.1945369
L. Whitmore, Laura S. Harrison
ABSTRACT The term ‘War Through Other Stuff’ (WTOS) captures the diverse range of themes and experiences that arise when considering the non-military history of conflict. It pertains not only to physical ‘stuff’ but to the tangible and intangible legacies of war. This introduction to the special issue identifies the central tenants of WTOS and illustrates the value of considering the unexpected consequences of militarization: the activity of war and its repercussions in everyday life. We explore the key works that have been essential in the progression of this field, as well as some that have been particularly influential in the formation of this special issue, which draws from many academic fields, including social history, archaeology, memory studies, dress history, material culture and archival studies. We then introduce the articles, which showcase emerging research across various conflicts and tackle subjects as diverse as shoes, souvenir postcards and naming conventions. Overall, the special issue shows that traces of war can be found even in the most unexpected places.
{"title":"Beyond the can(n)on: what is ‘war through other stuff’?","authors":"L. Whitmore, Laura S. Harrison","doi":"10.1080/23337486.2021.1945369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2021.1945369","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The term ‘War Through Other Stuff’ (WTOS) captures the diverse range of themes and experiences that arise when considering the non-military history of conflict. It pertains not only to physical ‘stuff’ but to the tangible and intangible legacies of war. This introduction to the special issue identifies the central tenants of WTOS and illustrates the value of considering the unexpected consequences of militarization: the activity of war and its repercussions in everyday life. We explore the key works that have been essential in the progression of this field, as well as some that have been particularly influential in the formation of this special issue, which draws from many academic fields, including social history, archaeology, memory studies, dress history, material culture and archival studies. We then introduce the articles, which showcase emerging research across various conflicts and tackle subjects as diverse as shoes, souvenir postcards and naming conventions. Overall, the special issue shows that traces of war can be found even in the most unexpected places.","PeriodicalId":37527,"journal":{"name":"Critical Military Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23337486.2021.1945369","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41661820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-29DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2021.1953738
Jacob Holz
ABSTRACT Operators of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) within the military have increasingly been recognized as potential sufferers of immense stress and trauma as a result of the conditions they are exposed to. In cases of such trauma, the provision for and access to sufficient mental health care is vital to minimize risks of developing conditions such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), moral injury or high emotional distress. Through integrating psychological studies and data with critical feminist security studies, this article attempts to establish the validity of drone operators as victims of trauma within the broader context of drone warfare. The aim of this article is to not only highlight this trauma suffered by drone operators, but to also openly address the ongoing stigma and factors that prevent them from seeking adequate mental health care. Drone operators exposed to trauma are further stigmatized and emasculated by their peers, resulting in a decrease in uptake of available mental health support. Through adopting a gendered approach, the article explores how this stigma invalidates much of the experiences and trauma suffered by drone operators, but furthermore is structured by ideas of masculinity and emasculation. Recognizing this stigma and emasculation is not only important for understanding military order and the masculinized dynamics of state violence, but vital for addressing the wider issues of trauma in drone warfare.
{"title":"Victimhood and trauma within drone warfare","authors":"Jacob Holz","doi":"10.1080/23337486.2021.1953738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2021.1953738","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Operators of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) within the military have increasingly been recognized as potential sufferers of immense stress and trauma as a result of the conditions they are exposed to. In cases of such trauma, the provision for and access to sufficient mental health care is vital to minimize risks of developing conditions such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), moral injury or high emotional distress. Through integrating psychological studies and data with critical feminist security studies, this article attempts to establish the validity of drone operators as victims of trauma within the broader context of drone warfare. The aim of this article is to not only highlight this trauma suffered by drone operators, but to also openly address the ongoing stigma and factors that prevent them from seeking adequate mental health care. Drone operators exposed to trauma are further stigmatized and emasculated by their peers, resulting in a decrease in uptake of available mental health support. Through adopting a gendered approach, the article explores how this stigma invalidates much of the experiences and trauma suffered by drone operators, but furthermore is structured by ideas of masculinity and emasculation. Recognizing this stigma and emasculation is not only important for understanding military order and the masculinized dynamics of state violence, but vital for addressing the wider issues of trauma in drone warfare.","PeriodicalId":37527,"journal":{"name":"Critical Military Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23337486.2021.1953738","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43442070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2021.1945181
E. Butcher
ABSTRACT This article considers how the child’s gaze in Napoleonic culture functions as a multifaceted tool in the moral and political history of the Napoleonic Wars. Drawing from Stahl’s framework of the ‘weaponized gaze’ and, at points, multimodal discourse, I track how the youthful gaze has become an emblem of power and ethics in art and literature of the period. In the first two sections of the article, I explore how this gaze has been mediated and manipulated by adult narratives, used for a variety of purposes ranging from personal introspection to political broadcast. The first section considers the gaze within the context of children within war art, and the second moves to literature, forming new critical readings of Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables and Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace in relation to the history of childhood. The final section of the article attempts to reclaim the child’s gaze through self-awareness and internalization, introducing examples of child authors of the Napoleonic period – Felicia Hemans (Browne), Marjory Fleming, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and the Brontës – and considering how their writings, varying from patriotism to protest, imitation to epiphanic moments, create a parallel military history, useful for readers and critics of childhood, war and emotion in that they challenge our understandings of children’s agency and involvement. Overall, this article offers new ways of approaching children’s participation in war, demonstrating how their roles as muses, consumers and producers are intimately bound with the moral and emotional fallout of conflict.
{"title":"War and the child’s gaze in revolutionary and Napoleonic literature and culture","authors":"E. Butcher","doi":"10.1080/23337486.2021.1945181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2021.1945181","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article considers how the child’s gaze in Napoleonic culture functions as a multifaceted tool in the moral and political history of the Napoleonic Wars. Drawing from Stahl’s framework of the ‘weaponized gaze’ and, at points, multimodal discourse, I track how the youthful gaze has become an emblem of power and ethics in art and literature of the period. In the first two sections of the article, I explore how this gaze has been mediated and manipulated by adult narratives, used for a variety of purposes ranging from personal introspection to political broadcast. The first section considers the gaze within the context of children within war art, and the second moves to literature, forming new critical readings of Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables and Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace in relation to the history of childhood. The final section of the article attempts to reclaim the child’s gaze through self-awareness and internalization, introducing examples of child authors of the Napoleonic period – Felicia Hemans (Browne), Marjory Fleming, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and the Brontës – and considering how their writings, varying from patriotism to protest, imitation to epiphanic moments, create a parallel military history, useful for readers and critics of childhood, war and emotion in that they challenge our understandings of children’s agency and involvement. Overall, this article offers new ways of approaching children’s participation in war, demonstrating how their roles as muses, consumers and producers are intimately bound with the moral and emotional fallout of conflict.","PeriodicalId":37527,"journal":{"name":"Critical Military Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23337486.2021.1945181","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47082992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2021.1925422
J. Dunnage
ABSTRACT The article analyses the employment of words, images and rituals, in the early years of the Italian Republic, to reinforce the militarization of the Public Security Guard (Corpo delle Guardie di Pubblica Sicurezza) and to engender public support for hard-line military-type solutions to law-and-order difficulties. Drawing on police literature (especially the magazine of the Public Security Guard, Polizia Moderna), newspapers and cinema newsreels, it analyses police commemorations and celebrations, and representations of these rituals internally and to the wider public. This includes an examination of the employment of religious language and liturgy, which I argue intended to reinforce a warrior mentality among police officers. The article also investigates how the police and the media framed policing activities and the hard-line repressive tactics which the enhanced militarization of the Public Security Guard determined. To aid interpretation of the sources, the article partly draws on recent critical feminist scholarship on the employment of gendered constructions in the process of militarization.
摘要:本文分析了意大利共和国早期运用文字、图像和仪式来加强公共安全卫队(Corpo delle Guardie di publicica Sicurezza)的军事化，并促使公众支持强硬的军事解决方案来解决法律和秩序问题。它利用警察文献(特别是《公共安全卫队》杂志《现代警察》)、报纸和电影新闻片，分析了警察的纪念活动和庆祝活动，以及这些仪式在内部和更广泛公众中的表现。这包括对宗教语言和礼拜仪式的使用的检查，我认为这是为了加强警察的战士心态。本文还探讨了警察和媒体如何框定警务活动，以及公安部队军事化程度提高所决定的强硬镇压策略。为了帮助解释这些来源，本文部分借鉴了最近关于在军事化过程中使用性别建构的批判性女权主义研究。
{"title":"Cultural strategies for militarizing the Italian police, 1947 -1952","authors":"J. Dunnage","doi":"10.1080/23337486.2021.1925422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2021.1925422","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The article analyses the employment of words, images and rituals, in the early years of the Italian Republic, to reinforce the militarization of the Public Security Guard (Corpo delle Guardie di Pubblica Sicurezza) and to engender public support for hard-line military-type solutions to law-and-order difficulties. Drawing on police literature (especially the magazine of the Public Security Guard, Polizia Moderna), newspapers and cinema newsreels, it analyses police commemorations and celebrations, and representations of these rituals internally and to the wider public. This includes an examination of the employment of religious language and liturgy, which I argue intended to reinforce a warrior mentality among police officers. The article also investigates how the police and the media framed policing activities and the hard-line repressive tactics which the enhanced militarization of the Public Security Guard determined. To aid interpretation of the sources, the article partly draws on recent critical feminist scholarship on the employment of gendered constructions in the process of militarization.","PeriodicalId":37527,"journal":{"name":"Critical Military Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23337486.2021.1925422","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42034324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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