Pub Date : 2020-02-17DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.35
E. Hayden, K. Harkness
In this epilogue, the editors of this volume provide a synthesis of the preceding chapters. In addition to highlighting the current state of the scientific literature, future directions for the rapidly evolving field of stress and mental health are outlined, with an emphasis on key issues surrounding the development of new methods and levels of analysis, improvements in assessment approaches, and how training and collaboration can evolve toward the goal of facilitating new insights. Prominent conceptual issues requiring consideration and clarification are discussed, with a particular focus on the fundamental principles that underlie models of stress and mental health, as well as resilience.
{"title":"Stress and Mental Health: Epilogue","authors":"E. Hayden, K. Harkness","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.35","url":null,"abstract":"In this epilogue, the editors of this volume provide a synthesis of the preceding chapters. In addition to highlighting the current state of the scientific literature, future directions for the rapidly evolving field of stress and mental health are outlined, with an emphasis on key issues surrounding the development of new methods and levels of analysis, improvements in assessment approaches, and how training and collaboration can evolve toward the goal of facilitating new insights. Prominent conceptual issues requiring consideration and clarification are discussed, with a particular focus on the fundamental principles that underlie models of stress and mental health, as well as resilience.","PeriodicalId":375662,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116426403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-17DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.24
George M. Slavich
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is the study of how psychological, neural, and immunologic processes interact and affect human health and behavior. Although once a relatively small field, some of the most exciting discoveries in psychopathology and mental health research have recently involved ideas and methods from PNI. In reviewing this work, I first summarize the structure and function of the human immune system, focusing primarily on inflammation. Second, I describe neural and physiologic pathways that link the brain and immune system, which give neurocognitive processes the ability to regulate the immune system and immunologic processes the ability to affect neural, cognitive-emotional, and behavioral outcomes. Third, I review studies examining associations between life stress and inflammation, and inflammation and mental health. Finally, I highlight several promising avenues for future research. Overall, despite the notable impact that PNI has already had on our understanding of mental and physical health, many important questions remain unanswered.
{"title":"Psychoneuroimmunology of Stress and Mental Health","authors":"George M. Slavich","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.24","url":null,"abstract":"Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is the study of how psychological, neural, and immunologic processes interact and affect human health and behavior. Although once a relatively small field, some of the most exciting discoveries in psychopathology and mental health research have recently involved ideas and methods from PNI. In reviewing this work, I first summarize the structure and function of the human immune system, focusing primarily on inflammation. Second, I describe neural and physiologic pathways that link the brain and immune system, which give neurocognitive processes the ability to regulate the immune system and immunologic processes the ability to affect neural, cognitive-emotional, and behavioral outcomes. Third, I review studies examining associations between life stress and inflammation, and inflammation and mental health. Finally, I highlight several promising avenues for future research. Overall, despite the notable impact that PNI has already had on our understanding of mental and physical health, many important questions remain unanswered.","PeriodicalId":375662,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128828063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-17DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.27
B. Compas, Allison Vreeland, Lauren M. Henry
This chapter provides a review of research on the role of processes of coping as a source of resilience to the adverse effects of stress in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Advances in research on models of coping that distinguish responses based on stressor controllability are emphasized. Important similarities between models of coping and emotion regulation are highlighted to encourage integration of research on these two topics. Findings from research on the association between coping and symptoms of psychopathology in adulthood, childhood, and adolescence are reviewed. Directions for future research, including the implications of research on coping for the development of preventive interventions and treatments, are highlighted.
{"title":"Coping Models of Stress and Resilience","authors":"B. Compas, Allison Vreeland, Lauren M. Henry","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.27","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides a review of research on the role of processes of coping as a source of resilience to the adverse effects of stress in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Advances in research on models of coping that distinguish responses based on stressor controllability are emphasized. Important similarities between models of coping and emotion regulation are highlighted to encourage integration of research on these two topics. Findings from research on the association between coping and symptoms of psychopathology in adulthood, childhood, and adolescence are reviewed. Directions for future research, including the implications of research on coping for the development of preventive interventions and treatments, are highlighted.","PeriodicalId":375662,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115845447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-17DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.7
Katrina B. Goines, Allison M LoPilato, D. Novacek, Roberto España, E. Walker
This chapter contains a review and discussion of evidence linking various types of psychosocial stress with the onset and course of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Stress has long been considered an important factor in the etiology of psychosis and psychotic disorders. Specifically, stress is thought to interact with pre-existing biological vulnerabilities to trigger psychosis through complex changes to various biological processes (e.g., changes to HPA axis, neurotransmitter activity, and inflammatory processes). This chapter includes discussion of a wide variety of stress experiences, including daily hassles, life events, trauma, childhood adversity, and minority stress, and explores the scientific evidence linking these stressors with psychosis and psychotic disorders. Biological processes and biomarkers associated with both stress and psychosis are also discussed. Finally, important questions relating to the future study of stress and psychosis are considered.
{"title":"Stress in Schizophrenia","authors":"Katrina B. Goines, Allison M LoPilato, D. Novacek, Roberto España, E. Walker","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.7","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter contains a review and discussion of evidence linking various types of psychosocial stress with the onset and course of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Stress has long been considered an important factor in the etiology of psychosis and psychotic disorders. Specifically, stress is thought to interact with pre-existing biological vulnerabilities to trigger psychosis through complex changes to various biological processes (e.g., changes to HPA axis, neurotransmitter activity, and inflammatory processes). This chapter includes discussion of a wide variety of stress experiences, including daily hassles, life events, trauma, childhood adversity, and minority stress, and explores the scientific evidence linking these stressors with psychosis and psychotic disorders. Biological processes and biomarkers associated with both stress and psychosis are also discussed. Finally, important questions relating to the future study of stress and psychosis are considered.","PeriodicalId":375662,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123488050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-17DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.31
Jamie E Mondello, J. E. Pak, D. Lovelock, T. Deak
Most mental health problems associated with psychological distress originate with activation of centrally regulated stress pathways, yet a diverse range of central nervous system and somatic disease states can be influenced by exposure to severe or unrelenting stress. The goal of this chapter is to provide a conceptual framework to guide the development of pharmacological intervention strategies. We propose that careful consideration of the relationship between the timing of stressful life experiences, pharmacological intervention, and the ultimate expression of disease symptomatology is critical for the development of pharmacological interventions to treat stress-related disorders. We review a range of physiological systems that are known to be activated by stress, offering potentially new targets for drug development efforts, and argue that participant selection is a key predictor of drug efficacy trials. In doing so, we point toward inflammatory signaling pathways as a potential final common mediator of multiple stress-related disease states.
{"title":"Novel Pharmacotherapeutics for Stress-Related Disorders","authors":"Jamie E Mondello, J. E. Pak, D. Lovelock, T. Deak","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.31","url":null,"abstract":"Most mental health problems associated with psychological distress originate with activation of centrally regulated stress pathways, yet a diverse range of central nervous system and somatic disease states can be influenced by exposure to severe or unrelenting stress. The goal of this chapter is to provide a conceptual framework to guide the development of pharmacological intervention strategies. We propose that careful consideration of the relationship between the timing of stressful life experiences, pharmacological intervention, and the ultimate expression of disease symptomatology is critical for the development of pharmacological interventions to treat stress-related disorders. We review a range of physiological systems that are known to be activated by stress, offering potentially new targets for drug development efforts, and argue that participant selection is a key predictor of drug efficacy trials. In doing so, we point toward inflammatory signaling pathways as a potential final common mediator of multiple stress-related disease states.","PeriodicalId":375662,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122715697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-17DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.23
Ellen Zakreski, J. Pruessner
Psychophysiological models have a long history within stress research of trying to explain the link between stress exposure and psychological and physiological disease. The current chapter tries to offer complementary perspectives on this issue. First, it covers the relevant physiological systems (sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric nervous system) and their markers (heart rate, heart rate variability, blood pressure), such that the reader receives an overview of the significant factors at play. Second, it provides an overview of the various forms of stress (acute, chronic, and stress during early life periods) that are believed to put the individual at heightened risk to develop stress-related disease. Finally, it presents the theories and models that have emerged over the years that try to explain how the various forms of stress can eventually lead to psychological and physical disease. The chapter ends with a short outlook on some recent work emphasizing the interaction between the various systems at play, and how that by itself can play a role in the origin of stress-related disease.
{"title":"Psychophysiological Models of Stress","authors":"Ellen Zakreski, J. Pruessner","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.23","url":null,"abstract":"Psychophysiological models have a long history within stress research of trying to explain the link between stress exposure and psychological and physiological disease. The current chapter tries to offer complementary perspectives on this issue. First, it covers the relevant physiological systems (sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric nervous system) and their markers (heart rate, heart rate variability, blood pressure), such that the reader receives an overview of the significant factors at play. Second, it provides an overview of the various forms of stress (acute, chronic, and stress during early life periods) that are believed to put the individual at heightened risk to develop stress-related disease. Finally, it presents the theories and models that have emerged over the years that try to explain how the various forms of stress can eventually lead to psychological and physical disease. The chapter ends with a short outlook on some recent work emphasizing the interaction between the various systems at play, and how that by itself can play a role in the origin of stress-related disease.","PeriodicalId":375662,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126601466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-17DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.29
Kan Long, G. Bonanno
Potential trauma is common across the life span. Responses to these highly aversive events vary significantly, yet many individuals will demonstrate psychological resilience and a clear pattern of psychological health and adaptive functioning in the wake of extreme adversity. Amid expanding conceptual diversity and a proliferation of research, we present a novel, unified framework for resilience that consists of four constituent, temporally related elements: baseline or preadversity functioning, the actual aversive circumstances, postadversity resilient outcomes, and predictors of resilient outcomes. The temporal framework integrates and extends several existing lines of research by conceptualizing resilience as a process that unfolds over time with each temporal element playing an essential role.
{"title":"The Temporal Elements of Psychological Resilience to Potential Trauma","authors":"Kan Long, G. Bonanno","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.29","url":null,"abstract":"Potential trauma is common across the life span. Responses to these highly aversive events vary significantly, yet many individuals will demonstrate psychological resilience and a clear pattern of psychological health and adaptive functioning in the wake of extreme adversity. Amid expanding conceptual diversity and a proliferation of research, we present a novel, unified framework for resilience that consists of four constituent, temporally related elements: baseline or preadversity functioning, the actual aversive circumstances, postadversity resilient outcomes, and predictors of resilient outcomes. The temporal framework integrates and extends several existing lines of research by conceptualizing resilience as a process that unfolds over time with each temporal element playing an essential role.","PeriodicalId":375662,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125324615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-17DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.9
L. Vendruscolo, G. Koob
Alcohol use disorder is a chronically relapsing disorder that involves (1) compulsivity to seek and take alcohol, (2) difficulty in limiting alcohol intake, and (3) emergence of a negative emotional state (e.g., dysphoria, anxiety, irritability) in the absence of alcohol. Alcohol addiction encompasses a three-stage cycle that becomes more intense as alcohol use progresses: binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation. These stages engage neuroadaptations in brain circuits that involve the basal ganglia (reward hypofunction), extended amygdala (stress sensitization), and prefrontal cortex (executive function disorder). This chapter discusses key neuroadaptations in the hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic stress systems and the critical role of glucocorticoid receptors. These neuroadaptations contribute to negative emotional states that powerfully drive compulsive alcohol drinking and seeking. These changes in association with a disruption of prefrontal cortex function that lead to cognitive deficits and poor decision making contribute to the chronic relapsing nature of alcohol dependence.
{"title":"Alcohol Dependence Conceptualized as a Stress Disorder","authors":"L. Vendruscolo, G. Koob","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.9","url":null,"abstract":"Alcohol use disorder is a chronically relapsing disorder that involves (1) compulsivity to seek and take alcohol, (2) difficulty in limiting alcohol intake, and (3) emergence of a negative emotional state (e.g., dysphoria, anxiety, irritability) in the absence of alcohol. Alcohol addiction encompasses a three-stage cycle that becomes more intense as alcohol use progresses: binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation. These stages engage neuroadaptations in brain circuits that involve the basal ganglia (reward hypofunction), extended amygdala (stress sensitization), and prefrontal cortex (executive function disorder). This chapter discusses key neuroadaptations in the hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic stress systems and the critical role of glucocorticoid receptors. These neuroadaptations contribute to negative emotional states that powerfully drive compulsive alcohol drinking and seeking. These changes in association with a disruption of prefrontal cortex function that lead to cognitive deficits and poor decision making contribute to the chronic relapsing nature of alcohol dependence.","PeriodicalId":375662,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134088501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-11DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.34
K. Wilhelm, J. Crawford
Expressive writing (EW) was developed in the 1980s by Pennebaker and colleagues, who defined it as “writing focusing on traumatic, stressful or emotional events, and the feelings inspired by these.” There have been developments in terms of process, covering a range of instructions, target groups, and writing conditions and, more recently, benefit-finding writing (BFW) about benefits derived from stress or traumatic situations. EW has now been trialed across a broad range of situations, involving mental and physical health domains. Results from meta-analyses find small but significant improvements more related to physical health than mental health parameters. It is thought to be best suited to people with mild-to-moderate psychological distress who are addressing stress-related conditions and situations. The chapter describes common forms of EW and explores the place of BFW. Some mechanisms for expressive writing are discussed, but these are still speculative.
{"title":"Expressive Writing and Stress-Related Disorders","authors":"K. Wilhelm, J. Crawford","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.34","url":null,"abstract":"Expressive writing (EW) was developed in the 1980s by Pennebaker and colleagues, who defined it as “writing focusing on traumatic, stressful or emotional events, and the feelings inspired by these.” There have been developments in terms of process, covering a range of instructions, target groups, and writing conditions and, more recently, benefit-finding writing (BFW) about benefits derived from stress or traumatic situations. EW has now been trialed across a broad range of situations, involving mental and physical health domains. Results from meta-analyses find small but significant improvements more related to physical health than mental health parameters. It is thought to be best suited to people with mild-to-moderate psychological distress who are addressing stress-related conditions and situations. The chapter describes common forms of EW and explores the place of BFW. Some mechanisms for expressive writing are discussed, but these are still speculative.","PeriodicalId":375662,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121237959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-07DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.18
T. Olino, Rebekah J. Mennies, Zuzanna Wojcieszak
There are multiple models through which stress influences the development and emergence of psychopathology. Likewise, there are multiple models that provide explanations of the associations between personality and psychopathology. Though there has been some integration of these models, focusing on diathesis stress and stress generation models, they have frequently been described in separate literatures. This chapter reviews these models and extends their integration. Throughout the chapter, we draw on studies of children, adolescents, and adults and find strong similarities in the results across development. Further, the literature on how these models operate similarly in and differently across sexes is reviewed. Based on the review, we provide a number of recommendations for future studies.
{"title":"Personality-Stress Vulnerability Models","authors":"T. Olino, Rebekah J. Mennies, Zuzanna Wojcieszak","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.18","url":null,"abstract":"There are multiple models through which stress influences the development and emergence of psychopathology. Likewise, there are multiple models that provide explanations of the associations between personality and psychopathology. Though there has been some integration of these models, focusing on diathesis stress and stress generation models, they have frequently been described in separate literatures. This chapter reviews these models and extends their integration. Throughout the chapter, we draw on studies of children, adolescents, and adults and find strong similarities in the results across development. Further, the literature on how these models operate similarly in and differently across sexes is reviewed. Based on the review, we provide a number of recommendations for future studies.","PeriodicalId":375662,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117061070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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