Pub Date : 2018-06-07DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.4
R. Neufeld, Bryan Grant
Forms of modeling in the field are described in nontechnical terms. Included are analytical (mathematical), computational (computer simulation, mainly of connectionist networks), and statistical (generic, transcontent data theory, and methods) modeling. Distinctions among modeling forms are stipulated, and each is exposited through the method of illustration, with exemplary prototypes. Potential avenues of integration among complementing types of analytical modeling are identified. Emphasized throughout is the demonstrable need to invoke formal modeling to rigorously address the long-held dynamical nature of the topic domain. It is noted that analytical modeling can disclose otherwise intractable information, including that with implications for stress-related intervention; it can also prescribe its own empirical tests and measures, resembling theory-assessment technology found in longer established scientific disciplines.
{"title":"Quantitative Modeling of Stress and Coping","authors":"R. Neufeld, Bryan Grant","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.4","url":null,"abstract":"Forms of modeling in the field are described in nontechnical terms. Included are analytical (mathematical), computational (computer simulation, mainly of connectionist networks), and statistical (generic, transcontent data theory, and methods) modeling. Distinctions among modeling forms are stipulated, and each is exposited through the method of illustration, with exemplary prototypes. Potential avenues of integration among complementing types of analytical modeling are identified. Emphasized throughout is the demonstrable need to invoke formal modeling to rigorously address the long-held dynamical nature of the topic domain. It is noted that analytical modeling can disclose otherwise intractable information, including that with implications for stress-related intervention; it can also prescribe its own empirical tests and measures, resembling theory-assessment technology found in longer established scientific disciplines.","PeriodicalId":375662,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133800598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-07DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.6
L. Alloy, Madison K Titone, Tommy H. Ng, Corinne P. Bart
Environmental experiences play an important part in the development and maintenance of bipolar spectrum disorders (BSDs). Consequently, in this chapter, we review evidence on the role of life stress in the onset and course of BSDs. We begin with methodological issues relevant to demonstrating life stress’s role in the development and course of BSDs. We consider the effects of exposure both to recent life events and childhood stressors, as well as whether the influence of stressor exposure changes over the course of BSDs. We also address whether the effects of different types of life event exposure depend on mood episode polarity (hypomanic/manic versus depressive episodes) and whether there are specific theoretically relevant types of life events that are particularly likely to trigger bipolar episodes or symptoms. We end with suggestions for future research that may lead to a more complete understanding of the bipolar disorder–stress association.
{"title":"Stress in Bipolar Disorder","authors":"L. Alloy, Madison K Titone, Tommy H. Ng, Corinne P. Bart","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.6","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental experiences play an important part in the development and maintenance of bipolar spectrum disorders (BSDs). Consequently, in this chapter, we review evidence on the role of life stress in the onset and course of BSDs. We begin with methodological issues relevant to demonstrating life stress’s role in the development and course of BSDs. We consider the effects of exposure both to recent life events and childhood stressors, as well as whether the influence of stressor exposure changes over the course of BSDs. We also address whether the effects of different types of life event exposure depend on mood episode polarity (hypomanic/manic versus depressive episodes) and whether there are specific theoretically relevant types of life events that are particularly likely to trigger bipolar episodes or symptoms. We end with suggestions for future research that may lead to a more complete understanding of the bipolar disorder–stress association.","PeriodicalId":375662,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116366211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-07DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.12
Jenalee R. Doom
This chapter reviews how the field of developmental psychopathology has shaped research on risk and resilience processes in the context of childhood stress. The central tenets of developmental psychopathology, including its transdisciplinary and multilevel nature, equifinality and multifinality, developmental cascades, and the interaction of risk and protective factors across development, guide research aiming to understand individual differences in response to stressors during childhood. Various stressors that children experience, including maltreatment, poverty, institutional care, malnutrition, and environmental exposures, can lead to different effects on biology and behavior depending on the type, timing, chronicity, and severity of the stressor. Genetics, psychobiology, and neurophysiology have been incorporated into this research to enhance our understanding of individual differences in functioning following childhood stress. Future directions include more fully incorporating sex differences into studies of childhood stress and utilizing research in this area to create effective interventions for children experiencing severe stress.
{"title":"The Developmental Psychopathology of Stress Exposure in Childhood","authors":"Jenalee R. Doom","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.12","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews how the field of developmental psychopathology has shaped research on risk and resilience processes in the context of childhood stress. The central tenets of developmental psychopathology, including its transdisciplinary and multilevel nature, equifinality and multifinality, developmental cascades, and the interaction of risk and protective factors across development, guide research aiming to understand individual differences in response to stressors during childhood. Various stressors that children experience, including maltreatment, poverty, institutional care, malnutrition, and environmental exposures, can lead to different effects on biology and behavior depending on the type, timing, chronicity, and severity of the stressor. Genetics, psychobiology, and neurophysiology have been incorporated into this research to enhance our understanding of individual differences in functioning following childhood stress. Future directions include more fully incorporating sex differences into studies of childhood stress and utilizing research in this area to create effective interventions for children experiencing severe stress.","PeriodicalId":375662,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health","volume":"2014 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127485821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-07DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-045078-0.00018-6
C. Hammen, Josephine H Shih
{"title":"Stress Generation and Depression","authors":"C. Hammen, Josephine H Shih","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-08-045078-0.00018-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-045078-0.00018-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":375662,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127528981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-07DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.5
Suzanne Vrshek-Schallhorn, Maria Ditcheva, Gail M. Corneau
That life stress precipitates depression is one of the most replicated findings in psychiatric research, but prior to Brown and Harris’s seminal contributions, insufficiently rigorous methods led to underestimates of the effects of stress and threatened the field. This chapter provides a methodological and historical overview, followed by a review of evidence that recent stress predicts depression across the life span. It also examines demographic vulnerability factors and research on early adversity and depression, closing with future directions. Two themes manifest throughout. First, stress assessment that uses investigator-rated severity, accounts for severity, establishes temporal precedence, and isolates the few months prior to depression onset remains critical to progress. Second, identifying the most potent forms of stress for depression is a key question that will facilitate both preventive/intervention efforts and more powerful tests in mechanistic research. Although evidence points to interpersonal forms of stress, few studies provide the necessary direct tests.
{"title":"Stress in Depression","authors":"Suzanne Vrshek-Schallhorn, Maria Ditcheva, Gail M. Corneau","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.5","url":null,"abstract":"That life stress precipitates depression is one of the most replicated findings in psychiatric research, but prior to Brown and Harris’s seminal contributions, insufficiently rigorous methods led to underestimates of the effects of stress and threatened the field. This chapter provides a methodological and historical overview, followed by a review of evidence that recent stress predicts depression across the life span. It also examines demographic vulnerability factors and research on early adversity and depression, closing with future directions. Two themes manifest throughout. First, stress assessment that uses investigator-rated severity, accounts for severity, establishes temporal precedence, and isolates the few months prior to depression onset remains critical to progress. Second, identifying the most potent forms of stress for depression is a key question that will facilitate both preventive/intervention efforts and more powerful tests in mechanistic research. Although evidence points to interpersonal forms of stress, few studies provide the necessary direct tests.","PeriodicalId":375662,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122848015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-07DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.33
Philip A. Desormeau, K. Walsh, Z. Segal
Over the past two decades, investigations of mindfulness meditation have demonstrated considerable efficacy in reducing the symptom burden associated with a variety of medical and mental health disorders (Baer, 2003). This chapter reviews the theoretical basis for offering training in mindfulness meditation to these populations, and it outlines the structure of mindfulness-based interventions, as well as their impact on stress and psychological indices of mental and physical health. We first define mindfulness in terms of the core cognitive processes that are engaged through this practice and then review how mindfulness reduces ruminative and elaborative processing, factors known to perpetuate stress reactivity. From there, we describe the dominant theoretical model of mindfulness’s impact on stress-related disorders—the mindfulness stress-buffering account (MSBA; Creswell & Lindsay, 2014)—and highlight how using this framework can inform intervention science in the area of stress reactivity.
{"title":"Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy","authors":"Philip A. Desormeau, K. Walsh, Z. Segal","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.33","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past two decades, investigations of mindfulness meditation have demonstrated considerable efficacy in reducing the symptom burden associated with a variety of medical and mental health disorders (Baer, 2003). This chapter reviews the theoretical basis for offering training in mindfulness meditation to these populations, and it outlines the structure of mindfulness-based interventions, as well as their impact on stress and psychological indices of mental and physical health. We first define mindfulness in terms of the core cognitive processes that are engaged through this practice and then review how mindfulness reduces ruminative and elaborative processing, factors known to perpetuate stress reactivity. From there, we describe the dominant theoretical model of mindfulness’s impact on stress-related disorders—the mindfulness stress-buffering account (MSBA; Creswell & Lindsay, 2014)—and highlight how using this framework can inform intervention science in the area of stress reactivity.","PeriodicalId":375662,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133909323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-07DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.2
A. Wright, Elizabeth N. Aslinger, B. Bellamy, Elizabeth A. Edershile, William C. Woods
Daily stress and hassles refers to quotidian adversity and the friction of moving through life. They have proved to be strongly associated with mental health, and serve as a proximal catalyst and outcome of symptomatology. Despite their intuitive and accessible nature, the constructs of daily hassles and stress pose several significant challenges in their conceptualization and measurement. This chapter reviews historical and contemporary approaches to measuring and assessing daily stress and hassles. Conceptual and definitional issues are covered, followed by three generations of daily stress assessment: cross-sectional, ambulatory assessment, and passive sensing. A selective summary is provided of research on daily stress as it relates to mental health.
{"title":"Daily Stress and Hassles","authors":"A. Wright, Elizabeth N. Aslinger, B. Bellamy, Elizabeth A. Edershile, William C. Woods","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.2","url":null,"abstract":"Daily stress and hassles refers to quotidian adversity and the friction of moving through life. They have proved to be strongly associated with mental health, and serve as a proximal catalyst and outcome of symptomatology. Despite their intuitive and accessible nature, the constructs of daily hassles and stress pose several significant challenges in their conceptualization and measurement. This chapter reviews historical and contemporary approaches to measuring and assessing daily stress and hassles. Conceptual and definitional issues are covered, followed by three generations of daily stress assessment: cross-sectional, ambulatory assessment, and passive sensing. A selective summary is provided of research on daily stress as it relates to mental health.","PeriodicalId":375662,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125492246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-07DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.19
Sarah Myruski, Samantha Denefrio, T. Dennis-Tiwary
Emotion regulation (ER) can buffer against the negative effects of stress, but little is understood about processes and contextual factors that influence how and under what conditions this stress buffering occurs. We review previous research on ER in relation to stress and psychopathology, and note that a significant gap in prior research is that is has focused almost exclusively on a small number of deliberative ER strategies. We then highlight growing evidence that automatic and habitual forms of ER, characterized by low resource demands and low conscious awareness, have an important influence on the stress response and its link to psychopathology and well-being. We propose the Dynamic Fit Model of Stress and ER, which posits that (1) both deliberative and automatic ER contribute to the link between stress and psychopathology; (2) the fit between stress demands and ER strategy selection can be mapped along the dimensions of automaticity and flexibility; and (3) negative effects of stress on well-being and psychological functioning emerge when there is a poor fit between stress demands and ER. We discuss how the model delineates elements defining a “good fit” or “poor fit” and how the model can be used to articulate an agenda for future research and hypothesis generation.
{"title":"Stress and Emotion Regulation","authors":"Sarah Myruski, Samantha Denefrio, T. Dennis-Tiwary","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.19","url":null,"abstract":"Emotion regulation (ER) can buffer against the negative effects of stress, but little is understood about processes and contextual factors that influence how and under what conditions this stress buffering occurs. We review previous research on ER in relation to stress and psychopathology, and note that a significant gap in prior research is that is has focused almost exclusively on a small number of deliberative ER strategies. We then highlight growing evidence that automatic and habitual forms of ER, characterized by low resource demands and low conscious awareness, have an important influence on the stress response and its link to psychopathology and well-being. We propose the Dynamic Fit Model of Stress and ER, which posits that (1) both deliberative and automatic ER contribute to the link between stress and psychopathology; (2) the fit between stress demands and ER strategy selection can be mapped along the dimensions of automaticity and flexibility; and (3) negative effects of stress on well-being and psychological functioning emerge when there is a poor fit between stress demands and ER. We discuss how the model delineates elements defining a “good fit” or “poor fit” and how the model can be used to articulate an agenda for future research and hypothesis generation.","PeriodicalId":375662,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130369214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-07DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.26
Keira B. Leneman, M. Gunnar
The physiological stress response integrates endocrine, autonomic, and neural structures and pathways to respond and adapt to an organism’s environment. This integration is dynamic throughout development, with certain periods of rapid change for each system. With the introduction of chronic stress, physiological responses that may be adaptive in the immediate context can have long-term consequences for physical and emotional health, influencing systems differently depending upon developmental status at the time of stress exposure. From the nonhuman literature, prenatal, infancy, and adolescence are developmental stages that seem especially sensitive to major stress exposures. Human studies are less conclusive. Although much work has been done on prenatal stress and certain stressors (e.g., deprivation) during infancy and early childhood, more work is needed that addresses the challenges of isolating periods of environmental insults as well as carefully considering how prior developmental and subsequent experiences moderate exposure to major stress conditions at different points in development. Information on the transition from childhood to adolescence is especially sparse. A more comprehensive understanding of these developmental processes will enable a more targeted approach to ameliorating negative consequences of stress with both prevention and intervention.
{"title":"Developmental Timing of Stress Effects on the Brain","authors":"Keira B. Leneman, M. Gunnar","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190681777.013.26","url":null,"abstract":"The physiological stress response integrates endocrine, autonomic, and neural structures and pathways to respond and adapt to an organism’s environment. This integration is dynamic throughout development, with certain periods of rapid change for each system. With the introduction of chronic stress, physiological responses that may be adaptive in the immediate context can have long-term consequences for physical and emotional health, influencing systems differently depending upon developmental status at the time of stress exposure. From the nonhuman literature, prenatal, infancy, and adolescence are developmental stages that seem especially sensitive to major stress exposures. Human studies are less conclusive. Although much work has been done on prenatal stress and certain stressors (e.g., deprivation) during infancy and early childhood, more work is needed that addresses the challenges of isolating periods of environmental insults as well as carefully considering how prior developmental and subsequent experiences moderate exposure to major stress conditions at different points in development. Information on the transition from childhood to adolescence is especially sparse. A more comprehensive understanding of these developmental processes will enable a more targeted approach to ameliorating negative consequences of stress with both prevention and intervention.","PeriodicalId":375662,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131668701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-07DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.3
K. McLaughlin
Exposure to chronic or severe stressful life events during childhood and adolescence—frequently referred to as early life stress (ELS) or childhood adversity—has powerful and lasting associations with psychopathology across the life course. This chapter reviews the growing body of research on ELS and psychopathology across the life course, with a particular focus on the mechanisms that explain the strong associations between ELS and psychopathology. To address these questions, I review evidence on the links between ELS and psychopathology and highlight divergent conceptual models of ELS that advocate different approaches to uncovering these mechanisms. I end by addressing different approaches to the measurement and analysis of ELS that have emerged from these conceptual frameworks.
{"title":"Early Life Stress and Psychopathology","authors":"K. McLaughlin","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.3","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure to chronic or severe stressful life events during childhood and adolescence—frequently referred to as early life stress (ELS) or childhood adversity—has powerful and lasting associations with psychopathology across the life course. This chapter reviews the growing body of research on ELS and psychopathology across the life course, with a particular focus on the mechanisms that explain the strong associations between ELS and psychopathology. To address these questions, I review evidence on the links between ELS and psychopathology and highlight divergent conceptual models of ELS that advocate different approaches to uncovering these mechanisms. I end by addressing different approaches to the measurement and analysis of ELS that have emerged from these conceptual frameworks.","PeriodicalId":375662,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128974722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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