XML has emerged as the primary standard of data representation and data exchange [13]. Although many software tools exist to assist the XML implementation process, data must be manually entered into the XML documents. Current form filling technologies are mostly for simple data entry and do not provide support for the complexity and nested structures of XML grammars. This paper presents SmartXAutofill, an intelligent data entry assistant for predicting and automating inputs for XML documents based on the contents of historical document collections in the same XML domain. SmartXAutofill incorporates an ensemble classifier, which integrates multiple internal classification algorithms into a single architecture. Each internal classifier uses approximate techniques to propose a value for an empty XML field, and, through voting, the ensemble classifier determines which value to accept. As the system operates it learns which internal classification algorithms work better for a specific XML document domain and modifies its weights (confidence) in their predictive ability. As a result, the ensemble classifier adapts itself to the specific XML domain, without the need to develop special learners for the infinite number of domains that XML users have created. We evaluated our system performance using data from eleven different XML domains. The results show that the ensemble classifier adapted itself to different XML document domains, and most of the time (for 9 out of 11 domains) produced predictive accuracies as good as or better than the best individual classifier for a domain.
{"title":"Intelligent data entry assistant for XML using ensemble learning","authors":"Danico Lee, C. Tsatsoulis","doi":"10.1145/1040830.1040856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1040830.1040856","url":null,"abstract":"XML has emerged as the primary standard of data representation and data exchange [13]. Although many software tools exist to assist the XML implementation process, data must be manually entered into the XML documents. Current form filling technologies are mostly for simple data entry and do not provide support for the complexity and nested structures of XML grammars. This paper presents SmartXAutofill, an intelligent data entry assistant for predicting and automating inputs for XML documents based on the contents of historical document collections in the same XML domain. SmartXAutofill incorporates an ensemble classifier, which integrates multiple internal classification algorithms into a single architecture. Each internal classifier uses approximate techniques to propose a value for an empty XML field, and, through voting, the ensemble classifier determines which value to accept. As the system operates it learns which internal classification algorithms work better for a specific XML document domain and modifies its weights (confidence) in their predictive ability. As a result, the ensemble classifier adapts itself to the specific XML domain, without the need to develop special learners for the infinite number of domains that XML users have created. We evaluated our system performance using data from eleven different XML domains. The results show that the ensemble classifier adapted itself to different XML document domains, and most of the time (for 9 out of 11 domains) produced predictive accuracies as good as or better than the best individual classifier for a domain.","PeriodicalId":376409,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133519532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fitts' law models the inherent speed-accuracy trade-off constraint in stylus typing. Users attempting to go beyond the Fitts' law speed ceiling will tend to land the stylus outside the targeted key, resulting in erroneous words and increasing users' frustration. We propose a geometric pattern matching technique to overcome this problem. Our solution can be used either as an enhanced spell checker or as a way to enable users to escape the Fitts' law constraint in stylus typing, potentially resulting in higher text entry speeds than what is currently theoretically modeled. We view the hit points on a stylus keyboard as a high resolution geometric pattern. This pattern can be matched against patterns formed by the letter key center positions of legitimate words in a lexicon. We present the development and evaluation of an "elastic" stylus keyboard capable of correcting words even if the user misses all the intended keys, as long as the user's tapping pattern is close enough to the intended word.
{"title":"Relaxing stylus typing precision by geometric pattern matching","authors":"P. Kristensson, Shumin Zhai","doi":"10.1145/1040830.1040867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1040830.1040867","url":null,"abstract":"Fitts' law models the inherent speed-accuracy trade-off constraint in stylus typing. Users attempting to go beyond the Fitts' law speed ceiling will tend to land the stylus outside the targeted key, resulting in erroneous words and increasing users' frustration. We propose a geometric pattern matching technique to overcome this problem. Our solution can be used either as an enhanced spell checker or as a way to enable users to escape the Fitts' law constraint in stylus typing, potentially resulting in higher text entry speeds than what is currently theoretically modeled. We view the hit points on a stylus keyboard as a high resolution geometric pattern. This pattern can be matched against patterns formed by the letter key center positions of legitimate words in a lexicon. We present the development and evaluation of an \"elastic\" stylus keyboard capable of correcting words even if the user misses all the intended keys, as long as the user's tapping pattern is close enough to the intended word.","PeriodicalId":376409,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125133150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2000 the entire World-Wide Web consisted of just 21 terabytes of information; now it grows by 3 times this every single day. This phenomenal growth frames the information overload problem that is threatening to stall the information revolution going forward. In short, users are finding it increasingly difficult to locate the right information at the right time in the right way. Search engine technologies are struggling to cope with the sheer quantity of information that is available, a problem that is greatly exacerbated by the apparent inability of Web users to formulate effective search queries that accurately reflect their current information needs. This talk will focus on how so-called personalization techniques are being used in response to the information overload problem.Personalization research brings together ideas from artificial intelligence, user profiling, information retrieval and user-interface design to provide users with more proactive and intelligent information services that are capable of predicting the needs of individuals and adapting to their implicit preferences. We will describe how personalization techniques have been successfully applied to the two dominant modes of information access, browsing and search, with reference to deployed applications in the mobile Internet and Web search arenas. Particular attention will be paid to the natural tension that exists between the potential value of personalization, on the one hand, and the perceived privacy risk associated with profiling, on the other. We will highlight certain recent approaches to personalization that appear to achieve a useful balance between personalization and privacy and argue that realizing this personalization-privacy sweet spot may be the key to the large-scale success of personalization technologies in the future.
{"title":"Adaptive information access and the quest for the personalization-privacy sweetspot","authors":"Barry Smyth","doi":"10.1145/1040830.1040833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1040830.1040833","url":null,"abstract":"In 2000 the entire World-Wide Web consisted of just 21 terabytes of information; now it grows by 3 times this every single day. This phenomenal growth frames the information overload problem that is threatening to stall the information revolution going forward. In short, users are finding it increasingly difficult to locate the right information at the right time in the right way. Search engine technologies are struggling to cope with the sheer quantity of information that is available, a problem that is greatly exacerbated by the apparent inability of Web users to formulate effective search queries that accurately reflect their current information needs. This talk will focus on how so-called personalization techniques are being used in response to the information overload problem.Personalization research brings together ideas from artificial intelligence, user profiling, information retrieval and user-interface design to provide users with more proactive and intelligent information services that are capable of predicting the needs of individuals and adapting to their implicit preferences. We will describe how personalization techniques have been successfully applied to the two dominant modes of information access, browsing and search, with reference to deployed applications in the mobile Internet and Web search arenas. Particular attention will be paid to the natural tension that exists between the potential value of personalization, on the one hand, and the perceived privacy risk associated with profiling, on the other. We will highlight certain recent approaches to personalization that appear to achieve a useful balance between personalization and privacy and argue that realizing this personalization-privacy sweet spot may be the key to the large-scale success of personalization technologies in the future.","PeriodicalId":376409,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130855785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multimodal conversational interfaces provide a natural means for users to communicate with computer systems through multiple modalities such as speech, gesture, and gaze. To build effective multimodal interfaces, understanding user multimodal inputs is important. Previous linguistic and cognitive studies indicate that user language behavior does not occur randomly, but rather follows certain linguistic and cognitive principles. Therefore, this paper investigates the use of linguistic theories in multimodal interpretation. In particular, we present a greedy algorithm that incorporates Conversation Implicature and Givenness Hierarchy for efficient multimodal reference resolution. Empirical studies indicate that this algorithm significantly reduces the complexity in multimodal reference resolution compared to a previous graph-matching approach. One major advantage of this greedy algorithm is that the prior linguistic and cognitive knowledge can be used to guide the search and significantly prune the search space. Because of its simplicity and generality, this approach has the potential to improve the robustness of interpretation and provide a more practical solution to multimodal input interpretation.
{"title":"Linguistic theories in efficient multimodal reference resolution: an empirical investigation","authors":"J. Chai, Zahar Prasov, Joseph Blaim, Rong Jin","doi":"10.1145/1040830.1040850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1040830.1040850","url":null,"abstract":"Multimodal conversational interfaces provide a natural means for users to communicate with computer systems through multiple modalities such as speech, gesture, and gaze. To build effective multimodal interfaces, understanding user multimodal inputs is important. Previous linguistic and cognitive studies indicate that user language behavior does not occur randomly, but rather follows certain linguistic and cognitive principles. Therefore, this paper investigates the use of linguistic theories in multimodal interpretation. In particular, we present a greedy algorithm that incorporates Conversation Implicature and Givenness Hierarchy for efficient multimodal reference resolution. Empirical studies indicate that this algorithm significantly reduces the complexity in multimodal reference resolution compared to a previous graph-matching approach. One major advantage of this greedy algorithm is that the prior linguistic and cognitive knowledge can be used to guide the search and significantly prune the search space. Because of its simplicity and generality, this approach has the potential to improve the robustness of interpretation and provide a more practical solution to multimodal input interpretation.","PeriodicalId":376409,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces","volume":"714 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133050832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we describe a public navigation system which uses adaptive displays as directional signs. The displays are mounted to walls where they provide passersbys with directional information. Each sign is an autonomous, wirelessly networked digital displays connected to a central server. The signs are position-aware and able to adapt their display content in accordance with their current position. Advantages of such a navigation system include improved flexibility, dynamic adaptation and ease of setup and maintenance.
{"title":"Adaptive navigation support with public displays","authors":"C. Kray, Gerd Kortuem, A. Krüger","doi":"10.1145/1040830.1040916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1040830.1040916","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we describe a public navigation system which uses adaptive displays as directional signs. The displays are mounted to walls where they provide passersbys with directional information. Each sign is an autonomous, wirelessly networked digital displays connected to a central server. The signs are position-aware and able to adapt their display content in accordance with their current position. Advantages of such a navigation system include improved flexibility, dynamic adaptation and ease of setup and maintenance.","PeriodicalId":376409,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121999084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we describe an intelligent user interface designed for camera phones to allow mobile users to specify the object of interest in the scene simply by taking two pictures: one with the object and one without the object. By comparing these two images, the system can reliably extract the visual appearance of the object, which can be useful to a wide-range of applications such as content-based image retrieval and object recognition.
{"title":"Doubleshot: an interactive user-aided segmentation tool","authors":"Tom Yeh, Trevor Darrell","doi":"10.1145/1040830.1040901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1040830.1040901","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we describe an intelligent user interface designed for camera phones to allow mobile users to specify the object of interest in the scene simply by taking two pictures: one with the object and one without the object. By comparing these two images, the system can reliably extract the visual appearance of the object, which can be useful to a wide-range of applications such as content-based image retrieval and object recognition.","PeriodicalId":376409,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129253739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many structured activities are managed by email. For instance, a consumer purchasing an item from an e-commerce vendor may receive a message confirming the order, a warning of a delay, and then a shipment notification. Existing email clients do not understand this structure, forcing users to manage their activities by sifting through lists of messages. As a first step to developing email applications that provide high-level support for structured activities, we consider the problem of automatically learning an activity's structure. We formalize activities as finite-state automata, where states correspond to the status of the process, and transitions represent messages sent between participants. We propose several unsupervised machine learning algorithms in this context, and evaluate them on a collection of e-commerce email.
{"title":"Automated email activity management: an unsupervised learning approach","authors":"N. Kushmerick, T. Lau","doi":"10.1145/1040830.1040854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1040830.1040854","url":null,"abstract":"Many structured activities are managed by email. For instance, a consumer purchasing an item from an e-commerce vendor may receive a message confirming the order, a warning of a delay, and then a shipment notification. Existing email clients do not understand this structure, forcing users to manage their activities by sifting through lists of messages. As a first step to developing email applications that provide high-level support for structured activities, we consider the problem of automatically learning an activity's structure. We formalize activities as finite-state automata, where states correspond to the status of the process, and transitions represent messages sent between participants. We propose several unsupervised machine learning algorithms in this context, and evaluate them on a collection of e-commerce email.","PeriodicalId":376409,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126149816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Corradini, M. Mehta, N. Bernsen, Marcela Charfuelan
Within the framework of the project NICE (Natural Interactive Communication for Edutainment) [2], we have been developing an educational and entertaining computer game that allows children and teenagers to interact with a conversational character impersonating the fairy tale writer H.C. Andersen (HCA). The rationale behind our system is to make kids learn about HCA's life, fairy tales and historical period while playing and having fun. We report on the character's generation and realization of both verbal and 3D graphical non-verbal output behaviors, such as speech, body gestures and facial expressions. This conveys the impression of a human-like agent with relevant domain knowledge, and distinct personality. With the educational goal in the foreground, coherent and synchronized output presentation becomes mandatory, as any inconsistency may undermine the user's learning process rather than reinforcing it.
{"title":"Animating an interactive conversational character for an educational game system","authors":"A. Corradini, M. Mehta, N. Bernsen, Marcela Charfuelan","doi":"10.1145/1040830.1040872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1040830.1040872","url":null,"abstract":"Within the framework of the project NICE (Natural Interactive Communication for Edutainment) [2], we have been developing an educational and entertaining computer game that allows children and teenagers to interact with a conversational character impersonating the fairy tale writer H.C. Andersen (HCA). The rationale behind our system is to make kids learn about HCA's life, fairy tales and historical period while playing and having fun. We report on the character's generation and realization of both verbal and 3D graphical non-verbal output behaviors, such as speech, body gestures and facial expressions. This conveys the impression of a human-like agent with relevant domain knowledge, and distinct personality. With the educational goal in the foreground, coherent and synchronized output presentation becomes mandatory, as any inconsistency may undermine the user's learning process rather than reinforcing it.","PeriodicalId":376409,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121508392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ordinary people already have great difficulty using the advanced features of digitally-operated household devices, such personal video recorders, DVD burners, etc., and "white goods," such as washing machines, microwave ovens, programmable thermostats, etc. And the problem is getting worse as more customization and programming features are continually being added. This is challenging and practical application for intelligent user interface research, and one in which new ideas are badly needed. This panel brings together industrial and academic researchers as well as business people to report on their activities and stimulate others to join.
{"title":"The usability crisis in high-tech home products: an opportunity for intelligent user interfaces?","authors":"B. D. Ruyter, Yogendra Jain, D. Keyson, C. Rich","doi":"10.1145/1040830.1040835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1040830.1040835","url":null,"abstract":"Ordinary people already have great difficulty using the advanced features of digitally-operated household devices, such personal video recorders, DVD burners, etc., and \"white goods,\" such as washing machines, microwave ovens, programmable thermostats, etc. And the problem is getting worse as more customization and programming features are continually being added. This is challenging and practical application for intelligent user interface research, and one in which new ideas are badly needed. This panel brings together industrial and academic researchers as well as business people to report on their activities and stimulate others to join.","PeriodicalId":376409,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116778117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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