Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.26686/wgtn.17009663.v1
H. Graham
The imposition of corporate liability is problematic in terms of both conviction and sentencing. Once convicted, it is still difficult to effectively sanction a corporation, as the artificial nature of the entity means it cannot be imprisoned. This problem is illustrated by the Pike River disaster and the relevant corporation’s conviction for nine health and safety offences. In that case, the defendant was insolvent, so no effective financial penalty could be imposed. This paper will consider the range of sanctions that could be used to effectively punish a guilty corporate defendant. A starting point for corporate sentencing would be the imposition of a financial penalty (both reparation orders and fines). However, if the company is insolvent, this may be ineffective. There are several mechanisms which could be used to overcome the issue of insolvency, but the court should also consider various non-financial penalties and the imposition of sanctions against individuals. The court may be able to adequately punish a company if a variety of penalties is used.
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Do audits affect individual tax compliance? This question is not new and multiple answers have been attempted over the past four decades. Those who have made such attempts have suffered from the impediment of an inability to test their theories against known, or even approximated, rates of underreporting on individual income tax returns. The first part of this paper develops a method for approximating the underreporting rate for individual income tax returns, since no such method currently exists. The second part uses this method to take a stab at answering the question whether audits affect tax underreporting rates.
{"title":"Do Audits Matter?: A Parallax Theory of the Relation between Tax Enforcement and Underreporting","authors":"J. Manhire","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2526417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2526417","url":null,"abstract":"Do audits affect individual tax compliance? This question is not new and multiple answers have been attempted over the past four decades. Those who have made such attempts have suffered from the impediment of an inability to test their theories against known, or even approximated, rates of underreporting on individual income tax returns. The first part of this paper develops a method for approximating the underreporting rate for individual income tax returns, since no such method currently exists. The second part uses this method to take a stab at answering the question whether audits affect tax underreporting rates.","PeriodicalId":376821,"journal":{"name":"White Collar Crime eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130909159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this paper is to present an empirical assessment and outline issues in criminal regulation relating to international anti-money laundering (AML) programs. Design/methodology/approach – In the first part, this paper outlines the serious threats posed by transnational laundering operations in the context of economic globalization, and calls for highly co-ordinated international responses to such a crime. The second part of the paper centres on elements of international criminal regulation of ML. The focus is on the phenomenological aspect of ML and highlights that to a large extent it is an economic issue. Economic analysis calls for an accurate legal response, with typical trade-offs: it should deter criminals from laundering by increasing the costs for such illicit operations, calling for enhanced regulatory and enforcement activities; however, stronger enforcement yields increased costs and reduces privacy. These features have lately inspired the recent paradigm shift from a rule-based regulatory framework to a risk-based approach which still represents an extremely delicate regulatory. Both at the international level and within the single domestic legal system, AML law is typically characterised by a multidisciplinary approach combining the repressive profile with preventive mechanisms: an empirical evaluation of the International Monetary Fund-World Bank AML program is presented, where these two aspects are assessed. The non-criminal measures recently implemented under the auspices of the main inter-governmental public organisations with competence in these fields seem to be consistent with the insights of economic analysis. However, some key criminal issues need to be better addressed.
{"title":"International Anti-Money Laundering Programs- Empirical Assessment and Issues in Criminal Regulation","authors":"Marco Arnone, L. Borlini","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1933557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1933557","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to present an empirical assessment and outline issues in criminal regulation relating to international anti-money laundering (AML) programs. Design/methodology/approach – In the first part, this paper outlines the serious threats posed by transnational laundering operations in the context of economic globalization, and calls for highly co-ordinated international responses to such a crime. The second part of the paper centres on elements of international criminal regulation of ML. The focus is on the phenomenological aspect of ML and highlights that to a large extent it is an economic issue. Economic analysis calls for an accurate legal response, with typical trade-offs: it should deter criminals from laundering by increasing the costs for such illicit operations, calling for enhanced regulatory and enforcement activities; however, stronger enforcement yields increased costs and reduces privacy. These features have lately inspired the recent paradigm shift from a rule-based regulatory framework to a risk-based approach which still represents an extremely delicate regulatory. Both at the international level and within the single domestic legal system, AML law is typically characterised by a multidisciplinary approach combining the repressive profile with preventive mechanisms: an empirical evaluation of the International Monetary Fund-World Bank AML program is presented, where these two aspects are assessed. The non-criminal measures recently implemented under the auspices of the main inter-governmental public organisations with competence in these fields seem to be consistent with the insights of economic analysis. However, some key criminal issues need to be better addressed.","PeriodicalId":376821,"journal":{"name":"White Collar Crime eJournal","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114550819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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