Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.3390/resources13010002
H. Syaeful, R. C. Ciputra, Tyto Baskara Adimedha, A. Sumaryanto, I. Sukadana, F. D. Indrastomo, F. Pratiwi, Sucipta Sucipta, Hendra Adhi Pratama, D. Mustika, K. Widana, Susilo Widodo, Muhammad Burhannudinnur, I. Syafri, B. Sutopo
Radiometric mapping could play a prominent role in locating the host rock or alteration that leads to gold mineralization. Nevertheless, in low-sulfidation epithermal gold deposits, the radiometric signatures have to be priorly characterized due to their geometry. It is comprised of a small ore vein system within the large alteration zones. The Pongkor gold mine is a low-sulfidation epithermal deposit and was selected for this purpose. The method started with the surface identification of radiometric signatures on altered and unaltered rocks near Pongkor using portable spectrometers. They are followed by the characterization of the underground mining front, which is comprised of different types of veins and host rocks. The results show that the altered rocks were characterized by a high K% and a low eTh/K ratio. Vice versa, the mineralized veins show low radioelement concentrations. Following the characterization of the geometry of alteration zones and mineralized veins, a study of the relationship between radioelements detected by radiometric mapping and gold pathfinder elements was conducted. Gold pathfinders of Mn, Fe, Zn, As, and Pb were selected for correlation studies with the radioelement. The pathfinders and radioelements were more significantly correlated in veins compared to the host rock. Based on this study, radiometric mapping has the potential and benefit of being applied in the exploration of low-sulfidation epithermal gold deposits. An alteration zone could be delineated by K or eTh/K as an anomaly indicator, and the vein bodies could also be delineated using low K or eTh as an anomaly indicator.
辐射测绘可在确定导致金矿化的母岩或蚀变层位置方面发挥重要作用。然而，在低硫化热液型金矿床中，由于其几何形状，必须事先确定辐射特征。它由大型蚀变带中的小型矿脉系统组成。Pongkor 金矿属于低硫化热液型矿床，因此被选中用于这一目的。该方法首先使用便携式光谱仪对 Pongkor 附近蚀变和未蚀变岩石的辐射特征进行地表识别。随后对由不同类型的矿脉和主岩组成的地下采矿前沿进行了特征描述。结果表明，蚀变岩的特征是高 K%和低 eTh/K 比率。反之亦然，矿化矿脉的放射性元素浓度较低。在确定了蚀变带和矿化矿脉的几何特征之后，对辐射测绘探测到的放射性元素与金探路元素之间的关系进行了研究。选择了 Mn、Fe、Zn、As 和 Pb 等金探路元素与放射性元素进行相关性研究。与主岩相比，矿脉中的探路元素与放射性元素的相关性更为明显。根据这项研究，放射性测绘具有应用于低硫化热液型金矿床勘探的潜力和益处。可以用 K 或 eTh/K 作为异常指标来划分蚀变带，也可以用低 K 或 eTh 作为异常指标来划分矿脉体。
{"title":"Radiometric Signatures of Gold Mineralization Zone in Pongkor, West Java, Indonesia: A Baseline for Radiometric Mapping Application on Low-Sulfidation Epithermal Deposit","authors":"H. Syaeful, R. C. Ciputra, Tyto Baskara Adimedha, A. Sumaryanto, I. Sukadana, F. D. Indrastomo, F. Pratiwi, Sucipta Sucipta, Hendra Adhi Pratama, D. Mustika, K. Widana, Susilo Widodo, Muhammad Burhannudinnur, I. Syafri, B. Sutopo","doi":"10.3390/resources13010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13010002","url":null,"abstract":"Radiometric mapping could play a prominent role in locating the host rock or alteration that leads to gold mineralization. Nevertheless, in low-sulfidation epithermal gold deposits, the radiometric signatures have to be priorly characterized due to their geometry. It is comprised of a small ore vein system within the large alteration zones. The Pongkor gold mine is a low-sulfidation epithermal deposit and was selected for this purpose. The method started with the surface identification of radiometric signatures on altered and unaltered rocks near Pongkor using portable spectrometers. They are followed by the characterization of the underground mining front, which is comprised of different types of veins and host rocks. The results show that the altered rocks were characterized by a high K% and a low eTh/K ratio. Vice versa, the mineralized veins show low radioelement concentrations. Following the characterization of the geometry of alteration zones and mineralized veins, a study of the relationship between radioelements detected by radiometric mapping and gold pathfinder elements was conducted. Gold pathfinders of Mn, Fe, Zn, As, and Pb were selected for correlation studies with the radioelement. The pathfinders and radioelements were more significantly correlated in veins compared to the host rock. Based on this study, radiometric mapping has the potential and benefit of being applied in the exploration of low-sulfidation epithermal gold deposits. An alteration zone could be delineated by K or eTh/K as an anomaly indicator, and the vein bodies could also be delineated using low K or eTh as an anomaly indicator.","PeriodicalId":37723,"journal":{"name":"Resources","volume":"26 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138952297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.3390/resources13010003
S. Betancur, N. Ortega-Avila, Erick César López-Vidaña
Colombia has made different efforts to contribute to fulfilling its international commitments to curb climate change by reducing emissions and promoting technological development and project financing. However, the existing policies and regulatory framework primarily focus on promoting the photovoltaic industry for electricity production. Likewise, the energy sector has neglected the potential of solar thermal energy as a heat source. In this sense, it is necessary to redouble efforts through new public policies that integrate solar thermal energy in the residential and productive sectors. Using solar thermal energy for heating can contribute to the energy transition and meet its sustainable development goals. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to analyze Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats to determine the potential application of thermal solar heat in Colombia while considering the local context. Factors such as their environmental conditions, policies, and regulations; the existence of international agreements; and their political status in general were analyzed. The analysis revealed Colombia’s significant solar heat potential, enabling over 1.3 million cold-climate households to access hot water or reduce firewood use. Industrially, applying solar heat in 5% of the current industry could decrease fossil fuel consumption by 13 PJ. The findings highlight that Colombia’s potential in thermal solar energy necessitates collaborative efforts, legislative reinforcement, climate-adaptive measures, and the resolution of political and social challenges.
{"title":"Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats Analysis for the Strengthening of Solar Thermal Energy in Colombia","authors":"S. Betancur, N. Ortega-Avila, Erick César López-Vidaña","doi":"10.3390/resources13010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13010003","url":null,"abstract":"Colombia has made different efforts to contribute to fulfilling its international commitments to curb climate change by reducing emissions and promoting technological development and project financing. However, the existing policies and regulatory framework primarily focus on promoting the photovoltaic industry for electricity production. Likewise, the energy sector has neglected the potential of solar thermal energy as a heat source. In this sense, it is necessary to redouble efforts through new public policies that integrate solar thermal energy in the residential and productive sectors. Using solar thermal energy for heating can contribute to the energy transition and meet its sustainable development goals. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to analyze Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats to determine the potential application of thermal solar heat in Colombia while considering the local context. Factors such as their environmental conditions, policies, and regulations; the existence of international agreements; and their political status in general were analyzed. The analysis revealed Colombia’s significant solar heat potential, enabling over 1.3 million cold-climate households to access hot water or reduce firewood use. Industrially, applying solar heat in 5% of the current industry could decrease fossil fuel consumption by 13 PJ. The findings highlight that Colombia’s potential in thermal solar energy necessitates collaborative efforts, legislative reinforcement, climate-adaptive measures, and the resolution of political and social challenges.","PeriodicalId":37723,"journal":{"name":"Resources","volume":"30 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138950273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.3390/resources13010001
Cora Eichholz, Matthias Barjenbruch, Claus-Gerhard Bannick, Peter Hartwig
Wastewater treatment companies are particularly confronted by the energy and supply crisis resulting from the war in the Ukraine. More specifically, production and supply problems with precipitant production have shown that today’s wastewater treatment technology in Germany is not crisis-proofed and must become more resilient. The aim of this paper was to determine a required precipitant quantity for Germany with regard to chemical phosphorus elimination, as well as the expected shortfalls due to the shortage situation. Furthermore, possible solutions were identified for how the precipitant can be saved or substituted. Study surveys were conducted to gather data for a meaningful response regarding the operators (wastewater treatment plants, industry, and water suppliers), manufacturers, and the German federal states. A recommendation is given on what a path to more resilient wastewater management with a focus on phosphorus elimination could look like. Based on the data obtained, the report focused on wastewater engineering issues for wastewater treatment plants and industry. The results of the study are relevant for decision-makers, researchers, and operators in the wastewater sector in order to intervene in the market themselves if necessary, e.g., money for production or conversion to biological phosphorus elimination.
{"title":"A Study on the Situation and Learnings of the Precipitant Shortage in the German Wastewater Sector","authors":"Cora Eichholz, Matthias Barjenbruch, Claus-Gerhard Bannick, Peter Hartwig","doi":"10.3390/resources13010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13010001","url":null,"abstract":"Wastewater treatment companies are particularly confronted by the energy and supply crisis resulting from the war in the Ukraine. More specifically, production and supply problems with precipitant production have shown that today’s wastewater treatment technology in Germany is not crisis-proofed and must become more resilient. The aim of this paper was to determine a required precipitant quantity for Germany with regard to chemical phosphorus elimination, as well as the expected shortfalls due to the shortage situation. Furthermore, possible solutions were identified for how the precipitant can be saved or substituted. Study surveys were conducted to gather data for a meaningful response regarding the operators (wastewater treatment plants, industry, and water suppliers), manufacturers, and the German federal states. A recommendation is given on what a path to more resilient wastewater management with a focus on phosphorus elimination could look like. Based on the data obtained, the report focused on wastewater engineering issues for wastewater treatment plants and industry. The results of the study are relevant for decision-makers, researchers, and operators in the wastewater sector in order to intervene in the market themselves if necessary, e.g., money for production or conversion to biological phosphorus elimination.","PeriodicalId":37723,"journal":{"name":"Resources","volume":"28 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138951785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.3390/resources12120147
Izabela Jonek-Kowalska, Sara Rupacz
Analysis of the energy sector from the micro perspective that relates to individual companies is much rarer than a macroeconomic analysis that concerns the power industry as a whole and its impact on the functioning of the economy. However, energy companies directly implement the government’s energy policies and innovation strategies. Thus, this article attempts to answer the question concerning the relationships in three large energy companies operating in Poland (1) between the use of renewable resources for production and the innovative nature of a company, (2) between the use of renewable energy sources and the standing on the stock exchange and profitability. This study used multiple case studies, financial analysis indicators, a time series analysis, and an interdependence analysis. This study covers 2011–2022 and allows consideration of long-term changes in domestic energy policy. Our findings suggest that there is a relationship between a company’s investment activity and the use of renewable energy sources. Unfortunately, the scope of the use of RESs in these companies is small (from ca. 1% to 15%, which demonstrates the low progress of green transformation) and has negative correlations with the investors’ assessment and profitability. In relation to innovation, the ratio of intangible assets to total assets was the highest for Tauron SA, increasing from 1.96% to 5.16%. Its material commitment to innovation is distinguishable from the other two companies. This is also the company with the highest share of RESs in energy production. The second place belongs to Enea SA with its ratio of intangible assets to total assets that increased from 0.72% to 1.69%. The ratio was lowest for PGE SA, increasing from 0.37% to 1.47%. The results and standing of the analyzed energy companies are strongly affected by energy policy amendments, including the improved status of coal and the re-oriented use of RESs (prioritizing solar energy over wind). As a result, these companies, despite the twelve-year period of the implementation of green transformation in the European Union, have achieved little on the path to sustainable energy. Therefore, achieving the goal of a zero-emission economy seems unlikely, since the renewable energy mix is still very slight and not diversified. Changes in energy policy are also not conducive to sectoral and economic innovation.
与涉及整个电力行业及其对经济运行影响的宏观经济分析相比，从与单个公司相关的微观角度对能源行业进行的分析要少见得多。然而，能源公司直接执行政府的能源政策和创新战略。因此，本文试图回答在波兰运营的三家大型能源公司的以下关系问题：（1）使用可再生资源进行生产与公司的创新性之间的关系；（2）使用可再生能源与在证券交易所的地位和盈利能力之间的关系。本研究使用了多个案例研究、财务分析指标、时间序列分析和相互依存分析。本研究涵盖 2011-2022 年，可以考虑国内能源政策的长期变化。我们的研究结果表明，公司的投资活动与可再生能源的使用之间存在一定的关系。遗憾的是，这些公司使用可再生能源的范围很小（从约 1%到 15%不等，这表明绿色转型进展缓慢），并且与投资者的评估和盈利能力呈负相关。在创新方面，金牛座股份公司的无形资产占总资产的比例最高，从 1.96%增至 5.16%。与其他两家公司相比，金牛座公司在创新方面的实质性承诺是与众不同的。该公司也是可再生能源在能源生产中所占比例最高的公司。第二名是 Enea SA 公司，其无形资产占总资产的比例从 0.72% 增加到 1.69%。PGE SA 的无形资产占总资产的比例最低，从 0.37% 上升到 1.47%。所分析的能源公司的业绩和地位受到能源政策修订的强烈影响，包括煤炭地位的提高和可再生能源使用方向的调整（太阳能优先于风能）。因此，尽管欧盟实施绿色转型已有 12 年之久，但这些公司在可持续能源的道路上收效甚微。因此，实现零排放经济的目标似乎不太可能，因为可再生能源组合仍然非常少，而且没有多样化。能源政策的变化也不利于部门和经济创新。
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Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.3390/resources12120146
T. Bryndal
The active drainage network (ADN), as a dynamic component of a catchment, plays an important role in a catchment’s functioning. Changes in the ADN are the most noticeable during extreme hydro-meteorological events, and they result from, among others, the incorporation of man-origin incisions into the ADN. Knowledge of the parameters of the “real” ADN is a key element in the field of catchment hydrology because the ADN affects the intensity of hydro-, geomorpho-, and biological processes. The goals of this study are to assess (1) the changes in the ADN during extreme hydro-meteorological events (with special attention paid to the human-induced impact on the ADN transformation) and (2) the consequences of the ADN changes on the hydrological response of a catchment and their impact on the flood hazard/risk management processes. The study was performed in a mountain catchment, prone to flash flood occurrences. The ADN was reconstructed with the use of ALS-LiDAR data using GIS tools, and the hydrological response was evaluated by using SCS-CN and GIUH models. The results revealed that the ADN functioning during heavy rainfalls is three to four times denser than the natural-origin river drainage network (RDN) (11.4 km·km−2 vs. 2.9 km·km−2), and the RDN is significantly modified by human-origin elements (e.g., roads, ditches, furrows, etc.—they constitute ca. 1/3 of the ADN). Moreover, significant structural changes in the ADN have occurred, which were confirmed by the Hortonians’ type of analysis. The changes in the ADN have affected the hydrological response of the catchment (predominantly an increase in the peak flow—up to 7%) and the dimensions of the 1% probable flood hazard zone (increase of ca. 5%). It may be concluded that significant changes in the ADN, in the catchment studied, had a moderate impact on the changes in the flood hazard level. The results give a new insight into the flood hazard/risk assessment processes in a small flysch mountain catchment.
{"title":"Changes in the Active Drainage Network and Their Impact on the Hydrological Response and Flood Risk Management Process: A Case Study for a Flysch Mountain Catchment","authors":"T. Bryndal","doi":"10.3390/resources12120146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12120146","url":null,"abstract":"The active drainage network (ADN), as a dynamic component of a catchment, plays an important role in a catchment’s functioning. Changes in the ADN are the most noticeable during extreme hydro-meteorological events, and they result from, among others, the incorporation of man-origin incisions into the ADN. Knowledge of the parameters of the “real” ADN is a key element in the field of catchment hydrology because the ADN affects the intensity of hydro-, geomorpho-, and biological processes. The goals of this study are to assess (1) the changes in the ADN during extreme hydro-meteorological events (with special attention paid to the human-induced impact on the ADN transformation) and (2) the consequences of the ADN changes on the hydrological response of a catchment and their impact on the flood hazard/risk management processes. The study was performed in a mountain catchment, prone to flash flood occurrences. The ADN was reconstructed with the use of ALS-LiDAR data using GIS tools, and the hydrological response was evaluated by using SCS-CN and GIUH models. The results revealed that the ADN functioning during heavy rainfalls is three to four times denser than the natural-origin river drainage network (RDN) (11.4 km·km−2 vs. 2.9 km·km−2), and the RDN is significantly modified by human-origin elements (e.g., roads, ditches, furrows, etc.—they constitute ca. 1/3 of the ADN). Moreover, significant structural changes in the ADN have occurred, which were confirmed by the Hortonians’ type of analysis. The changes in the ADN have affected the hydrological response of the catchment (predominantly an increase in the peak flow—up to 7%) and the dimensions of the 1% probable flood hazard zone (increase of ca. 5%). It may be concluded that significant changes in the ADN, in the catchment studied, had a moderate impact on the changes in the flood hazard level. The results give a new insight into the flood hazard/risk assessment processes in a small flysch mountain catchment.","PeriodicalId":37723,"journal":{"name":"Resources","volume":"266 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138996956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.3390/resources12120145
Jhosué Naranjo, Evelyn Juiña, Carlos Loyo, Michelle Romero, K. Vizuete, A. Debut, Sebastian Ponce, Herman A. Murillo
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of rice husk was optimized in terms of the adsorption capacity at equilibrium (qe) and hydrochar mass yield (MY). The studied variables were reaction temperature, residence time, and biomass-to-water ratio by means of response surface methodology. In both cases, reaction temperature resulted the most significant parameter promoting high qe values at higher temperatures when treating methylene blue (MB) as the target pollutant. Nevertheless, MY was low (~40%) when focusing on a possible industrial application. Hence, maximizing qe and MY simultaneously by optimization of multiple responses emerges as a promising solution to improve MY values (>60%) with no significant differences regarding the qe response. Furthermore, additional activation was conducted on optimal hydrochars to further investigate the enhancement of qe. As a result, no statistical differences between non-modified and activated hydrochars were observed for qe; however, the pseudo-second-order constant (k2) seemed to be increased after alkali activation, mainly due to a larger surface area. Non-modified and activated hydrochars were characterized via SEM, FTIR, XRD, and BET, resulting in two significant effects contributing to MB adsorption: increased surface area and functionalized hydrochar surface. Consequently, this work provides valuable insights on subsequent application of this HTC optimization scheme at an industrial scale.
从平衡吸附容量（qe）和水炭质量产率（MY）的角度对稻壳的水热碳化（HTC）进行了优化。通过响应面方法，研究了反应温度、停留时间和生物质与水的比例等变量。在这两种情况下，反应温度都是最重要的参数，在处理目标污染物亚甲基蓝（MB）时，温度越高，qe 值越高。然而，在关注可能的工业应用时，MY 值较低（约 40%）。因此，通过优化多种响应同时最大化 qe 和 MY 是一种很有前途的解决方案，可在 qe 响应无显著差异的情况下提高 MY 值（>60%）。此外，还对最佳水煤浆进行了额外的活化，以进一步研究 qe 的提高。结果发现，未改性和活化的水合碳在 qe 方面没有统计学差异；不过，碱活化后，伪二阶常数 (k2) 似乎增加了，这主要是由于表面积增大了。通过扫描电镜、傅立叶变换红外光谱、X 射线衍射和 BET 对未改性和活化的水成渣进行了表征，结果表明有两种显著的效果有助于甲基溴的吸附：表面积增大和水成渣表面功能化。因此，这项工作为随后在工业规模上应用这种 HTC 优化方案提供了宝贵的见解。
{"title":"Preparation of Adsorbent Materials from Rice Husk via Hydrothermal Carbonization: Optimization of Operating Conditions and Alkali Activation","authors":"Jhosué Naranjo, Evelyn Juiña, Carlos Loyo, Michelle Romero, K. Vizuete, A. Debut, Sebastian Ponce, Herman A. Murillo","doi":"10.3390/resources12120145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12120145","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of rice husk was optimized in terms of the adsorption capacity at equilibrium (qe) and hydrochar mass yield (MY). The studied variables were reaction temperature, residence time, and biomass-to-water ratio by means of response surface methodology. In both cases, reaction temperature resulted the most significant parameter promoting high qe values at higher temperatures when treating methylene blue (MB) as the target pollutant. Nevertheless, MY was low (~40%) when focusing on a possible industrial application. Hence, maximizing qe and MY simultaneously by optimization of multiple responses emerges as a promising solution to improve MY values (>60%) with no significant differences regarding the qe response. Furthermore, additional activation was conducted on optimal hydrochars to further investigate the enhancement of qe. As a result, no statistical differences between non-modified and activated hydrochars were observed for qe; however, the pseudo-second-order constant (k2) seemed to be increased after alkali activation, mainly due to a larger surface area. Non-modified and activated hydrochars were characterized via SEM, FTIR, XRD, and BET, resulting in two significant effects contributing to MB adsorption: increased surface area and functionalized hydrochar surface. Consequently, this work provides valuable insights on subsequent application of this HTC optimization scheme at an industrial scale.","PeriodicalId":37723,"journal":{"name":"Resources","volume":"31 123","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139007975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sustainable mechanisms for efficient and circular metal recycling have yet to be uncovered. In this study, the metal recycling potential of seven metal-resistant bacterial species (Deinococcus radiodurans, Deinococcus aerius, Bacillus coagulans, Pseudomonas putida, Staphylococcus rimosus, Streptomyces xylosus and Acidocella aluminiidurans) was investigated in a multi-step strategy, which comprises bioleaching of industrial waste products and subsequent biosorption/bioaccumulation studies. Each species was subjected to an acidic, multi-metal bioleachate solution and screened for potential experimental implementation. Bacterial growth and metal acquisition were examined using scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled to electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDS). Two of the seven screened species, D. aerius and A. aluminiidurans, propagated in a highly acidic and metal-laden environment. Both accumulated iron and copper compounds during cultivation on a multi-metallic bioleachate. Our findings suggest that extremotolerant bacteria should be considered for waste recycling operations due to their inherent polyextremophily. Furthermore, STEM-EDS is a promising tool to investigate microbial–metal interactions in the frames of native industrial waste products. To develop further experimental steps, detailed analyses of adsorption/accumulation mechanisms in D. aerius and A. aluminiidurans are required to design a circular metal recycling procedure.
{"title":"Bacterial Metal Accumulation as a Strategy for Waste Recycling Management","authors":"Denise Kölbi, Alma Memić, Holger Schnideritsch, Dominik Wohlmuth, Gerald Klösch, Mihaela Albu, Tetyana Milojevic","doi":"10.3390/resources12120144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12120144","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainable mechanisms for efficient and circular metal recycling have yet to be uncovered. In this study, the metal recycling potential of seven metal-resistant bacterial species (Deinococcus radiodurans, Deinococcus aerius, Bacillus coagulans, Pseudomonas putida, Staphylococcus rimosus, Streptomyces xylosus and Acidocella aluminiidurans) was investigated in a multi-step strategy, which comprises bioleaching of industrial waste products and subsequent biosorption/bioaccumulation studies. Each species was subjected to an acidic, multi-metal bioleachate solution and screened for potential experimental implementation. Bacterial growth and metal acquisition were examined using scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled to electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDS). Two of the seven screened species, D. aerius and A. aluminiidurans, propagated in a highly acidic and metal-laden environment. Both accumulated iron and copper compounds during cultivation on a multi-metallic bioleachate. Our findings suggest that extremotolerant bacteria should be considered for waste recycling operations due to their inherent polyextremophily. Furthermore, STEM-EDS is a promising tool to investigate microbial–metal interactions in the frames of native industrial waste products. To develop further experimental steps, detailed analyses of adsorption/accumulation mechanisms in D. aerius and A. aluminiidurans are required to design a circular metal recycling procedure.","PeriodicalId":37723,"journal":{"name":"Resources","volume":"8 48","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138586282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.3390/resources12120143
Meryem Ayach, Hajar Lazar, Abderrahim Bousouis, Abdessamad Touiouine, I. Kacimi, Vincent Valles, L. Barbiero
The aim of this work is to gain a better understanding of the diversity of groundwater resource quality in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region (France) using the national Sise-Eaux database. Three matrices were extracted, which included a hollow matrix (approximately 120,000 observations and 21 variables) and two complete matrices (8078 observations with 13 variables each and 150 observations with 20 variables each, respectively). The mapping of these parameters, the chemical profiles of the water, and the characteristics of the variograms make it possible to estimate the importance of the temporal variance compared with the spatial variance. This distinction led to a typology separating 4 groups of chemical parameters and 2 groups of bacteriological parameters, highlighting the information redundancies linking several parameters. A PCA was used to considerably reduce the size of the hyperspace of the data. The study of the factorial axes combined with their distribution over the study area made it possible to discriminate and identify certain mechanisms for acquiring the physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics of groundwater, the importance of lithology, the components of faecal contamination, and the role of environmental conditions. A typology of the parameters by hierarchical clustering on the major part of the information makes it possible to reduce the information to that carried by a few representative parameters. This work is a new step in understanding the diversity of groundwater resources in general, with a view to more targeted monitoring based on this diversity.
{"title":"Multi-Parameter Analysis of Groundwater Resources Quality in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Region (France) Using a Large Database","authors":"Meryem Ayach, Hajar Lazar, Abderrahim Bousouis, Abdessamad Touiouine, I. Kacimi, Vincent Valles, L. Barbiero","doi":"10.3390/resources12120143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12120143","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work is to gain a better understanding of the diversity of groundwater resource quality in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region (France) using the national Sise-Eaux database. Three matrices were extracted, which included a hollow matrix (approximately 120,000 observations and 21 variables) and two complete matrices (8078 observations with 13 variables each and 150 observations with 20 variables each, respectively). The mapping of these parameters, the chemical profiles of the water, and the characteristics of the variograms make it possible to estimate the importance of the temporal variance compared with the spatial variance. This distinction led to a typology separating 4 groups of chemical parameters and 2 groups of bacteriological parameters, highlighting the information redundancies linking several parameters. A PCA was used to considerably reduce the size of the hyperspace of the data. The study of the factorial axes combined with their distribution over the study area made it possible to discriminate and identify certain mechanisms for acquiring the physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics of groundwater, the importance of lithology, the components of faecal contamination, and the role of environmental conditions. A typology of the parameters by hierarchical clustering on the major part of the information makes it possible to reduce the information to that carried by a few representative parameters. This work is a new step in understanding the diversity of groundwater resources in general, with a view to more targeted monitoring based on this diversity.","PeriodicalId":37723,"journal":{"name":"Resources","volume":"53 49","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138588080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-06DOI: 10.3390/resources12120142
Peter Miele, Rituraj Shukla, S. Prasher, R. Rudra, Prasad Daggupati, Pradeep Goel, Katie Stammler, Anand Krishna Gupta
Non-point source pollution poses a continuous threat to the quality of Great Lakes waters. To abate this problem, the Great Lakes Agricultural Stewardship Initiative (GLASI) was initiated in Ontario, Canada, with the primary aim of reducing phosphorus pollution. Therefore, a case-study analysis of the Wigle Creek watershed, one of the six priority watersheds under the GLASI program, was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of various existing and potential future Best Management Practices (BMPs) and to identify BMPs that might aid in mitigating the watershed’s contribution to phosphorus loads reaching Lake Erie. Given the watershed’s very flat topography, hydrological/nutrient modeling proved an extremely challenging exercise. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used in this evaluation. Several digital elevation model (DEM) options were considered to accurately describe the watershed and represent flow conditions. A 30 m resolution DEM, implementing a modified burning in of streams based on ground truthing, was finally employed to develop the SWAT model’s drainage framework. The model was first calibrated for flow, sediment, and phosphorus loads. The calibrated model was used to evaluate the ability of potential BMPs (minimum tillage, no-till, retiring croplands into pasture, retiring croplands into forest, winter wheat cover crop, and vegetative filter strips) to reduce phosphorus loads compared to implemented practice. Converting all croplands into pasture or forest significantly decreased P loads reaching Lake Erie. Comparatively, a winter wheat cover crop had minimal effect on reducing phosphorus loading.
{"title":"Assessing the Impact of BMPs on Water Quality and Quantity in a Flat Agricultural Watershed in Southern Ontario","authors":"Peter Miele, Rituraj Shukla, S. Prasher, R. Rudra, Prasad Daggupati, Pradeep Goel, Katie Stammler, Anand Krishna Gupta","doi":"10.3390/resources12120142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12120142","url":null,"abstract":"Non-point source pollution poses a continuous threat to the quality of Great Lakes waters. To abate this problem, the Great Lakes Agricultural Stewardship Initiative (GLASI) was initiated in Ontario, Canada, with the primary aim of reducing phosphorus pollution. Therefore, a case-study analysis of the Wigle Creek watershed, one of the six priority watersheds under the GLASI program, was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of various existing and potential future Best Management Practices (BMPs) and to identify BMPs that might aid in mitigating the watershed’s contribution to phosphorus loads reaching Lake Erie. Given the watershed’s very flat topography, hydrological/nutrient modeling proved an extremely challenging exercise. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used in this evaluation. Several digital elevation model (DEM) options were considered to accurately describe the watershed and represent flow conditions. A 30 m resolution DEM, implementing a modified burning in of streams based on ground truthing, was finally employed to develop the SWAT model’s drainage framework. The model was first calibrated for flow, sediment, and phosphorus loads. The calibrated model was used to evaluate the ability of potential BMPs (minimum tillage, no-till, retiring croplands into pasture, retiring croplands into forest, winter wheat cover crop, and vegetative filter strips) to reduce phosphorus loads compared to implemented practice. Converting all croplands into pasture or forest significantly decreased P loads reaching Lake Erie. Comparatively, a winter wheat cover crop had minimal effect on reducing phosphorus loading.","PeriodicalId":37723,"journal":{"name":"Resources","volume":"55 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138595628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.3390/resources12110136
Sandhya Nepal, Mohan KC, Nabaraj Pudasaini, Hari Adhikari
Various factors, including topography, climate, soil attributes, and vegetation composition, influence above-ground biomass productivity in forest ecosystems. Despite the success of community forestry in restoring degraded hill forests in Nepal, existing research offers limited insights into how topographic factors and plant species affect soil chemical properties and, in turn, influence above-ground biomass. This study investigates the interrelations between altitude, aspect, soil depth, and vegetation type on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K), and soil pH. These soil metrics are further correlated with forestry indices, such as diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (Ht), above-ground tree biomass (AGTB), basal area (BA), and above-ground total carbon (AGTC), in the mid-hill region of central Nepal. Our findings indicate that aspect had a significant influence on SOC (p < 0.001), TN (p < 0.001), P (p < 0.05), and pH (p < 0.001) levels. Soils in the northwest (NW) aspect exhibited higher levels of SOC and TN but lower levels of P and pH than those in the southeast (SE) aspect. Altitude did not significantly affect soil properties. Variations in SOC, TN, K, and pH were observed across different soil depths. Key forestry metrics like DBH, Ht, AGTB, and AGTC were notably higher at elevated altitudes and under the NW aspect. We also found that vegetation composition adds a layer of complexity to the relationship between aspect, soil properties, and above-ground biomass. The higher altitudes in the SE aspect are more conducive to above-ground biomass productivity, while the NW aspect is favorable for higher levels of SOC and TN in the soil. These variations could be due to differences in carbon deposition rates, plant compositions, soil microbial activities, and microclimatic conditions between the aspects. These findings highlight the need for holistic forest management approaches that consider topographic factors, soil depth, and plant species, offering practical implications for the region’s sustainable forest management and restoration efforts.
各种因素，包括地形、气候、土壤属性和植被组成，影响森林生态系统的地上生物量生产力。尽管社区林业在恢复尼泊尔退化的山林方面取得了成功，但现有的研究对地形因素和植物物种如何影响土壤化学性质，进而影响地上生物量提供了有限的见解。本文研究了海拔、坡向、土壤深度和植被类型对尼泊尔中部丘陵地区土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、速效磷(P)、速效钾(K)和土壤ph的相互关系。这些土壤指标与胸径(DBH)、树高(Ht)、地上树木生物量(AGTB)、基底面积(BA)和地上总碳(AGTC)等林业指标之间存在相关性。我们的研究结果表明，aspect对SOC有显著影响(p <0.001)， TN (p <0.001)， P (P <0.05)， pH值(p <0.001)水平。西北向土壤有机碳和全氮含量高于东南向，P和pH含量低于东南向。海拔对土壤性质影响不显著。不同土壤深度土壤有机碳、全氮、钾和pH值均存在差异。高海拔地区和西北向的主要林业指标DBH、Ht、AGTB和AGTC显著较高。我们还发现植被组成增加了坡向、土壤性质和地上生物量之间关系的复杂性。东南向海拔越高，地上生物量生产力越高，西北向海拔越高，土壤有机碳和全氮含量越高。这些变化可能是由于碳沉积速率、植物组成、土壤微生物活动和小气候条件的差异造成的。这些发现突出了考虑地形因素、土壤深度和植物种类的整体森林管理方法的必要性，为该地区的可持续森林管理和恢复工作提供了实际意义。
{"title":"Divergent Effects of Topography on Soil Properties and Above-Ground Biomass in Nepal’s Mid-Hill Forests","authors":"Sandhya Nepal, Mohan KC, Nabaraj Pudasaini, Hari Adhikari","doi":"10.3390/resources12110136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12110136","url":null,"abstract":"Various factors, including topography, climate, soil attributes, and vegetation composition, influence above-ground biomass productivity in forest ecosystems. Despite the success of community forestry in restoring degraded hill forests in Nepal, existing research offers limited insights into how topographic factors and plant species affect soil chemical properties and, in turn, influence above-ground biomass. This study investigates the interrelations between altitude, aspect, soil depth, and vegetation type on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K), and soil pH. These soil metrics are further correlated with forestry indices, such as diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (Ht), above-ground tree biomass (AGTB), basal area (BA), and above-ground total carbon (AGTC), in the mid-hill region of central Nepal. Our findings indicate that aspect had a significant influence on SOC (p < 0.001), TN (p < 0.001), P (p < 0.05), and pH (p < 0.001) levels. Soils in the northwest (NW) aspect exhibited higher levels of SOC and TN but lower levels of P and pH than those in the southeast (SE) aspect. Altitude did not significantly affect soil properties. Variations in SOC, TN, K, and pH were observed across different soil depths. Key forestry metrics like DBH, Ht, AGTB, and AGTC were notably higher at elevated altitudes and under the NW aspect. We also found that vegetation composition adds a layer of complexity to the relationship between aspect, soil properties, and above-ground biomass. The higher altitudes in the SE aspect are more conducive to above-ground biomass productivity, while the NW aspect is favorable for higher levels of SOC and TN in the soil. These variations could be due to differences in carbon deposition rates, plant compositions, soil microbial activities, and microclimatic conditions between the aspects. These findings highlight the need for holistic forest management approaches that consider topographic factors, soil depth, and plant species, offering practical implications for the region’s sustainable forest management and restoration efforts.","PeriodicalId":37723,"journal":{"name":"Resources","volume":"68 14","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134901581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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