Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.54937/kd.2022.13.2.248-272
Martin Furmanik
The study deals with various areas of life of Spiš Germans (Zipsers) during the period of the first Czechoslovak Republic, specifically between 1920 and 1937. The first part of the study discusses the political activities of Germans in Spiš. The greatest attention is paid to the Zipser German Party (Zipser deutsche Partei) and the Carpathian German Party (Karpatendeutsche Partei), because these parties were voted for by most Germans in Spiš. To a lesser extent, this part is devoted to other parties that the Germans from Spiš (Zipsers) voted for. Part of this section are tables showing which parties were voted for by the inhabitants of the Spiš municipalities with the largest proportion of German nationality. The next part of the article deals with religious life with an emphasis on conflicts between Slovaks and Germans regarding the language of religious services. The third part of the study is devoted to German education in Spiš. Attention is directed to preschools, elementary schools and secondary schools of Spiš Germans (Zipsers). There were also conflicts within the education system in connection with the teaching of language. The center of interest of the next part is the social life of Spiš Germans (Zipsers). This part of the study also discusses the tourist, sports and cultural activities of the Germans in Spiš. It points to diverse cultural activities from German theater performances, singing circles, through periodicals, printers to photo studios and museums. The final part of the paper analyzes the socioeconomic structure of the German population in Spiš based on the results of the population census in 1921. Within each part of the study, attention is paid, among other things, to the anti-state manifestations of the Spiš Germans (Zipsers) and the reactions of the Czechoslovak authorities to these manifestations.
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.54937/kd.2022.13.2.226-247
Daniel Oelbauer
Clothes make the man. This is especially true for those who are outside the norm, such as prisoners. In her study of prison violence, Bereswill emphasizes that the misappropriation of clothing through threats is part of everyday prison life. On the one hand, this strengthens the position in the prisoner hierarchy. On the other hand, the need for new clothes is also satisfied. A discussion of prisoner clothing, if one wants to disregard the concentration camp prisoner clothing, has so far only been rudimentary. The reason for this seems to be that a more extensive study of clothing does not represent a worthwhile research object due to “its everyday banality”. There are empirical, contemporary-oriented works on clothing in prison from a cultural and legal perspective. They dealt with the functions and meanings of clothing and fashion in women's prisons. Ash's study of the development of prison clothing from a historical perspective with contextual references to legal, social and, in particular, fashion history refers to the Anglo-American world. In her analysis of striped concentration camp clothing, Schmidt provides some information on the history and development of prisoner clothing in German prisons in the 19th and 20th centuries. Due to their respective focus of interest, the studies by Ash and Schmidt lack a more detailed reference to the penal system, which Einsiedler emphasizes very clearly. The following investigation approaches prisoner clothing in the context of their design and functionality, which has so far received little attention. The central thesis is that prisoner clothing serves the purpose of prison-specific rationalization and enforcement of prison discipline in the sense of the concepts of Foucault and Goffman. The focus is on the following questions: What was the prisoner’s clothing made of and what did it look like? Which “general” functions did it fulfill and which further functions did it fulfill in the context of the prison? What were the implications of this for the prisoners? Were these subject to change?
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