Pub Date : 2022-02-04DOI: 10.1080/21665095.2022.2032237
Leavitt Ha, Pham Xuan Nam
ABSTRACT This article examines the impact of cross-border economic sanctions (CES) on the quality of national health – proxied by life expectancy. Structural gravity models are employed for a sample of 148 sanctioned countries (108 developing countries and 40 developed countries) during the 1995–2018 period. We consider various forms of sanction, including arms, military, trade, finance and travel. The results reveal that the imposition of sanctions, especially arm, financial, travel and other sanctions, has a significant negative effect on the national health of the targeted countries. The effects are largely heterogeneous across sanctioned countries in terms of their economic development. Furthermore, financial market development and institutional quality of the sanctioned countries critically affect the relationship between CES and national health. Particularly, more developed financial markets, the higher degree of financial openness and central bank independence, as well as higher institutional quality, help targeted countries alleviate the consequences of CES on national health. These empirical findings are expected to provide insightful lessons for economists and policymakers in the targeted countries facing the risk of economic degradation.
{"title":"An investigation of relationship between global economic sanction and life expectancy: do financial and institutional system matter?","authors":"Leavitt Ha, Pham Xuan Nam","doi":"10.1080/21665095.2022.2032237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2022.2032237","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the impact of cross-border economic sanctions (CES) on the quality of national health – proxied by life expectancy. Structural gravity models are employed for a sample of 148 sanctioned countries (108 developing countries and 40 developed countries) during the 1995–2018 period. We consider various forms of sanction, including arms, military, trade, finance and travel. The results reveal that the imposition of sanctions, especially arm, financial, travel and other sanctions, has a significant negative effect on the national health of the targeted countries. The effects are largely heterogeneous across sanctioned countries in terms of their economic development. Furthermore, financial market development and institutional quality of the sanctioned countries critically affect the relationship between CES and national health. Particularly, more developed financial markets, the higher degree of financial openness and central bank independence, as well as higher institutional quality, help targeted countries alleviate the consequences of CES on national health. These empirical findings are expected to provide insightful lessons for economists and policymakers in the targeted countries facing the risk of economic degradation.","PeriodicalId":37781,"journal":{"name":"Development Studies Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"48 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44613892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-04DOI: 10.1080/21665095.2022.2032236
C. Moyo, Syden Mishi, R. Ncwadi
ABSTRACT Despite the successful transition into democracy in South Africa, poverty and inequality levels remain consistently high for an upper-middle-income country. The pace of human capital development continues to be inadequate to solve the socio-economic challenges. The objective of the study is to examine the effect of human capital formation represented by education attainment, on poverty and inequality in the Eastern Cape province. Using the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimator, the study investigates the long-run relationship between the variables. The study found that an increase in human capital leads to a decline in poverty levels. However, human capital is positively related to income inequality which is an indication of unequal economic opportunities and inequality in the education system. The study recommends that policies be introduced to reduce inequality in schools. Community involvement in improving the quality of schools is of utmost importance. Education policies such as school choice may have contributed to education inequality.
{"title":"Human capital development, poverty and income inequality in the Eastern Cape province","authors":"C. Moyo, Syden Mishi, R. Ncwadi","doi":"10.1080/21665095.2022.2032236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2022.2032236","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Despite the successful transition into democracy in South Africa, poverty and inequality levels remain consistently high for an upper-middle-income country. The pace of human capital development continues to be inadequate to solve the socio-economic challenges. The objective of the study is to examine the effect of human capital formation represented by education attainment, on poverty and inequality in the Eastern Cape province. Using the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimator, the study investigates the long-run relationship between the variables. The study found that an increase in human capital leads to a decline in poverty levels. However, human capital is positively related to income inequality which is an indication of unequal economic opportunities and inequality in the education system. The study recommends that policies be introduced to reduce inequality in schools. Community involvement in improving the quality of schools is of utmost importance. Education policies such as school choice may have contributed to education inequality.","PeriodicalId":37781,"journal":{"name":"Development Studies Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"36 - 47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45662444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-25DOI: 10.1080/21665095.2022.2025878
Jaime Edison Rojas Mora
ABSTRACT In this article, I analyze why inequality can discourage investment. I derive my hypothesis from the theory of aspirations as a reference point. A more significant aspiration gap – the distance between the current state and the aspired state – leads to frustration and fewer incentives to invest. In study I, I use data from a longitudinal panel, exploiting environmental shocks to identify a plausibly exogenous source of variation for inequality. I combine it with an indirect measurement of aspirations using data on wealth, computed for the plausible reference group, defined as cells within the population, sharing similar observable characteristics. Finally, I use the variation in the total debt as the outcome variable. In study II, I use data from a specialized survey where shocks and aspirations are directly measured. I look at total debt as the outcome. Although the two tests are only partially conclusive, the evidence aligns with the central hypothesis.
{"title":"Aspirations, inequality, and behavioral change: evidence from Colombia","authors":"Jaime Edison Rojas Mora","doi":"10.1080/21665095.2022.2025878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2022.2025878","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this article, I analyze why inequality can discourage investment. I derive my hypothesis from the theory of aspirations as a reference point. A more significant aspiration gap – the distance between the current state and the aspired state – leads to frustration and fewer incentives to invest. In study I, I use data from a longitudinal panel, exploiting environmental shocks to identify a plausibly exogenous source of variation for inequality. I combine it with an indirect measurement of aspirations using data on wealth, computed for the plausible reference group, defined as cells within the population, sharing similar observable characteristics. Finally, I use the variation in the total debt as the outcome variable. In study II, I use data from a specialized survey where shocks and aspirations are directly measured. I look at total debt as the outcome. Although the two tests are only partially conclusive, the evidence aligns with the central hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":37781,"journal":{"name":"Development Studies Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"12 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47987759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-25DOI: 10.1080/21665095.2022.2027258
M. Rasyid
ABSTRACT Expenditure patterns can be taken into consideration in determining the type of government assistance. Without adequate information on household expenditure patterns, cash transfers may not be effective in improving welfare. This study aims to examine the expenditure patterns of households receiving cash assistance in Indonesia. The expenditure pattern is estimated using the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS). Four groups of expenditure types for food were examined: rice, staple food, beverages, tobacco and alcoholic beverages. The result showed that the largest predicted expenditure is for the purchase of staple food. Income elasticity for staple food is relatively highest than all other types of food. On the other hand, the price elasticity of tobacco and alcoholic beverages is relatively inelastic (lowest) compared to other food products. These results indicate that the provision of cash transfers for poor households has the potential to increase household welfare through increasing staple food consumption.
{"title":"Can unconditional cash assistance improve household welfare? QUAIDS model for food commodities in Indonesia","authors":"M. Rasyid","doi":"10.1080/21665095.2022.2027258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2022.2027258","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Expenditure patterns can be taken into consideration in determining the type of government assistance. Without adequate information on household expenditure patterns, cash transfers may not be effective in improving welfare. This study aims to examine the expenditure patterns of households receiving cash assistance in Indonesia. The expenditure pattern is estimated using the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS). Four groups of expenditure types for food were examined: rice, staple food, beverages, tobacco and alcoholic beverages. The result showed that the largest predicted expenditure is for the purchase of staple food. Income elasticity for staple food is relatively highest than all other types of food. On the other hand, the price elasticity of tobacco and alcoholic beverages is relatively inelastic (lowest) compared to other food products. These results indicate that the provision of cash transfers for poor households has the potential to increase household welfare through increasing staple food consumption.","PeriodicalId":37781,"journal":{"name":"Development Studies Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"1 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48848498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21665095.2021.1976658
Muhammad Dawood, Samuel Tawiah Baidoo, Syed Ale Raza Shah
ABSTRACT This paper investigates the determinants of external debt in 32 Asian developing and transitioning economies for the period 1995–2019. Estimation is carried out using the generalized method of moments (GMM), which is capable of dealing with potential endogeneity problems. The results show that in both the short- and long-run, economic growth and investment reduce external debt, whereas exchange rate, trade, and government expenditure increase external debt. Diagnostic tests confirm the reliability and consistency of our findings, which should be taken into account by policymakers for policy formulation and implementation. Based on our empirical findings, relevant policy implications, aimed at reducing external debt in the selected Asian developing and transitioning economies, are provided for policy consideration.
{"title":"An empirical investigation into the determinants of external debt in Asian developing and transitioning economies","authors":"Muhammad Dawood, Samuel Tawiah Baidoo, Syed Ale Raza Shah","doi":"10.1080/21665095.2021.1976658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2021.1976658","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper investigates the determinants of external debt in 32 Asian developing and transitioning economies for the period 1995–2019. Estimation is carried out using the generalized method of moments (GMM), which is capable of dealing with potential endogeneity problems. The results show that in both the short- and long-run, economic growth and investment reduce external debt, whereas exchange rate, trade, and government expenditure increase external debt. Diagnostic tests confirm the reliability and consistency of our findings, which should be taken into account by policymakers for policy formulation and implementation. Based on our empirical findings, relevant policy implications, aimed at reducing external debt in the selected Asian developing and transitioning economies, are provided for policy consideration.","PeriodicalId":37781,"journal":{"name":"Development Studies Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"253 - 263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48302147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21665095.2021.1980413
Mohammed El Hadi El Maknouzi, Hicham Sadok
ABSTRACT This article maps the changing global conversation on virtual currencies (VCs) internationally And brings that to bear on the development of a suitable regulatory framework for VCs in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Through a review of recent international developments, the article notes a reversal in regulatory attitude towards VCs. This review suggests two emerging horizons of regulatory intervention. The first concerns the public issue of VCs to develop financial traceability and economic transparency – an arrangement that would be particularly relevant for developing countries with large informal economies. In particular, public VC issue raises follow-up questions of technological adequacy and the legal status of a means of payment guaranteed by the State. The second concerns privately issued VCs traded on independent platforms and focuses on the trade off between economic development, through a private market for VCs, and the risks connected to money laundering and the financing of terrorism. Here, a two-pronged system of ex ante licensing to private venture capitalists, coupled with ex post-sanctions, appears to be an emerging international standard for supporting economic development in countries marked by the preponderant weight of an underground economy.
{"title":"Regulation of virtual currencies in the United Arab Emirates: accounting for the emerging public/private distinction","authors":"Mohammed El Hadi El Maknouzi, Hicham Sadok","doi":"10.1080/21665095.2021.1980413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2021.1980413","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article maps the changing global conversation on virtual currencies (VCs) internationally And brings that to bear on the development of a suitable regulatory framework for VCs in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Through a review of recent international developments, the article notes a reversal in regulatory attitude towards VCs. This review suggests two emerging horizons of regulatory intervention. The first concerns the public issue of VCs to develop financial traceability and economic transparency – an arrangement that would be particularly relevant for developing countries with large informal economies. In particular, public VC issue raises follow-up questions of technological adequacy and the legal status of a means of payment guaranteed by the State. The second concerns privately issued VCs traded on independent platforms and focuses on the trade off between economic development, through a private market for VCs, and the risks connected to money laundering and the financing of terrorism. Here, a two-pronged system of ex ante licensing to private venture capitalists, coupled with ex post-sanctions, appears to be an emerging international standard for supporting economic development in countries marked by the preponderant weight of an underground economy.","PeriodicalId":37781,"journal":{"name":"Development Studies Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"346 - 355"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48303757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21665095.2021.1937255
Minette Nago
Environmental cooperation in the Congo Basin region is facing a paradox as the region has an inflow of aid but deforestation and poverty continue to grow. We examine the role of aid agencies in this paradox, who we assume are policy entrepreneurs who influence and benefit from the process. To test these assumptions, we use policy entrepreneurship theory coupled with a comparative qualitative approach to conduct two case studies. The first case study is a climate change adaptation capacity building initiative with the German aid agency GIZ in the central role. We prove that GIZ led the project with high effectiveness, benefit from it but failed to align the initiative’s goals with the local needs. The second case study is the Congo Basin Forest Partnership (CBFP), which functions without an aid agency in the central role. We observe that although the CBFP’s actions strongly matched local needs, it lacked some effectiveness and could not yield relevant policy outcomes. Therefore, we suggest that suboptimal institutions meeting a minimum standard in both management and orientation toward local needs should be built. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 5 February 2021 Accepted 24 May 2021
{"title":"The role of aid agencies within environmental cooperation in Congo Basin: facilitators or policy entrepreneurs?","authors":"Minette Nago","doi":"10.1080/21665095.2021.1937255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2021.1937255","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental cooperation in the Congo Basin region is facing a paradox as the region has an inflow of aid but deforestation and poverty continue to grow. We examine the role of aid agencies in this paradox, who we assume are policy entrepreneurs who influence and benefit from the process. To test these assumptions, we use policy entrepreneurship theory coupled with a comparative qualitative approach to conduct two case studies. The first case study is a climate change adaptation capacity building initiative with the German aid agency GIZ in the central role. We prove that GIZ led the project with high effectiveness, benefit from it but failed to align the initiative’s goals with the local needs. The second case study is the Congo Basin Forest Partnership (CBFP), which functions without an aid agency in the central role. We observe that although the CBFP’s actions strongly matched local needs, it lacked some effectiveness and could not yield relevant policy outcomes. Therefore, we suggest that suboptimal institutions meeting a minimum standard in both management and orientation toward local needs should be built. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 5 February 2021 Accepted 24 May 2021","PeriodicalId":37781,"journal":{"name":"Development Studies Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21665095.2021.1937255","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45157536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21665095.2021.1883453
Logan Cochrane
ABSTRACT The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has become a leading contributor of foreign aid, in terms of percentage of gross national income as well as in total amount. Historically, Emirati aid was opaque, and little was known about the foreign aid portfolio. This changed after 2009 when the UAE began to submit detailed, project-level data to the Development Assistance Committee of the OECD. Based on a decade of aid transparency, this article carries out an examination of the political economy of aid provided by the UAE, comparing its portfolio to other donor countries. Particular attention is paid to analyzing three primary recipients of its aid (Egypt, Serbia and Yemen) and the implicit motivations driving those decisions. The majority of Emirati aid to these three countries was granted as general budgetary support, often in tandem with efforts to achieve political, economic and/or military aims. Based on the findings, an evaluation is made regarding Emirati narratives of South-South cooperation and its seeking of mutual benefit as well as critiques put forward within the literature countering this. In addition to critically assessing the details of an under-researched aid portfolio, this paper highlights areas for further study to deepen our understanding of the UAE’s foreign aid.
{"title":"The United Arab Emirates as a global donor: what a decade of foreign aid data transparency reveals","authors":"Logan Cochrane","doi":"10.1080/21665095.2021.1883453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2021.1883453","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has become a leading contributor of foreign aid, in terms of percentage of gross national income as well as in total amount. Historically, Emirati aid was opaque, and little was known about the foreign aid portfolio. This changed after 2009 when the UAE began to submit detailed, project-level data to the Development Assistance Committee of the OECD. Based on a decade of aid transparency, this article carries out an examination of the political economy of aid provided by the UAE, comparing its portfolio to other donor countries. Particular attention is paid to analyzing three primary recipients of its aid (Egypt, Serbia and Yemen) and the implicit motivations driving those decisions. The majority of Emirati aid to these three countries was granted as general budgetary support, often in tandem with efforts to achieve political, economic and/or military aims. Based on the findings, an evaluation is made regarding Emirati narratives of South-South cooperation and its seeking of mutual benefit as well as critiques put forward within the literature countering this. In addition to critically assessing the details of an under-researched aid portfolio, this paper highlights areas for further study to deepen our understanding of the UAE’s foreign aid.","PeriodicalId":37781,"journal":{"name":"Development Studies Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"49 - 62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21665095.2021.1883453","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45173156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21665095.2021.1954965
Paulo Francisco, Sandrina B. Moreira, Jorge Caiado
ABSTRACT Advanced countries have pledged to mobilize additional financial resources to developing countries, including funding from multiple sources other than official development assistance (ODA), known as foreign aid. However, the effect of the novel coronavirus pandemic has raised doubts about the feasibility of such a pledge, highlighting, once again, the possible role of ODA and the importance of explaining its allocation, which could be of vital relevance for understanding its effectiveness. This study analyzes a vast number of bilateral and multilateral donors by applying a novel methodology in the context of aid allocation – principal-component factor analysis – covering the period 1990–2015. The results revealed four distinct clusters of donors: (i) the proportionally largest Western European donors, characterized by a significant number of beneficiaries, especially low-income countries; (ii) donors that are predominantly driven by structural links with recipients, especially links derived from colonial connections; (iii) a group of mainly Eastern European donors who are engaged with lower-income countries in Eastern Europe and Western Asia; and (iv) a group of Asian and Oceanian donors that select their partners mainly based on the geographical proximity criterion.
{"title":"Identifying differences and similarities between donors regarding the long-term allocation of official development assistance","authors":"Paulo Francisco, Sandrina B. Moreira, Jorge Caiado","doi":"10.1080/21665095.2021.1954965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2021.1954965","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Advanced countries have pledged to mobilize additional financial resources to developing countries, including funding from multiple sources other than official development assistance (ODA), known as foreign aid. However, the effect of the novel coronavirus pandemic has raised doubts about the feasibility of such a pledge, highlighting, once again, the possible role of ODA and the importance of explaining its allocation, which could be of vital relevance for understanding its effectiveness. This study analyzes a vast number of bilateral and multilateral donors by applying a novel methodology in the context of aid allocation – principal-component factor analysis – covering the period 1990–2015. The results revealed four distinct clusters of donors: (i) the proportionally largest Western European donors, characterized by a significant number of beneficiaries, especially low-income countries; (ii) donors that are predominantly driven by structural links with recipients, especially links derived from colonial connections; (iii) a group of mainly Eastern European donors who are engaged with lower-income countries in Eastern Europe and Western Asia; and (iv) a group of Asian and Oceanian donors that select their partners mainly based on the geographical proximity criterion.","PeriodicalId":37781,"journal":{"name":"Development Studies Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"181 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21665095.2021.1954965","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49443304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21665095.2021.1890171
Susana Herrero Olarte, Fabián Villarreal, Joan Torrent
Economic inequality in South America decreased steadily since 2002. However, as the beginning of the 2010s marked the end of the commodities boom in the region, economic inequality showed constant ...
{"title":"Is productive capacity a key factor to reduce inequalities in South America?","authors":"Susana Herrero Olarte, Fabián Villarreal, Joan Torrent","doi":"10.1080/21665095.2021.1890171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2021.1890171","url":null,"abstract":"Economic inequality in South America decreased steadily since 2002. However, as the beginning of the 2010s marked the end of the commodities boom in the region, economic inequality showed constant ...","PeriodicalId":37781,"journal":{"name":"Development Studies Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21665095.2021.1890171","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45451545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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