Pub Date : 2022-04-22DOI: 10.2478/biolet-2021-0002
R. Karmakar, P. Paul, Sujeeta De, D. Mondal, G. Aditya
Abstract Multiple studies have focused on the environmental damage done by invasive species and highlighted them as a major threat to biodiversity. Invasive species can completely eliminate some native species. On the other hand, the invasion potential of alien species is strongly influenced by abiotic factors. Taking these factors into consideration, the present study has focused on the competitive interaction between an invasive freshwater pulmonate snail Physella acuta Draparnaud, 1805 (Gastropoda: Physidae) and sympatrically occurring Racesina luteola Lamarck, 1822 (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) in India. Competitive superiority of the exotic species was assessed by comparing the reproductive output of the invasive and indigenous species subjected to interactions observed in a community. To investigate the role of temperature as a driving force of the competitive superiority of the invasive snail, 4 temperatures were considered. At all temperatures, the invasive snail P. acuta deposited more egg clutches per individual than the native snail R. luteola did, irrespective of the interaction types. The reproductive output of both species increased with the gradual increase in temperature up to 30°C. At 35°C, the production of egg capsules (clutches) per individual and eggs per individual again decreased for both species. Their reproductive output was the highest at 30°C, while at 20°C, R. luteola laid lower numbers of egg clutches and eggs per individual when kept with P. acuta than when living with conspecifics only. This study shows that temperature can strongly affect the outcome of competition between invasive and indigenous species.
{"title":"Temperature-dependent interaction between an invasive and a native freshwater gastropod: a competitive edge for the invader?","authors":"R. Karmakar, P. Paul, Sujeeta De, D. Mondal, G. Aditya","doi":"10.2478/biolet-2021-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/biolet-2021-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Multiple studies have focused on the environmental damage done by invasive species and highlighted them as a major threat to biodiversity. Invasive species can completely eliminate some native species. On the other hand, the invasion potential of alien species is strongly influenced by abiotic factors. Taking these factors into consideration, the present study has focused on the competitive interaction between an invasive freshwater pulmonate snail Physella acuta Draparnaud, 1805 (Gastropoda: Physidae) and sympatrically occurring Racesina luteola Lamarck, 1822 (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) in India. Competitive superiority of the exotic species was assessed by comparing the reproductive output of the invasive and indigenous species subjected to interactions observed in a community. To investigate the role of temperature as a driving force of the competitive superiority of the invasive snail, 4 temperatures were considered. At all temperatures, the invasive snail P. acuta deposited more egg clutches per individual than the native snail R. luteola did, irrespective of the interaction types. The reproductive output of both species increased with the gradual increase in temperature up to 30°C. At 35°C, the production of egg capsules (clutches) per individual and eggs per individual again decreased for both species. Their reproductive output was the highest at 30°C, while at 20°C, R. luteola laid lower numbers of egg clutches and eggs per individual when kept with P. acuta than when living with conspecifics only. This study shows that temperature can strongly affect the outcome of competition between invasive and indigenous species.","PeriodicalId":37816,"journal":{"name":"Biological Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48679328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-22DOI: 10.2478/biolet-2021-0001
Queensley Eghianruwa, O. Osoniyi, N. Maina, S. Wachira, Regina W. Mbugua, M. Imbuga
Abstract Inflammation is the immune system’s response to infection and injury. Although it is a natural and beneficial process, it has been implicated in the pathogeneses of arthritis, cancer, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the alcohol and aqueous extracts of marine gastropods Pachymelania aurita and Tympanotonos fuscatus (syn. Tympanotonus fuscatus) var. radula in peritoneal macrophage cells treated with lipopolysaccharide. Peripheral macrophages were harvested from mice following the injection of foetal calf serum into the peritoneal space. The cytotoxicity of the extracts on the macrophages and the maximum non-toxic dose was determined using the MTT assay. Cells were challenged with lipopolysaccharide and treated with crude extracts of T. fuscatus and P. aurita 24 h later. The antioxidant activity was also evaluated, using the DPPH assay. Both extracts of P. aurita and T. fuscatus exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activities in terms of their ability to inhibit the production of NO, TNF-α, IL-1 and PGE2, which are key mediators of the inflammation response. Also, the alcohol extracts proved to be as effective as vitamin C in the free radical scavenging of DPPH. Thus, the extracts from P. aurita and T. fuscatus are useful candidates for further drug studies, especially as drug candidates for the treatment of inflammatory conditions.
{"title":"In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Pachymelania aurita (Muller) and Tympanotonos fuscatus var. radula (Linnaeus) whole body extracts in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated peritoneal macrophage cells","authors":"Queensley Eghianruwa, O. Osoniyi, N. Maina, S. Wachira, Regina W. Mbugua, M. Imbuga","doi":"10.2478/biolet-2021-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/biolet-2021-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Inflammation is the immune system’s response to infection and injury. Although it is a natural and beneficial process, it has been implicated in the pathogeneses of arthritis, cancer, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the alcohol and aqueous extracts of marine gastropods Pachymelania aurita and Tympanotonos fuscatus (syn. Tympanotonus fuscatus) var. radula in peritoneal macrophage cells treated with lipopolysaccharide. Peripheral macrophages were harvested from mice following the injection of foetal calf serum into the peritoneal space. The cytotoxicity of the extracts on the macrophages and the maximum non-toxic dose was determined using the MTT assay. Cells were challenged with lipopolysaccharide and treated with crude extracts of T. fuscatus and P. aurita 24 h later. The antioxidant activity was also evaluated, using the DPPH assay. Both extracts of P. aurita and T. fuscatus exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activities in terms of their ability to inhibit the production of NO, TNF-α, IL-1 and PGE2, which are key mediators of the inflammation response. Also, the alcohol extracts proved to be as effective as vitamin C in the free radical scavenging of DPPH. Thus, the extracts from P. aurita and T. fuscatus are useful candidates for further drug studies, especially as drug candidates for the treatment of inflammatory conditions.","PeriodicalId":37816,"journal":{"name":"Biological Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45393420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.2478/biolet-2019-0003
K. Pastirčáková
Abstract Interactions between 3 pathogenic fungi damaging horse-chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) leaves and fruits – Phyllosticta sphaeropsoidea, Phomopsis carposchiza, and Diaporthe padi – and the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma harzianum were studied to determine their mutual influence in vitro. Antibiosis of colonies developing on 5 nutrient media was tested. The 3 studied T. harzianum isolates differed in their antagonistic potential. although T. harzianum isolates significantly inhibited the growth of Phomopsis carposchiza, the mycelium growth of some of the re-isolates on fresh medium indicates an inadequate antagonistic effect of T. harzianum on this species. The tested Trichoderma isolates showed stronger antagonism towards the other pathogens, reflected in overgrowing of Phyllosticta sphaeropso-idea and Diaporthe padi and reducing their growth. Granulation of the cytoplasm and lysis of hyphae of the fungal pathogens were the most frequently observed effects of the interaction.
{"title":"In vitro interactions between Trichoderma harzianum and pathogenic fungi damaging horse-chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) leaves and fruits","authors":"K. Pastirčáková","doi":"10.2478/biolet-2019-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/biolet-2019-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Interactions between 3 pathogenic fungi damaging horse-chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) leaves and fruits – Phyllosticta sphaeropsoidea, Phomopsis carposchiza, and Diaporthe padi – and the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma harzianum were studied to determine their mutual influence in vitro. Antibiosis of colonies developing on 5 nutrient media was tested. The 3 studied T. harzianum isolates differed in their antagonistic potential. although T. harzianum isolates significantly inhibited the growth of Phomopsis carposchiza, the mycelium growth of some of the re-isolates on fresh medium indicates an inadequate antagonistic effect of T. harzianum on this species. The tested Trichoderma isolates showed stronger antagonism towards the other pathogens, reflected in overgrowing of Phyllosticta sphaeropso-idea and Diaporthe padi and reducing their growth. Granulation of the cytoplasm and lysis of hyphae of the fungal pathogens were the most frequently observed effects of the interaction.","PeriodicalId":37816,"journal":{"name":"Biological Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44155471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.2478/biolet-2019-0005
J. Gerlach
Abstract Platydemus manokwari de Beauchamp, 1963 is an invasive flatworm found on islands in the tropics, especially in the Pacific Ocean. It has been implicated in the decline of several snail populations, including the extinction of some Partula species. Its predatory behaviour was investigated to quantify predation rates and elucidate climatic influences. This laboratory study of the invasive flatworm confirms earlier reports that P. manokwari is a generalist predator of snails. It prefers small prey and avoids species defended by copious mucus, chemical defences or a tough integument. Prey are found by following damp mucus trails up to 15 h old. Flatworm activity is limited by temperature and humidity, with peak feeding at 24–30°C and 85–95% humidity. This determines the geographical spread of the species and probably also the effectiveness of arboreal predation. Aboveground air circulation leads to drying, reducing the ability of the flatworms to locate trails and remain active high off the ground. Local climatic factors may dictate how significantly P. manokwari affects snail populations.
摘要Platydemus manokwari de Beauchamp，1963是一种入侵性扁虫，发现于热带岛屿，尤其是太平洋。它与一些蜗牛种群的减少有关，包括一些Partula物种的灭绝。对其捕食行为进行了调查，以量化捕食率并阐明气候影响。这项对入侵性扁虫的实验室研究证实了早期的报道，即曼诺夸里是一种多面手的蜗牛捕食者。它喜欢小型猎物，避免被大量粘液、化学防御或坚韧的表皮保护的物种。猎物是通过追踪15小时前潮湿的粘液踪迹而发现的。扁虫的活动受到温度和湿度的限制，高峰进食温度为24-30°C，湿度为85-95%。这决定了物种的地理分布，也可能决定了树栖捕食的有效性。地上空气循环导致干燥，降低了扁虫定位踪迹和在地面高处保持活跃的能力。当地气候因素可能决定了P.manokwari对蜗牛种群的影响有多大。
{"title":"Predation by invasive Platydemus manokwari flatworms: a laboratory study","authors":"J. Gerlach","doi":"10.2478/biolet-2019-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/biolet-2019-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Platydemus manokwari de Beauchamp, 1963 is an invasive flatworm found on islands in the tropics, especially in the Pacific Ocean. It has been implicated in the decline of several snail populations, including the extinction of some Partula species. Its predatory behaviour was investigated to quantify predation rates and elucidate climatic influences. This laboratory study of the invasive flatworm confirms earlier reports that P. manokwari is a generalist predator of snails. It prefers small prey and avoids species defended by copious mucus, chemical defences or a tough integument. Prey are found by following damp mucus trails up to 15 h old. Flatworm activity is limited by temperature and humidity, with peak feeding at 24–30°C and 85–95% humidity. This determines the geographical spread of the species and probably also the effectiveness of arboreal predation. Aboveground air circulation leads to drying, reducing the ability of the flatworms to locate trails and remain active high off the ground. Local climatic factors may dictate how significantly P. manokwari affects snail populations.","PeriodicalId":37816,"journal":{"name":"Biological Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43741138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.2478/biolet-2019-0004
A. Jurkowski, H. Bujak
Abstract To investigate powdery mildew resistance in rye (Secale cereale), 397 inbred lines of winter rye were tested for susceptibility to infection with Blumeria graminis f. sp. secalis. The 50 most tolerant lines and 50 most infected lines were chosen for comparison. They were next tested for the presence of 4 markers linked to 4 alleles for resistance to powdery mildew, identified earlier in common wheat (Triticum aestivum). We found Pm3a only in 3 susceptible genotypes of winter rye, although this marker is linked to the powdery mildew resistance gene in wheat. The other 3 markers linked to Blumeria graminis f. sp. secalis resistance genes (Pm3b, Pm3c, Pm3d) were found in neither resistant nor susceptible rye genotypes.
摘要为研究黑麦(Secale cereale)对白粉病的抗性，对397个冬黑麦自交系进行了小麦蓝灰菌(Blumeria graminis f. sp. secalis)的敏感性试验。选择耐受性最强的50个品系和侵染性最强的50个品系进行比较。接下来对它们进行了4个标记的检测，这些标记与早先在普通小麦(Triticum aestivum)中发现的4个抗白粉病等位基因相关。虽然Pm3a标记与小麦抗白粉病基因相关，但我们只在冬黑麦的3个易感基因型中发现该标记。另外3个与黑麦蓝灰菌抗性基因相关的标记(Pm3b、Pm3c、Pm3d)在黑麦抗感基因型中均未发现。
{"title":"A search for 4 specific markers linked to Pm3 alleles for resistance to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) in rye (Secale cereale)","authors":"A. Jurkowski, H. Bujak","doi":"10.2478/biolet-2019-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/biolet-2019-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract To investigate powdery mildew resistance in rye (Secale cereale), 397 inbred lines of winter rye were tested for susceptibility to infection with Blumeria graminis f. sp. secalis. The 50 most tolerant lines and 50 most infected lines were chosen for comparison. They were next tested for the presence of 4 markers linked to 4 alleles for resistance to powdery mildew, identified earlier in common wheat (Triticum aestivum). We found Pm3a only in 3 susceptible genotypes of winter rye, although this marker is linked to the powdery mildew resistance gene in wheat. The other 3 markers linked to Blumeria graminis f. sp. secalis resistance genes (Pm3b, Pm3c, Pm3d) were found in neither resistant nor susceptible rye genotypes.","PeriodicalId":37816,"journal":{"name":"Biological Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46547109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.2478/biolet-2019-0002
A. Jurkowski, J. Kozioł, E. Gronczewska
Abstract Lactobacillus brevis PCM 2570 is a strain of lactic acid bacteria, i.e. probiotic bacteria whose major fermentation product is lactic acid. The efficiency of lactic acid production is limited by the value of ambient pH. This study aimed to increase the survival of this bacterial strain at a reduced pH (3.9), which would result in an increased yield of lactic acid fermentation. In our experiment the survival rate of probiotic bacteria L. brevis PCM 2570 was increased 1.2-fold to 6.96-fold due to the presence of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles, as compared to the control. The minimum concentration of nanoparticles with a positive effect was 8 mg/ml, but the optimum concentration was 20 mg/ml.
{"title":"A method to increase the survival of probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus brevis at a lowered pH","authors":"A. Jurkowski, J. Kozioł, E. Gronczewska","doi":"10.2478/biolet-2019-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/biolet-2019-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Lactobacillus brevis PCM 2570 is a strain of lactic acid bacteria, i.e. probiotic bacteria whose major fermentation product is lactic acid. The efficiency of lactic acid production is limited by the value of ambient pH. This study aimed to increase the survival of this bacterial strain at a reduced pH (3.9), which would result in an increased yield of lactic acid fermentation. In our experiment the survival rate of probiotic bacteria L. brevis PCM 2570 was increased 1.2-fold to 6.96-fold due to the presence of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles, as compared to the control. The minimum concentration of nanoparticles with a positive effect was 8 mg/ml, but the optimum concentration was 20 mg/ml.","PeriodicalId":37816,"journal":{"name":"Biological Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49549654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.2478/biolet-2019-0001
C. Fassatoui, Leila Hmida, A. Jenhani, M. Romdhane
Abstract Based on length, weight, and age data, we examined allometry and growth parameters for common pandora, Pagellus erythrinus, commercially collected seasonally from northern and southern Tunisian coasts in 2007. A total of 370 specimens (14–27.5 cm in length) were used to assess the allometric variation at seasonal scales. The slope b values (regression coefficient) of the length-weight relationship varied between 2.494 to 3.237, indicating (roughly) an isometric to negative allometric growth pattern. The allometric relationship, as a proxy for fish condition, seems to be affected by seasons and sex in the northern population, while only seasons seem to have a strong effect in the southern population, as indicated by ANOVA. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters were identified at L∞ = 34.076 and 28.017 cm, k = 0.153 and 0.150/year, and t0 = −1.922 and −3.961 years for the northern and southern sample, respectively.
基于长度、体重和年龄数据，我们研究了2007年在突尼斯北部和南部海岸季节性商业采集的常见潘多拉Pagellus erythrinus的异速生长参数。利用370个标本(长度14 ~ 27.5 cm)在季节尺度上评估异速生长变化。长度-权重关系的斜率b值(回归系数)在2.494 ~ 3.237之间变化，(大致)表现为等距-负异速生长模式。方差分析表明，北方种群的异速生长关系似乎受季节和性别的影响，而南方种群的异速生长关系似乎只有季节有强烈的影响。北方和南方样品的von Bertalanffy生长参数分别为L∞= 34.076和28.017 cm, k = 0.153和0.150/年，t0 = - 1.922和- 3.961年。
{"title":"Length-weight relationship and growth parameters of the commercial fish Pagellus erythrinus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Actinopterygii: Sparidae) from northern and southern Tunisia","authors":"C. Fassatoui, Leila Hmida, A. Jenhani, M. Romdhane","doi":"10.2478/biolet-2019-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/biolet-2019-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Based on length, weight, and age data, we examined allometry and growth parameters for common pandora, Pagellus erythrinus, commercially collected seasonally from northern and southern Tunisian coasts in 2007. A total of 370 specimens (14–27.5 cm in length) were used to assess the allometric variation at seasonal scales. The slope b values (regression coefficient) of the length-weight relationship varied between 2.494 to 3.237, indicating (roughly) an isometric to negative allometric growth pattern. The allometric relationship, as a proxy for fish condition, seems to be affected by seasons and sex in the northern population, while only seasons seem to have a strong effect in the southern population, as indicated by ANOVA. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters were identified at L∞ = 34.076 and 28.017 cm, k = 0.153 and 0.150/year, and t0 = −1.922 and −3.961 years for the northern and southern sample, respectively.","PeriodicalId":37816,"journal":{"name":"Biological Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44276935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-01DOI: 10.1515/biolet-2017-0006
M. Czyż, P. Wolinski, B. Gołdyn
Abstract The morphology of resting eggs was studied in Polish populations of 7 large branchiopod species: Branchipus schaefferi, Chirocephalus shadini, Eubranchipus grubii (Anostraca), Lepidurus apus, Triops cancriformis (Notostraca), Lynceus brachyurus (Laevicaudata), and Cyzicus tetracerus (Spinicaudata). Scanning electron microscope photographs for each species are also provided. In some species (especially E. grubii), the ornamentation and size of cysts from Polish populations significantly differ from literature data for populations from other parts of Europe. We also present a key to determination of the studied species based on cyst morphology and discuss whether those traits are useful in surveys of new localities of endangered large branchiopods.
{"title":"Cyst morphology of large branchiopod crustaceans (Anostraca, Notostraca, Laevicaudata, Spinicaudata) in western Poland","authors":"M. Czyż, P. Wolinski, B. Gołdyn","doi":"10.1515/biolet-2017-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/biolet-2017-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The morphology of resting eggs was studied in Polish populations of 7 large branchiopod species: Branchipus schaefferi, Chirocephalus shadini, Eubranchipus grubii (Anostraca), Lepidurus apus, Triops cancriformis (Notostraca), Lynceus brachyurus (Laevicaudata), and Cyzicus tetracerus (Spinicaudata). Scanning electron microscope photographs for each species are also provided. In some species (especially E. grubii), the ornamentation and size of cysts from Polish populations significantly differ from literature data for populations from other parts of Europe. We also present a key to determination of the studied species based on cyst morphology and discuss whether those traits are useful in surveys of new localities of endangered large branchiopods.","PeriodicalId":37816,"journal":{"name":"Biological Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67269390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-01DOI: 10.1515/biolet-2017-0004
A. Seniczak, S. Seniczak, H. Szczukowska, R. Graczyk, G. Bukowski
Abstract We investigated the impact of pig or goat manure fertilization of a meadow with doses of 80 kg N ha−1, 140 kg N ha−1, and 200 kg N ha−1 (plots 1-6) on oribatid mites. A control plot (0) was left unfertilized. The manure was applied to the meadow in the early spring of 2012, and soil samples were collected in the spring of 2012 and 2013. In total, 6053 oribatid mites were examined, including 1163 juveniles. The effect of fertilizing on the Oribatida depended on the dose of manure, but not on its type. A low dose of pig or goat manure did not affect the density of Oribatida, whereas the other doses decreased it, but only the highest doses decreased it significantly, compared to the control. Species diversity decreased with the dose of manure. In total, 24 species of Oribatida were found and some species reacted differently to both types of manure. For example, a low dose of pig manure significantly increased the density of Eupelops occultus, whereas the density of other species significantly decreased under the influence of the highest dose of pig manure (Achipteria coleoptrata), highest doses of pig and goat manure (Galumna obvia, Liebstadia similis), and medium and highest doses of goat manure (Scheloribates laevigatus).
摘要研究了猪粪和羊粪分别施肥80 kg N ha - 1、140 kg N ha - 1和200 kg N ha - 1(样地1-6)对草地甲螨的影响。对照地块(0)不施肥。于2012年早春对草甸施用有机肥，于2012年和2013年春季采集土壤样品。共检得甲螨6053只，其中幼螨1163只。施肥对甲螨的影响与肥料用量有关，而与肥料种类无关。与对照组相比，低剂量的猪粪或羊粪对甲螨的密度没有影响，而其他剂量的猪粪或羊粪会降低甲螨的密度，但只有最高剂量的猪粪或羊粪才能显著降低甲螨的密度。物种多样性随肥料用量的增加而降低。共发现恙螨24种，部分种类对两种粪便的反应不同。例如，低剂量的猪粪显著增加了欧洲盲蝽的密度，而其他物种的密度在最高剂量的猪粪(鞘翅翅虫)、最高剂量的猪粪和羊粪(黑猪粪，相似猪粪)以及中剂量和最高剂量的羊粪(黑猪粪)的影响下显著降低。
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Pub Date : 2016-12-01DOI: 10.1515/biolet-2017-0007
A. Seniczak, A. Ligocka, S. Seniczak, Z. Paluszak
Abstract We compared the effect of green algae (dominated by Protococcus sp.) and the earlier studied napa cabbage on the life-history parameters and gut microflora of the oribatid mite Archegozetes longisetosus (a chelicerate model organism). Napa cabbage contained more crude ash, protein, and crude fibre than green algae, but A. longisetosus developed better on the latter food, displaying higher fertility, lower mortality of offspring and shorter development than on napa cabbage. The gut microflora of A. longisetosus depended on the kind of food and developmental stage of this mite. The adults fed with napa cabbage had more abundant and more active microflora than those fed with green algae, whereas in the tritonymphs the microflora was more abundant when they were fed with green algae, and was more active in the group fed with napa cabbage. Irrespective of the treatment, the highest percentage of the isolated bacteria were gram-positive bacilli or gram-negative bacteria, but the mites feeding on Protococcus sp. contained no cocci, whereas those fed with cabbage had no gram-positive bacteria.
{"title":"Effects of green algae and napa cabbage on life-history parameters and gut microflora of Archegozetes longisetosus (Acari: Oribatida) under laboratory conditions","authors":"A. Seniczak, A. Ligocka, S. Seniczak, Z. Paluszak","doi":"10.1515/biolet-2017-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/biolet-2017-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We compared the effect of green algae (dominated by Protococcus sp.) and the earlier studied napa cabbage on the life-history parameters and gut microflora of the oribatid mite Archegozetes longisetosus (a chelicerate model organism). Napa cabbage contained more crude ash, protein, and crude fibre than green algae, but A. longisetosus developed better on the latter food, displaying higher fertility, lower mortality of offspring and shorter development than on napa cabbage. The gut microflora of A. longisetosus depended on the kind of food and developmental stage of this mite. The adults fed with napa cabbage had more abundant and more active microflora than those fed with green algae, whereas in the tritonymphs the microflora was more abundant when they were fed with green algae, and was more active in the group fed with napa cabbage. Irrespective of the treatment, the highest percentage of the isolated bacteria were gram-positive bacilli or gram-negative bacteria, but the mites feeding on Protococcus sp. contained no cocci, whereas those fed with cabbage had no gram-positive bacteria.","PeriodicalId":37816,"journal":{"name":"Biological Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/biolet-2017-0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67269519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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