Pub Date : 2021-10-25DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9631992
Jianhua Zhang, K. Prabakar, Adarsh Hasandka, S. Alam, Yazhou Jiang, B. Hodge, D. Gao
The rapid growth of distributed energy resources (DERs) has prompted increasing interest in the monitoring and control of DERs through hybrid smart grid communications. The deployment of communications and computation has transformed the traditional physical power grid into a smart cyber-physical system (CPS). To fully understand the interdependence of physical grid and cyber networks, this study designed a power and communications hardware-in-the-loop (PCommHIL) CPS architecture. This architecture enables the flexible verification of DER monitoring and control with hybrid communications architectures and internet protocols. Design, development and case study of a PCommHIL testbed for the DER coordination are discussed in detail, and the proposed platform integrates DER devices, advanced metering infrastructures (AMIs), and a suite of hybrid communications network for distribution automation applications. Case study on DER situational awareness and Volt-Var control validates the efficacy of this proposed PCommHIL platform with hybrid communications designs. Results show that the home area network (HAN) communication technologies play a critical role in hybrid designs and it is the bottleneck for DER applications. High performance communication technologies are highly recommended to be applied in the HAN for enhanced monitoring and real-time control of DERs.
{"title":"Power and Communications Hardware-In-the-Loop CPS Architecture and Platform for DER Monitoring and Control Applications","authors":"Jianhua Zhang, K. Prabakar, Adarsh Hasandka, S. Alam, Yazhou Jiang, B. Hodge, D. Gao","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9631992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9631992","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid growth of distributed energy resources (DERs) has prompted increasing interest in the monitoring and control of DERs through hybrid smart grid communications. The deployment of communications and computation has transformed the traditional physical power grid into a smart cyber-physical system (CPS). To fully understand the interdependence of physical grid and cyber networks, this study designed a power and communications hardware-in-the-loop (PCommHIL) CPS architecture. This architecture enables the flexible verification of DER monitoring and control with hybrid communications architectures and internet protocols. Design, development and case study of a PCommHIL testbed for the DER coordination are discussed in detail, and the proposed platform integrates DER devices, advanced metering infrastructures (AMIs), and a suite of hybrid communications network for distribution automation applications. Case study on DER situational awareness and Volt-Var control validates the efficacy of this proposed PCommHIL platform with hybrid communications designs. Results show that the home area network (HAN) communication technologies play a critical role in hybrid designs and it is the bottleneck for DER applications. High performance communication technologies are highly recommended to be applied in the HAN for enhanced monitoring and real-time control of DERs.","PeriodicalId":378884,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116017497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-25DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9632340
Abel O. Gomez Rivera, Deepak K. Tosh, S. Shetty
Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS) are an essential backbone of national critical infrastructures. They help monitor and control crucial cyber-enabled services such as energy generation. Commonly ICPS monitors the physical process through Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. The SCADA ecosystem takes critical real-time and future system operational decisions based on the runtime state behavior of field sensors. Traditional SCADA systems use legacy and insecure communication protocols such as the Modbus protocol that lack adequate security mechanisms to provide robust runtime state behavior assurance of constrained field sensors. Therefore, constrained field sensors are commonly vulnerable to standard semantic attacks that gradually change the behavior state of infected devices. This paper discusses process integrity assurance techniques necessary to enhance the security of behavior-based protocols such as the Modbus protocol. The Runtime State Verification (RSV) protocol proposed in this paper aims to address semantic attacks in the SCADA ecosystem by integrating behavior-based Mandatory Results Automata (MRA) and a Hyperledger Fabric (HLF) network. The RSV protocol provides high process integrity assurance through enhanced behavior-based MRA suitable for the constrained field devices. A proof of concept of the RSV protocol has been evaluated in an emulated water-tube boiler. Preliminary evaluations of the RSV protocol aimed to measure the efficiency of the proposed protocol by monitoring an Combustion Efficiency (CE) process necessary to preserve optimal combustion, thus minimizing costs and future maintenance of water-tube boilers. We analyze the overall network overhead and latency of the proposed RSV protocol by evaluating the HLF network performance and comparing the proposed RSV protocol with the state-of-art BloSPAI protocol. Through the preliminary evaluations of the proposed RSV protocol, this paper demonstrates that the proposed RSV protocol overcomes the shortcomings and network overhead of the BloSPAI protocol by integrating behavior-based authentication through novel MRAs and HLF networks.
工业信息物理系统(ICPS)是国家关键基础设施的重要支柱。它们有助于监测和控制关键的网络服务，如能源生产。通常，ICPS通过SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)系统监控物理过程。SCADA生态系统根据现场传感器的运行状态行为做出关键的实时和未来系统操作决策。传统的SCADA系统使用传统和不安全的通信协议，如Modbus协议，缺乏足够的安全机制来为受限现场传感器提供健壮的运行时状态行为保证。因此，约束场传感器通常容易受到标准语义攻击，这些攻击会逐渐改变受感染设备的行为状态。本文讨论了提高基于行为的协议(如Modbus协议)的安全性所必需的过程完整性保证技术。本文提出的运行时状态验证(RSV)协议旨在通过集成基于行为的强制结果自动机(MRA)和超级分类账结构(HLF)网络来解决SCADA生态系统中的语义攻击。RSV协议通过增强的适用于受限现场设备的基于行为的MRA，提供了高过程完整性保证。RSV协议的概念验证已在模拟水管锅炉中进行了评估。RSV协议的初步评估旨在通过监测保持最佳燃烧所需的燃烧效率(CE)过程来衡量拟议协议的效率，从而最大限度地降低成本和未来对水管锅炉的维护。我们通过评估HLF网络性能，并将所提出的RSV协议与最先进的BloSPAI协议进行比较，分析了所提出的RSV协议的总体网络开销和延迟。通过对所提出的RSV协议的初步评估，本文证明了所提出的RSV协议通过新型mra和HLF网络集成基于行为的认证，克服了BloSPAI协议的缺点和网络开销。
{"title":"Achieving Runtime State Verification Assurance in Critical Cyber-Physical Infrastructures","authors":"Abel O. Gomez Rivera, Deepak K. Tosh, S. Shetty","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9632340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9632340","url":null,"abstract":"Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS) are an essential backbone of national critical infrastructures. They help monitor and control crucial cyber-enabled services such as energy generation. Commonly ICPS monitors the physical process through Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. The SCADA ecosystem takes critical real-time and future system operational decisions based on the runtime state behavior of field sensors. Traditional SCADA systems use legacy and insecure communication protocols such as the Modbus protocol that lack adequate security mechanisms to provide robust runtime state behavior assurance of constrained field sensors. Therefore, constrained field sensors are commonly vulnerable to standard semantic attacks that gradually change the behavior state of infected devices. This paper discusses process integrity assurance techniques necessary to enhance the security of behavior-based protocols such as the Modbus protocol. The Runtime State Verification (RSV) protocol proposed in this paper aims to address semantic attacks in the SCADA ecosystem by integrating behavior-based Mandatory Results Automata (MRA) and a Hyperledger Fabric (HLF) network. The RSV protocol provides high process integrity assurance through enhanced behavior-based MRA suitable for the constrained field devices. A proof of concept of the RSV protocol has been evaluated in an emulated water-tube boiler. Preliminary evaluations of the RSV protocol aimed to measure the efficiency of the proposed protocol by monitoring an Combustion Efficiency (CE) process necessary to preserve optimal combustion, thus minimizing costs and future maintenance of water-tube boilers. We analyze the overall network overhead and latency of the proposed RSV protocol by evaluating the HLF network performance and comparing the proposed RSV protocol with the state-of-art BloSPAI protocol. Through the preliminary evaluations of the proposed RSV protocol, this paper demonstrates that the proposed RSV protocol overcomes the shortcomings and network overhead of the BloSPAI protocol by integrating behavior-based authentication through novel MRAs and HLF networks.","PeriodicalId":378884,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129605714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-25DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9631990
Nikolai Galkin, Chen-Wei Yang, L. Nordström, V. Vyatkin
In future demand response scenarios, a multitude of different types of resources are potentially to be used, e.g., electric vehicles, flexible residential loads, and battery storage systems. To solve the problem of real-time communication of data among the various resources, it is likely that several different communication protocols and most importantly differing semantic models, must be used. An aggregator utilizing several types of resources is therefore potentially faced with a problem of semantic interoperability. This paper addresses this challenge by presenting a testbed consisting of a microgrid model integrated with several controllers communicating with industrial grade protocols for demand response, including IEC 61850, OpenChargePoint protocol (OCPP), OpenADR and UDP. The testbed forms a basis for further development of a semantic canvas to enable forecasting, activation and clearing of heterogenous demand response resources.
{"title":"Prototyping Multi-Protocol Communication to enable semantic interoperability for Demand response Services","authors":"Nikolai Galkin, Chen-Wei Yang, L. Nordström, V. Vyatkin","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9631990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9631990","url":null,"abstract":"In future demand response scenarios, a multitude of different types of resources are potentially to be used, e.g., electric vehicles, flexible residential loads, and battery storage systems. To solve the problem of real-time communication of data among the various resources, it is likely that several different communication protocols and most importantly differing semantic models, must be used. An aggregator utilizing several types of resources is therefore potentially faced with a problem of semantic interoperability. This paper addresses this challenge by presenting a testbed consisting of a microgrid model integrated with several controllers communicating with industrial grade protocols for demand response, including IEC 61850, OpenChargePoint protocol (OCPP), OpenADR and UDP. The testbed forms a basis for further development of a semantic canvas to enable forecasting, activation and clearing of heterogenous demand response resources.","PeriodicalId":378884,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126810542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-25DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9631997
F. B. Haugli, P. Heegaard
The increased complexity of modern smart grids require new methods for dependability analysis, as system services depend on other services as well as components both in the power grid and ICT domain. This paper describes a method for modeling such a system with its direct and implicit dependencies. A tool has been developed for defining system models in an object oriented manner in the Python programming language and extract dependability metrics for the different system services through Discrete Event Simulation. Finally, an example case is shown illustrating the trade-off in performance and complexity between a centralized and decentralized control scheme.
{"title":"Modeling framework for study of distributed and centralized smart grid system services","authors":"F. B. Haugli, P. Heegaard","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9631997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9631997","url":null,"abstract":"The increased complexity of modern smart grids require new methods for dependability analysis, as system services depend on other services as well as components both in the power grid and ICT domain. This paper describes a method for modeling such a system with its direct and implicit dependencies. A tool has been developed for defining system models in an object oriented manner in the Python programming language and extract dependability metrics for the different system services through Discrete Event Simulation. Finally, an example case is shown illustrating the trade-off in performance and complexity between a centralized and decentralized control scheme.","PeriodicalId":378884,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","volume":"399 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113997161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-25DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9632315
F. Hohn, V. Fodor, G. Zanuso, L. Nordström
Travelling wave (TW) based protection functions, which process the time of arrival of TWs, require high sampling rates in the range of hundreds of kilohertz to several megahertz. In digital substations merging units (MU) publish the sampled values of current and voltage signals on process-level networks. However, publishing these highly sampled signals for TW-based protection functions limits severely the number of MUs in a process-level network due to the significant increase of communication load. To circumvent this problem, distributed signal processing units (DSPU) extract directly the necessary signal features and publish these at a lower publishing rate in order to decrease the communication load. This paper provides an mathematical analysis on the scalable integration of DSPUs in deterministic process-level networks based on the High-availability Seamless Redundancy (HSR) protocol, time-aware network nodes and traffic scheduling. It is shown that the distributed signal processing architecture provides a scalable integration of high sampling rate measurements for TW-based protection functions. Lastly the analytical model has been validated through a discrete-event simulation.
{"title":"Scalable Integration of High Sampling Rate Measurements in Deterministic Process-level Networks","authors":"F. Hohn, V. Fodor, G. Zanuso, L. Nordström","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9632315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9632315","url":null,"abstract":"Travelling wave (TW) based protection functions, which process the time of arrival of TWs, require high sampling rates in the range of hundreds of kilohertz to several megahertz. In digital substations merging units (MU) publish the sampled values of current and voltage signals on process-level networks. However, publishing these highly sampled signals for TW-based protection functions limits severely the number of MUs in a process-level network due to the significant increase of communication load. To circumvent this problem, distributed signal processing units (DSPU) extract directly the necessary signal features and publish these at a lower publishing rate in order to decrease the communication load. This paper provides an mathematical analysis on the scalable integration of DSPUs in deterministic process-level networks based on the High-availability Seamless Redundancy (HSR) protocol, time-aware network nodes and traffic scheduling. It is shown that the distributed signal processing architecture provides a scalable integration of high sampling rate measurements for TW-based protection functions. Lastly the analytical model has been validated through a discrete-event simulation.","PeriodicalId":378884,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130025913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-25DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9632286
Hussain M. Mustafa, Dexin Wang, K. S. Sajan, Eshwar Nag Pilli, Renke Huang, Amal Srivastava, Jianming Lian, Zhenyu Huang
The resiliency, reliability and security of the next generation cyber-power smart grid depend upon efficiently leveraging advanced communication and computing technologies. Also, developing real-time data-driven applications is critical to enable wide-area monitoring and control of the cyber-power grid given high-resolution data from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). North American Synchrophasor Initiative Network (NASPlnet) provides guidance for PMU data exchanges. With the advancement in networking and grid operation, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of different data flow architectures suggested by NASPInet and analyze the impact on applications. Therefore, we need a cyber-power co-simulation framework that supports very large-scale co-simulation capable of running in parallel, high-performance computing platforms and capturing real-life network behavior. This work presents an end-to-end automated and user-driven cyber-power co-simulation using NS3 to model communication networks, GridPACK to model the power grid, and HELICS as a co-simulation engine. Comparative analysis of latency in synchrophasor networks and a performance evaluation of a power system stabilizer application utilizing PMU data in an IEEE 39 bus test system is presented using this cosimulation testbed.
{"title":"Cyber-Power Co-Simulation for End-to-End Synchrophasor Network Analysis and Applications","authors":"Hussain M. Mustafa, Dexin Wang, K. S. Sajan, Eshwar Nag Pilli, Renke Huang, Amal Srivastava, Jianming Lian, Zhenyu Huang","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9632286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9632286","url":null,"abstract":"The resiliency, reliability and security of the next generation cyber-power smart grid depend upon efficiently leveraging advanced communication and computing technologies. Also, developing real-time data-driven applications is critical to enable wide-area monitoring and control of the cyber-power grid given high-resolution data from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). North American Synchrophasor Initiative Network (NASPlnet) provides guidance for PMU data exchanges. With the advancement in networking and grid operation, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of different data flow architectures suggested by NASPInet and analyze the impact on applications. Therefore, we need a cyber-power co-simulation framework that supports very large-scale co-simulation capable of running in parallel, high-performance computing platforms and capturing real-life network behavior. This work presents an end-to-end automated and user-driven cyber-power co-simulation using NS3 to model communication networks, GridPACK to model the power grid, and HELICS as a co-simulation engine. Comparative analysis of latency in synchrophasor networks and a performance evaluation of a power system stabilizer application utilizing PMU data in an IEEE 39 bus test system is presented using this cosimulation testbed.","PeriodicalId":378884,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128930333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-25DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9632311
S. Sourav, Binbin Chen
In this paper, we propose an effective and easily deployable approach to detect the presence of stealthy sensor attacks in industrial control systems, where (legacy) control devices critically rely on accurate (and usually non-encrypted) sensor readings. Specifically, we focus on stealthy attacks that crash a sensor and then immediately impersonate that sensor by sending out fake readings. We consider attackers who aim to stay hidden in the system for a prolonged period. To detect such attacks, our approach relies on continuous injection of “micro distortion” to the original sensor's readings. In particular, the injected distortion should be kept strictly within a small magnitude (e.g., 0.5 % of the possible operating value range), to ensure it does not affect the normal functioning of the ICS. Our approach uses a pre-shared secret sequence between a sensor and the defender to generate the micro-distortions. One key challenge is that the micro-distortions injected are often much lower than the sensor's actual readings, hence can be easily overwhelmed by the latter. To overcome this, we leverage the observation that sensor readings in many ICS (and power grid in particular) often change gradually in a significant fraction of time (i.e., with small difference between consecutive time slots). We devise a simple yet effective algorithm that can detect stealthy attackers in a highly accurate and fast (i.e., using less than 100 samples) manner. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our defense using real-world sensor reading traces from two different smart grid systems.
{"title":"Distort to Detect, not Affect: Detecting Stealthy Sensor Attacks with Micro-distortion","authors":"S. Sourav, Binbin Chen","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9632311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9632311","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose an effective and easily deployable approach to detect the presence of stealthy sensor attacks in industrial control systems, where (legacy) control devices critically rely on accurate (and usually non-encrypted) sensor readings. Specifically, we focus on stealthy attacks that crash a sensor and then immediately impersonate that sensor by sending out fake readings. We consider attackers who aim to stay hidden in the system for a prolonged period. To detect such attacks, our approach relies on continuous injection of “micro distortion” to the original sensor's readings. In particular, the injected distortion should be kept strictly within a small magnitude (e.g., 0.5 % of the possible operating value range), to ensure it does not affect the normal functioning of the ICS. Our approach uses a pre-shared secret sequence between a sensor and the defender to generate the micro-distortions. One key challenge is that the micro-distortions injected are often much lower than the sensor's actual readings, hence can be easily overwhelmed by the latter. To overcome this, we leverage the observation that sensor readings in many ICS (and power grid in particular) often change gradually in a significant fraction of time (i.e., with small difference between consecutive time slots). We devise a simple yet effective algorithm that can detect stealthy attackers in a highly accurate and fast (i.e., using less than 100 samples) manner. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our defense using real-world sensor reading traces from two different smart grid systems.","PeriodicalId":378884,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131237797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-25DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9632302
A. Chattopadhyay, A. Valdes, P. Sauer, R. Nuqui
We propose a localized oscillation amplitude monitoring (OAM) method for the mitigation of cyber threats directed at the wide area control (WAC) system used to coordinate control of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) for power oscillation damping (POD) of active power flow on inter-area tie lines. The method involves monitoring the inter-area tie line active power oscillation amplitude over a sliding window. We use system instability - inferred from oscillation amplitudes growing instead of damping - as evidence of an indication of a malfunction in the WAC of FACTS, possibly indicative of a cyber attack. Monitoring the presence of such a growth allows us to determine whether any destabilizing behaviors appear after the WAC system engages to control the POD. If the WAC signal increases the oscillation amplitude over time, thereby diminishing the POD performance, the FACTS falls back to POD using local measurements. The proposed method does not require an expansive system-wide view of the network. We simulate replay, control integrity, and timing attacks for a test system and present results that demonstrate the performance of the OAM method for mitigation.
{"title":"A Localized Cyber Threat Mitigation Approach For Wide Area Control of FACTS","authors":"A. Chattopadhyay, A. Valdes, P. Sauer, R. Nuqui","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9632302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9632302","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a localized oscillation amplitude monitoring (OAM) method for the mitigation of cyber threats directed at the wide area control (WAC) system used to coordinate control of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) for power oscillation damping (POD) of active power flow on inter-area tie lines. The method involves monitoring the inter-area tie line active power oscillation amplitude over a sliding window. We use system instability - inferred from oscillation amplitudes growing instead of damping - as evidence of an indication of a malfunction in the WAC of FACTS, possibly indicative of a cyber attack. Monitoring the presence of such a growth allows us to determine whether any destabilizing behaviors appear after the WAC system engages to control the POD. If the WAC signal increases the oscillation amplitude over time, thereby diminishing the POD performance, the FACTS falls back to POD using local measurements. The proposed method does not require an expansive system-wide view of the network. We simulate replay, control integrity, and timing attacks for a test system and present results that demonstrate the performance of the OAM method for mitigation.","PeriodicalId":378884,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134604968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-25DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9632002
A. Parrado-Duque, S. Kelouwani, K. Agbossou, S. Hosseini, N. Henao, F. Amara
End-users' electricity consumption is highly affected by weather conditions. The uncertain nature of these circumstances can highly challenge energy supply and demand balancing. The identification of explanatory variables that influence energy usage plays a key role in addressing this issue. This paper conducts a benchmark study of several machine learning methods to compare their ability to determine the most significant weather-related variables and estimate energy demand. Accordingly, it investigates fifteen climate features as predictors. These components are entered into eight algorithms that select different sets of meaningful features. The selected characteristics are exploited by five other techniques to predict energy usage. Subsequently, the outcomes are evaluated to define the most efficient forecasting process. The results of the selection procedure demonstrate that mains water and dry outdoor temperatures are the most descriptive variables. With regard to both algorithmic steps, the random forest method provides the best results with 60.78% forecasting ability. Indeed, the remarks, elaborated by this study, can assist with designing the effective load forecasting structures.
{"title":"A Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Methods for Short-Term Load Forecasting Systems","authors":"A. Parrado-Duque, S. Kelouwani, K. Agbossou, S. Hosseini, N. Henao, F. Amara","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9632002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9632002","url":null,"abstract":"End-users' electricity consumption is highly affected by weather conditions. The uncertain nature of these circumstances can highly challenge energy supply and demand balancing. The identification of explanatory variables that influence energy usage plays a key role in addressing this issue. This paper conducts a benchmark study of several machine learning methods to compare their ability to determine the most significant weather-related variables and estimate energy demand. Accordingly, it investigates fifteen climate features as predictors. These components are entered into eight algorithms that select different sets of meaningful features. The selected characteristics are exploited by five other techniques to predict energy usage. Subsequently, the outcomes are evaluated to define the most efficient forecasting process. The results of the selection procedure demonstrate that mains water and dry outdoor temperatures are the most descriptive variables. With regard to both algorithmic steps, the random forest method provides the best results with 60.78% forecasting ability. Indeed, the remarks, elaborated by this study, can assist with designing the effective load forecasting structures.","PeriodicalId":378884,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130870927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-25DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9632293
Utkarsha Agwan, C. Spanos, K. Poolla
In order to manage peak-grid events, utilities run incentive-based demand response (DR) programs in which they offer an incentive to assets who promise to curtail power consumption, and impose penalties if they fail to do so. We develop a stochastic model for the curtailment capability of these assets, and use it to derive analytical expressions for the optimal participation (i.e., promised curtailment) and profitability from the DR asset perspective. We also investigate the effects of risk-aversion and curtailment uncertainty on both promised curtailment and profit. We use the stochastic model to evaluate the benefits of forming asset aggregations for participation in DR programs, and develop a numerical test to estimate asset complementarity. We illustrate our results using load data from commercial office buildings.
{"title":"Asset Participation and Aggregation in Incentive-Based Demand Response Programs","authors":"Utkarsha Agwan, C. Spanos, K. Poolla","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9632293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm51999.2021.9632293","url":null,"abstract":"In order to manage peak-grid events, utilities run incentive-based demand response (DR) programs in which they offer an incentive to assets who promise to curtail power consumption, and impose penalties if they fail to do so. We develop a stochastic model for the curtailment capability of these assets, and use it to derive analytical expressions for the optimal participation (i.e., promised curtailment) and profitability from the DR asset perspective. We also investigate the effects of risk-aversion and curtailment uncertainty on both promised curtailment and profit. We use the stochastic model to evaluate the benefits of forming asset aggregations for participation in DR programs, and develop a numerical test to estimate asset complementarity. We illustrate our results using load data from commercial office buildings.","PeriodicalId":378884,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121431508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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