Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.15866/irecap.v11i3.20610
M. B. Yassein, Ayah Abu Aqouleh
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has proposed the use of the IPv6 Routing Protocol for the Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). RPL has been seen to be a major routing protocol related to the Internet of Things (IoT) that could be used for wireless networks with lower power consumption and liable to a higher packet loss. The RPL construct-related network topology uses the Objective Functions (OF) for choosing the route from the source to a destination node, which has been based on constraints and metrics. The IETF designed two OFs for the RPL protocol, i.e., Objective Function Zero (OF0) and Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF). In this study, the researchers have investigated the RPL performance with the help of the OFs in a medium density. This performance has been judged using different network parameters like Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and Power Consumption (PC). Furthermore, in this study, the number of nodes has been maintained as 40 and 50. The RX ratio has varied between 20, 60, and 100%, in the grid, and random topologies. The results of the study have also indicated that the OF0 protocol has showed a better performance concerning the power consumption compared to the MRHOF, while both the OFs have showed a similar PDR performance.
{"title":"Performance Evaluation of IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks Based on Objective Functions for Media Technology","authors":"M. B. Yassein, Ayah Abu Aqouleh","doi":"10.15866/irecap.v11i3.20610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15866/irecap.v11i3.20610","url":null,"abstract":"The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has proposed the use of the IPv6 Routing Protocol for the Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). RPL has been seen to be a major routing protocol related to the Internet of Things (IoT) that could be used for wireless networks with lower power consumption and liable to a higher packet loss. The RPL construct-related network topology uses the Objective Functions (OF) for choosing the route from the source to a destination node, which has been based on constraints and metrics. The IETF designed two OFs for the RPL protocol, i.e., Objective Function Zero (OF0) and Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF). In this study, the researchers have investigated the RPL performance with the help of the OFs in a medium density. This performance has been judged using different network parameters like Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and Power Consumption (PC). Furthermore, in this study, the number of nodes has been maintained as 40 and 50. The RX ratio has varied between 20, 60, and 100%, in the grid, and random topologies. The results of the study have also indicated that the OF0 protocol has showed a better performance concerning the power consumption compared to the MRHOF, while both the OFs have showed a similar PDR performance.","PeriodicalId":38104,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79081266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.15866/irecap.v11i3.19721
Saeed Shurrab, R. Duwairi
Missing data is a common problem confronted by researchers in machine learning applications. Missing values affect both the performance of analysis tools, as well as the quality of the drawn decisions. This research aims to analyze the impact of four missing data treatment methods on the predictive accuracy of the C4.5 decision tree algorithm. It also investigates the imputation accuracy of each imputation method using a single dataset with missing values presented in a single variable. The work was performed under three missing data assumptions, namely, Missing Completely At Random (MCAR), Missing At Random (MAR) and Missing Not At Random (MNAR) with three missingness’ rates: 5%, 10%, and 15%. The methods used to treat the missing data are: lite-wise deletion, mean/mode imputation, K-nearest neighbor imputation, and decision tree imputation. The results of the experiments showed that the C4.5 classifier achieved better performance under the MCAR assumption. While the mean/mode imputation has the highest C4.5 predictive accuracy under MAR and MNAR assumptions. The k-nearest neighbor method obtained the most accurate imputation result under the MCAR assumption, whereas mean/mode imputation was the most accurate method under the MAR assumption. On the other hand, the lowest imputation accuracy levels were achieved under the MNAR assumption attributed to the mean/mode imputation method.
{"title":"Effect of Missing Data Treatment on the Predictive Accuracy of C4.5 Classifier","authors":"Saeed Shurrab, R. Duwairi","doi":"10.15866/irecap.v11i3.19721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15866/irecap.v11i3.19721","url":null,"abstract":"Missing data is a common problem confronted by researchers in machine learning applications. Missing values affect both the performance of analysis tools, as well as the quality of the drawn decisions. This research aims to analyze the impact of four missing data treatment methods on the predictive accuracy of the C4.5 decision tree algorithm. It also investigates the imputation accuracy of each imputation method using a single dataset with missing values presented in a single variable. The work was performed under three missing data assumptions, namely, Missing Completely At Random (MCAR), Missing At Random (MAR) and Missing Not At Random (MNAR) with three missingness’ rates: 5%, 10%, and 15%. The methods used to treat the missing data are: lite-wise deletion, mean/mode imputation, K-nearest neighbor imputation, and decision tree imputation. The results of the experiments showed that the C4.5 classifier achieved better performance under the MCAR assumption. While the mean/mode imputation has the highest C4.5 predictive accuracy under MAR and MNAR assumptions. The k-nearest neighbor method obtained the most accurate imputation result under the MCAR assumption, whereas mean/mode imputation was the most accurate method under the MAR assumption. On the other hand, the lowest imputation accuracy levels were achieved under the MNAR assumption attributed to the mean/mode imputation method.","PeriodicalId":38104,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74704811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.15866/irecap.v11i3.20379
J. Abolade, D. Konditi, V. Dharmadhikary
A new ultra-compact multiband Bio-inspired antenna using a Vitis vinifera half-leaf-shaped with embedded arc-slits as the radiating patch is presented in this paper. The miniaturization is realized using the asymmetric feeding technique. Duroid 5880 with a dielectric constant of 2.2 and a thickness of 1.57 mm is used as the substrate of the proposed structure. The antenna dimension is 0.21λd×0.11λd at 1.95 GHz. The design is made up of five arc-slitted Vitis vinifera semi-leaf-shaped radiating patch fed through a 50 Ω Asymmetric Microstrip Feedline (AMF) for multiband configuration. The analysis, simulation, and fabrication of the proposed antenna are herein presented. This is the smallest sized antenna with the six simultaneous bands in the literature as far as we know. The compactness, suitable radiation pattern, acceptable gain, and radiation efficiency of the proposed antenna makes it a suitable candidate for 2G, 3G, 4G, and sub-6GHz 5G wireless technologies.
{"title":"Ultra-Compact Hexa-Band Bio-Inspired Antenna for 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G Wireless Applications","authors":"J. Abolade, D. Konditi, V. Dharmadhikary","doi":"10.15866/irecap.v11i3.20379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15866/irecap.v11i3.20379","url":null,"abstract":"A new ultra-compact multiband Bio-inspired antenna using a Vitis vinifera half-leaf-shaped with embedded arc-slits as the radiating patch is presented in this paper. The miniaturization is realized using the asymmetric feeding technique. Duroid 5880 with a dielectric constant of 2.2 and a thickness of 1.57 mm is used as the substrate of the proposed structure. The antenna dimension is 0.21λd×0.11λd at 1.95 GHz. The design is made up of five arc-slitted Vitis vinifera semi-leaf-shaped radiating patch fed through a 50 Ω Asymmetric Microstrip Feedline (AMF) for multiband configuration. The analysis, simulation, and fabrication of the proposed antenna are herein presented. This is the smallest sized antenna with the six simultaneous bands in the literature as far as we know. The compactness, suitable radiation pattern, acceptable gain, and radiation efficiency of the proposed antenna makes it a suitable candidate for 2G, 3G, 4G, and sub-6GHz 5G wireless technologies.","PeriodicalId":38104,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation","volume":"345 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76406356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.15866/irecap.v11i3.20018
Omar AlHeyasat
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has proliferated in the past decade. These networks consist of massive number of battery-powered nodes distrusted over a given area. The nodes are responsible for sensing the environment and delivering the sensed data to a central point, named sink node. In order to reduce the power consumption of these nodes, sleeping/waking scheduling strategy has been proposed. In this work, a new hybrid sleeping/waking scheduling algorithm is proposed based on graph theory metrics and unsupervised K-mean machine learning algorithm. In the proposed algorithm, the sink node is responsible for calculating the metrics and clustering the nodes into three main clusters; dense, mid and light. Subsequently, the algorithm attempts to reduce the load on the nodes in light cluster in order to prolong the network lifetime. The algorithm has been simulated in 3D WSN with a clustering routing protocol. The simulation results show that the algorithm reduces the number of working sensor network nodes without affecting the network diameter. Moreover, the scheduling strategy has prolonged the network lifetime and has reduced the number of disconnected components.
{"title":"A Hybrid K-Mean and Graph Metrics Algorithm for Node Sleeping Scheduling in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)","authors":"Omar AlHeyasat","doi":"10.15866/irecap.v11i3.20018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15866/irecap.v11i3.20018","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has proliferated in the past decade. These networks consist of massive number of battery-powered nodes distrusted over a given area. The nodes are responsible for sensing the environment and delivering the sensed data to a central point, named sink node. In order to reduce the power consumption of these nodes, sleeping/waking scheduling strategy has been proposed. In this work, a new hybrid sleeping/waking scheduling algorithm is proposed based on graph theory metrics and unsupervised K-mean machine learning algorithm. In the proposed algorithm, the sink node is responsible for calculating the metrics and clustering the nodes into three main clusters; dense, mid and light. Subsequently, the algorithm attempts to reduce the load on the nodes in light cluster in order to prolong the network lifetime. The algorithm has been simulated in 3D WSN with a clustering routing protocol. The simulation results show that the algorithm reduces the number of working sensor network nodes without affecting the network diameter. Moreover, the scheduling strategy has prolonged the network lifetime and has reduced the number of disconnected components.","PeriodicalId":38104,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74580070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.15866/irecap.v11i3.20311
Sushma Shankarappa, Sambasiva Rao
In this paper, an innovative compact pattern reconfigurable antenna is proposed and developed to establish an inter-satellite communication link between the Formation flying spacecraft. The reconfigurable beam switching antenna comprises a driven Monopole at the center, encompassed with four Reconfigurable Selective Reflectors (RSR) which act as RF radiators and reflectors for different switching conditions. PIN diodes are used to electronically control the switch states of RSR and beam switching is achieved with uniform gain along the azimuth plane without affecting the antenna’s overall performance. The peculiar demands of Formation Flying Mission (FFM) satellites such as small size and low power for communication system are resolved by the proposed technique where a single antenna with different patterns communicates with multiple satellites reducing the antenna space and power consumption. Furthermore, it also offers a solution to the problem encountered in existing FFM antenna, like microstrip patch, which serves only one satellite at a time. The antenna is designed at 2.45GHz center frequency. Simulated results show good impedance matching and performance with 13 to 15% bandwidth and wide beamwidth. The experimental validation shows that the simulation results of the antenna agree well with the measured results.
{"title":"Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna for Formation Flying Missions","authors":"Sushma Shankarappa, Sambasiva Rao","doi":"10.15866/irecap.v11i3.20311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15866/irecap.v11i3.20311","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an innovative compact pattern reconfigurable antenna is proposed and developed to establish an inter-satellite communication link between the Formation flying spacecraft. The reconfigurable beam switching antenna comprises a driven Monopole at the center, encompassed with four Reconfigurable Selective Reflectors (RSR) which act as RF radiators and reflectors for different switching conditions. PIN diodes are used to electronically control the switch states of RSR and beam switching is achieved with uniform gain along the azimuth plane without affecting the antenna’s overall performance. The peculiar demands of Formation Flying Mission (FFM) satellites such as small size and low power for communication system are resolved by the proposed technique where a single antenna with different patterns communicates with multiple satellites reducing the antenna space and power consumption. Furthermore, it also offers a solution to the problem encountered in existing FFM antenna, like microstrip patch, which serves only one satellite at a time. The antenna is designed at 2.45GHz center frequency. Simulated results show good impedance matching and performance with 13 to 15% bandwidth and wide beamwidth. The experimental validation shows that the simulation results of the antenna agree well with the measured results.","PeriodicalId":38104,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76813973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.15866/irecap.v11i3.20810
I. Herrero-Sebastián, C. Benavente-Peces
A novel planar antenna for dual-linear-polarized applications, based on Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) technology, and its dual-mode transceiver, acting as Orthomode Transceiver (OMT), are presented. TE10 and TE20 propagation modes are excited on the SIW to feed two orthogonal slots at the same time, operating at the same frequency band. Each slot produces the radiation according to the current distribution corresponding to their own mode without mutual interference. A dual-mode feeder and termination are used to excite a travelling wave in both modes, allowing the excitation and extraction of the propagation modes through the SIW on a single-layer circuit. In addition, a combination of 90°-hybrid circuits is designed in a single layer, to simplify the manufacture and assembly of the antenna, and acts as OMT by accomplishing the proper phase differences to create TE10 and TE20 at the same time and frequency on both sides of the SIW. As a result, a dual-beam and dual-polarized high-performance antenna is developed at sub-6GHz bands for 5G and other systems, such as Global-Coverage Satellites and Wi-Fi, through a combination of passive circuits to separate the orthogonal polarizations.
{"title":"A Novel Two-Propagation-Modes Dual-Polarized Slotted-SIW Antenna for 5G and Sub-6GHz Services","authors":"I. Herrero-Sebastián, C. Benavente-Peces","doi":"10.15866/irecap.v11i3.20810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15866/irecap.v11i3.20810","url":null,"abstract":"A novel planar antenna for dual-linear-polarized applications, based on Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) technology, and its dual-mode transceiver, acting as Orthomode Transceiver (OMT), are presented. TE10 and TE20 propagation modes are excited on the SIW to feed two orthogonal slots at the same time, operating at the same frequency band. Each slot produces the radiation according to the current distribution corresponding to their own mode without mutual interference. A dual-mode feeder and termination are used to excite a travelling wave in both modes, allowing the excitation and extraction of the propagation modes through the SIW on a single-layer circuit. In addition, a combination of 90°-hybrid circuits is designed in a single layer, to simplify the manufacture and assembly of the antenna, and acts as OMT by accomplishing the proper phase differences to create TE10 and TE20 at the same time and frequency on both sides of the SIW. As a result, a dual-beam and dual-polarized high-performance antenna is developed at sub-6GHz bands for 5G and other systems, such as Global-Coverage Satellites and Wi-Fi, through a combination of passive circuits to separate the orthogonal polarizations.","PeriodicalId":38104,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83778775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-30DOI: 10.15866/IRECAP.V11I2.20614
R. Al-Gharaibeh, M. B. Yassein, Lojin Bani Younis
{"title":"Performance Evaluation of RPL Objective Functions with Different Transmission Range for Media Technology","authors":"R. Al-Gharaibeh, M. B. Yassein, Lojin Bani Younis","doi":"10.15866/IRECAP.V11I2.20614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15866/IRECAP.V11I2.20614","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38104,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation","volume":"44 1","pages":"137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81037282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-30DOI: 10.15866/IRECAP.V11I2.19964
V. C. Ebhota, V. Srivastava
{"title":"Prediction of Signal Power Loss (at Micro-Cell Environments) Using Generalized Adaptive Regression and Radial Basis Function ANN Models Built on Filter for Error Correction","authors":"V. C. Ebhota, V. Srivastava","doi":"10.15866/IRECAP.V11I2.19964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15866/IRECAP.V11I2.19964","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38104,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation","volume":"27 1","pages":"94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86124280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-30DOI: 10.15866/IRECAP.V11I2.19784
Mahfuza Rahman, Tabia Hossain, Mohammad Monirrujjman Khan
{"title":"Novel Design of Penta Band Planar Inverted F Antenna for Wireless Communication","authors":"Mahfuza Rahman, Tabia Hossain, Mohammad Monirrujjman Khan","doi":"10.15866/IRECAP.V11I2.19784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15866/IRECAP.V11I2.19784","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38104,"journal":{"name":"International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation","volume":"41 1","pages":"77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81436782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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