According to the statistics and estimates of the United Nations, half of the world's current population resides in cities. In addition, there will be 91 cities with populations of over 5 million by 2025, and 36 of them will be megacities with populations of over 10 million. This signifies that cities shall play an increasingly important role in human civilization. However, as populations continue to concentrate in cities, more challenges shall arise in areas such as transportation, energy, housing, disaster prevention, pollution prevention, and various life-support systems and the issue for effectively improving "use efficiency" would need to be addressed. Challenges brought forth by concentrated population and issues in the efficiency of the supply of various life support systems (including software and hardware) have made the design of a smarter city a point of concern. In the last five years, several cities in Europe, the Americas, East Asia, and even the Middle East have come forward with diversified and colorful designs for a "smart city." One question that must be asked of the development is: What exactly is the essence of smart cities and how do we observe them? If we wish to enhance the efficiency in the use of various life-support systems, what other technological barriers remain to be solved?
{"title":"Integration is the Key to Urban Evolution: Technical Challenges for the Smart City and the Internet of Thins","authors":"Po-Jung Shih","doi":"10.5875/AUSMT.V6I4.1315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5875/AUSMT.V6I4.1315","url":null,"abstract":"According to the statistics and estimates of the United Nations, half of the world's current population resides in cities. In addition, there will be 91 cities with populations of over 5 million by 2025, and 36 of them will be megacities with populations of over 10 million. This signifies that cities shall play an increasingly important role in human civilization. However, as populations continue to concentrate in cities, more challenges shall arise in areas such as transportation, energy, housing, disaster prevention, pollution prevention, and various life-support systems and the issue for effectively improving \"use efficiency\" would need to be addressed. Challenges brought forth by concentrated population and issues in the efficiency of the supply of various life support systems (including software and hardware) have made the design of a smarter city a point of concern. In the last five years, several cities in Europe, the Americas, East Asia, and even the Middle East have come forward with diversified and colorful designs for a \"smart city.\" One question that must be asked of the development is: What exactly is the essence of smart cities and how do we observe them? If we wish to enhance the efficiency in the use of various life-support systems, what other technological barriers remain to be solved?","PeriodicalId":38109,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automation and Smart Technology","volume":"6 1","pages":"181-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71162759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) chips with amperometric integration offers improved portability, high detection throughput, small sample and reagent volumes, low driving voltages and sample injection and separation. This article reviews recent CE chip developments and applications in the integration of amperometric sensors. We describe the development of three different configurations (in-channel, off-channel and end-channel). CE chips with integrated EC detectors have great promise in applications including diagnostics, environmental monitoring and biological assays
{"title":"Development of a Capillary Electrophoresis Chip with Integrated Electrochemical Sensors","authors":"Ming-Yuan Lee, Ching-Chou Wu","doi":"10.5875/AUSMT.V6I4.1230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5875/AUSMT.V6I4.1230","url":null,"abstract":"Capillary electrophoresis (CE) chips with amperometric integration offers improved portability, high detection throughput, small sample and reagent volumes, low driving voltages and sample injection and separation. This article reviews recent CE chip developments and applications in the integration of amperometric sensors. We describe the development of three different configurations (in-channel, off-channel and end-channel). CE chips with integrated EC detectors have great promise in applications including diagnostics, environmental monitoring and biological assays","PeriodicalId":38109,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automation and Smart Technology","volume":"13 1","pages":"203-210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71162120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sahar Abdelhedi, R. Bourguiba, Jaouhar Mouine, M. Baklouti, A. Youssef
Falls can lead to serious injuries, hospitalization and sometimes death, and are considered the number one cause of disabilities among elderly people, making falls a key concern in the healthcare sector. Advances in medical technology and healthcare mechanisms have driven the development of new responses to the healthcare needs of a growing elderly population. Ambulatory accelerometer devices have been applied to develop reliable and robust fall detection systems. This paper assesses fall detection systems using Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) as a CPU in addition to data transmission. In this paper, we give a survey of the different fall detection systems based on FPGAs in the literature, definition of the main theoretical points of fall detection accelerometers-based systems, existing techniques and algorithms and we give an overview of the main steps to design a fall detection system.
{"title":"Fall Detection FPGA-Based Systems: A Survey","authors":"Sahar Abdelhedi, R. Bourguiba, Jaouhar Mouine, M. Baklouti, A. Youssef","doi":"10.5875/AUSMT.V6I4.1105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5875/AUSMT.V6I4.1105","url":null,"abstract":"Falls can lead to serious injuries, hospitalization and sometimes death, and are considered the number one cause of disabilities among elderly people, making falls a key concern in the healthcare sector. Advances in medical technology and healthcare mechanisms have driven the development of new responses to the healthcare needs of a growing elderly population. Ambulatory accelerometer devices have been applied to develop reliable and robust fall detection systems. This paper assesses fall detection systems using Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) as a CPU in addition to data transmission. In this paper, we give a survey of the different fall detection systems based on FPGAs in the literature, definition of the main theoretical points of fall detection accelerometers-based systems, existing techniques and algorithms and we give an overview of the main steps to design a fall detection system.","PeriodicalId":38109,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automation and Smart Technology","volume":"6 1","pages":"191-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71162445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Allan Yambot, L. Casano, Ryan Mina, Kevin Yu, A. Chua
This study aims to develop an automated screw briquetting system that will be applicable as a small business venture in provincial areas of the Philippines. The existing manual briquette machine was integrated with automation equipment and software to facilitate continuous briquette production. The automated machine uses an induction motor fitted with a Variable Frequency Drive to control the motor’s rotational speed. A Programmable Logic Controller was used to facilitate the overall control of the briquetting system through the synchronization of the sensors and drivers. In addition, the machine features a band heater with a temperature controller and a control panel for safety and ease of operation. A simulation was performed to determine the optimal design configuration of the screw geometry applicable for automation. Experiments were performed by varying the temperature and screw speed to achieve optimal briquette quality. The automation results showed that briquettes of high quality can be produced at a rate of 10kg/hr. An economic feasibility study was done to show the machine’s viability in a provincial small business context.
{"title":"Automated Screw Type Briquetting Machine as A Small Business Venture","authors":"Allan Yambot, L. Casano, Ryan Mina, Kevin Yu, A. Chua","doi":"10.5875/AUSMT.V6I4.1148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5875/AUSMT.V6I4.1148","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to develop an automated screw briquetting system that will be applicable as a small business venture in provincial areas of the Philippines. The existing manual briquette machine was integrated with automation equipment and software to facilitate continuous briquette production. The automated machine uses an induction motor fitted with a Variable Frequency Drive to control the motor’s rotational speed. A Programmable Logic Controller was used to facilitate the overall control of the briquetting system through the synchronization of the sensors and drivers. In addition, the machine features a band heater with a temperature controller and a control panel for safety and ease of operation. A simulation was performed to determine the optimal design configuration of the screw geometry applicable for automation. Experiments were performed by varying the temperature and screw speed to achieve optimal briquette quality. The automation results showed that briquettes of high quality can be produced at a rate of 10kg/hr. An economic feasibility study was done to show the machine’s viability in a provincial small business context.","PeriodicalId":38109,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automation and Smart Technology","volume":"6 1","pages":"185-189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71162462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Li-Sheng Hsu, Shu-Wei Tung, Che-Hsi Kuo, Cheng-Wen Ma
Barbed dry microtips arrays are fabricated using simple and low-cost silicon wet etching techniques for ECG recording. Compared with standard wet electrodes, the proposed dry electrodes do not require skin preparation or electrolytic gel during the ECG measurement process. We also discuss parameters affecting skin-electrode impedance, such as the thickness of the conductive layer and the driving frequencies. We successfully demonstrate that the proposed dry electrodes can be used to measure ECG signals.
{"title":"Bared Microtip Arrays for ECG Measurement","authors":"Li-Sheng Hsu, Shu-Wei Tung, Che-Hsi Kuo, Cheng-Wen Ma","doi":"10.5875/AUSMT.V6I3.878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5875/AUSMT.V6I3.878","url":null,"abstract":"Barbed dry microtips arrays are fabricated using simple and low-cost silicon wet etching techniques for ECG recording. Compared with standard wet electrodes, the proposed dry electrodes do not require skin preparation or electrolytic gel during the ECG measurement process. We also discuss parameters affecting skin-electrode impedance, such as the thickness of the conductive layer and the driving frequencies. We successfully demonstrate that the proposed dry electrodes can be used to measure ECG signals.","PeriodicalId":38109,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automation and Smart Technology","volume":"6 1","pages":"177-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71162329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to control indoor temperatures in an air-conditioned room to ensure the occupant’s thermal comfort while minimizing energy consumption. In the literature, controlled simulations of air conditioning systems usually assume that the indoor air is perfectly mixed. This assumption provides little information on spatial temperature and air flow. By contrast, this study deals with imperfectly mixed air. A computational fluid dynamics method is used to model an air-conditioned room and links this model with controllers. A self-tuning controller can monitor plant changes based on recursive estimation and adjusts control parameters to meet desired performance. Therefore, this study develops self-tuning controllers to control room temperature. Disturbances of varying temperature are exerted to investigate control performance. This paper compares the performance of a self-tuning linear quadratic controller and a self-tuning proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. Simulation results show that both controllers track desired temperatures well. Compared with the self-tuning PID controller, the self-tuning linear quadratic controller yields less overshoot with a slower response. The proposed method in this study is validated by experimental results.
{"title":"Self-tuning Control for Air Conditioning in a Room with Varying Temperature and Imperfectly Mixed Air","authors":"K. Ku, T. S. Liu","doi":"10.5875/AUSMT.V6I3.972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5875/AUSMT.V6I3.972","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to control indoor temperatures in an air-conditioned room to ensure the occupant’s thermal comfort while minimizing energy consumption. In the literature, controlled simulations of air conditioning systems usually assume that the indoor air is perfectly mixed. This assumption provides little information on spatial temperature and air flow. By contrast, this study deals with imperfectly mixed air. A computational fluid dynamics method is used to model an air-conditioned room and links this model with controllers. A self-tuning controller can monitor plant changes based on recursive estimation and adjusts control parameters to meet desired performance. Therefore, this study develops self-tuning controllers to control room temperature. Disturbances of varying temperature are exerted to investigate control performance. This paper compares the performance of a self-tuning linear quadratic controller and a self-tuning proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. Simulation results show that both controllers track desired temperatures well. Compared with the self-tuning PID controller, the self-tuning linear quadratic controller yields less overshoot with a slower response. The proposed method in this study is validated by experimental results.","PeriodicalId":38109,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automation and Smart Technology","volume":"6 1","pages":"153-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71162494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents new delay-dependent robust linear matrix inequality (LMI) conditions for a robust H_∞ filter for discrete time systems affected by time-varying state delays and missing measurements. Our attention is focused on the analysis and design of robust H_∞ filters. LMI relaxations based on homogeneous polynomial matrices of an arbitrary degree are used to determine the state-space realization of the filter. The missing measurements are described by a binary switching sequence satisfying a Bernoulli distribution. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method.
{"title":"Delay Dependent Robust H_∞ Filter design for Discrete Time-delay Systems with Missing Measurements via Homogeneous Polynomial Matrices","authors":"A. Zabari, E. Tissir, S. Kririm","doi":"10.5875/AUSMT.V6I3.1112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5875/AUSMT.V6I3.1112","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents new delay-dependent robust linear matrix inequality (LMI) conditions for a robust H_∞ filter for discrete time systems affected by time-varying state delays and missing measurements. Our attention is focused on the analysis and design of robust H_∞ filters. LMI relaxations based on homogeneous polynomial matrices of an arbitrary degree are used to determine the state-space realization of the filter. The missing measurements are described by a binary switching sequence satisfying a Bernoulli distribution. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":38109,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automation and Smart Technology","volume":"6 1","pages":"163-175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71162165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bejarano Andrés, Fernández Alejandra, Jimeno Miguel, Salazar Augusto, Wightman Pedro
Current lifestyles and technologies have inspired new ways to manage home appliances free of restrictions previously imposed by distance and time. So-called home automation technologies allow users to control and schedule common home tasks, often without human intervention. Several types of home automation systems have been proposed and classified according to their functionality, mode of user interaction, scheduling systems and cost-effectiveness. This paper reviews proposals in the smart home field from the last five years, considering both technical and functional aspects. The paper seeks to define automated or smart home systems by identifying common aspects of current such systems.
{"title":"Towards the Evolution of Smart Home Environments: A Survey","authors":"Bejarano Andrés, Fernández Alejandra, Jimeno Miguel, Salazar Augusto, Wightman Pedro","doi":"10.5875/AUSMT.V6I3.1039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5875/AUSMT.V6I3.1039","url":null,"abstract":"Current lifestyles and technologies have inspired new ways to manage home appliances free of restrictions previously imposed by distance and time. So-called home automation technologies allow users to control and schedule common home tasks, often without human intervention. Several types of home automation systems have been proposed and classified according to their functionality, mode of user interaction, scheduling systems and cost-effectiveness. This paper reviews proposals in the smart home field from the last five years, considering both technical and functional aspects. The paper seeks to define automated or smart home systems by identifying common aspects of current such systems.","PeriodicalId":38109,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automation and Smart Technology","volume":"6 1","pages":"105-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71162102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In wireless sensor networks (WSN), clustering has been shown to effectively prolong network lifetime, and unequal clustering, which is an extension to traditional clustering, has demonstrated even better results. In unequal clustering, each individual cluster has a different cluster range. To date, clustering range calculations has been performed based on node positions in the network. However, node fitness is an important parameter. If assigned to a larger cluster range, nodes with low fitness can create inconsistencies within the network. Moreover, these methods fail to incorporate uncertainties in parametric quantities encountered during cluster head (CH) selection and cluster range assignment. Therefore, we propose a fuzzy logic based chance calculation that handles uncertainties in parametric quantities. The calculated chance value is applied for the selection of CHs and the chance value, is used along with node position to assign a proper cluster range. Compared with some well known approaches shows that the proposed approach creates more balanced clusters, consequently extending network lifetime.
{"title":"A Load-Balanced Clustering Algorithm Using Fuzzy Logic for Maximizing Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"D. R. D. Adhikary, D. K. Mallick","doi":"10.5875/AUSMT.V6I3.1016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5875/AUSMT.V6I3.1016","url":null,"abstract":"In wireless sensor networks (WSN), clustering has been shown to effectively prolong network lifetime, and unequal clustering, which is an extension to traditional clustering, has demonstrated even better results. In unequal clustering, each individual cluster has a different cluster range. To date, clustering range calculations has been performed based on node positions in the network. However, node fitness is an important parameter. If assigned to a larger cluster range, nodes with low fitness can create inconsistencies within the network. Moreover, these methods fail to incorporate uncertainties in parametric quantities encountered during cluster head (CH) selection and cluster range assignment. Therefore, we propose a fuzzy logic based chance calculation that handles uncertainties in parametric quantities. The calculated chance value is applied for the selection of CHs and the chance value, is used along with node position to assign a proper cluster range. Compared with some well known approaches shows that the proposed approach creates more balanced clusters, consequently extending network lifetime.","PeriodicalId":38109,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automation and Smart Technology","volume":"6 1","pages":"137-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71162018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Low birth rates and population aging are growing problems in developed and emerging industrialized countries. The medical equipment industry in Taiwan is expected to leverage the strength of local ICT and medical industries to develop products to assist immobile patients or improve life quality of the grey-haired. The global market is expected to be tremendous in the combination of medical equipment and intelligent robots.
{"title":"Development Opportunities of Exoskeletons","authors":"Chung-Hung Huang","doi":"10.5875/AUSMT.V6I3.1209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5875/AUSMT.V6I3.1209","url":null,"abstract":"Low birth rates and population aging are growing problems in developed and emerging industrialized countries. The medical equipment industry in Taiwan is expected to leverage the strength of local ICT and medical industries to develop products to assist immobile patients or improve life quality of the grey-haired. The global market is expected to be tremendous in the combination of medical equipment and intelligent robots.","PeriodicalId":38109,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automation and Smart Technology","volume":"6 1","pages":"101-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71162229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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