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The Calanques National Park, between environmental effort and urban effort 卡兰克斯国家公园,在环境保护和城市保护之间
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-06-03 DOI: 10.4000/ARTICULO.3252
C. Claeys, Arlette Hérat, Carole Barthélémy, V. Deldrève
Since 2008, our research has involved sociological monitoring of the political construction of the Calanques National Park, its social uses and the environmental controversy that has arisen. We have addressed these issues in the context of their interaction with urban policies. This article analyses the interactions between the Calanques National Park and the city of Marseille through the analytical framework of environmental effort. Environmental effort can be defined as the socially differentiated and potentially unequal contribution of social actors to public environmental protection policies. First, we show how the territorial make-up of Marseille has always involved a great deal of crossover between the city, the countryside and nature. Second, we examine the boundaries between the city and nature today, a result of convergence between a prevailing naturalist vision that dominated the creation of the Calanques National Park and the city’s urbanism strategy. Third, we show how the environmental effort required of the population in some districts to protect the Calanques in the context of park policy is compounded by an additional urban environmental effort required of inhabitants to support the transformations imposed on their immediate environment.
自2008年以来,我们的研究涉及对卡兰克斯国家公园的政治建设、其社会用途和由此产生的环境争议的社会学监测。我们在这些问题与城市政策相互作用的背景下解决了这些问题。本文通过环境努力的分析框架,分析了卡朗克斯国家公园与马赛市之间的相互作用。环境努力可以定义为社会行为者对公共环境保护政策的社会差异和潜在的不平等贡献。首先,我们展示了马赛的领土构成如何一直涉及城市,乡村和自然之间的大量交叉。其次,我们研究了当今城市与自然之间的界限,这是主导卡兰克斯国家公园创建的主流自然主义愿景与城市城市化战略融合的结果。第三,我们展示了在公园政策的背景下,一些地区的居民为保护卡兰克斯所做的环境努力是如何与居民为支持对其直接环境施加的转变所需要的额外的城市环境努力相结合的。
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引用次数: 5
The Inconspicuous spaces of globalization 全球化的不显眼空间
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-12-01 DOI: 10.4000/articulo.2905
Armelle Choplin, Olivier Pliez
This special issue addresses the inconspicuous geography of globalization, constructed through invisible transnational connections. To bring these spaces out of the shadows, it is essential to shift our gaze from the center towards the spatial as well as the social margins. This rescaling also needs to be rethought in order to grasp the complex interactions between the local and the global. Finally, the various studies in this special issue reveal three types of interstitial spaces on which this inconspicuous globalization is based: routes, secondary cities, and market places. Thus, a broad and vast research fields opens up before us, whose main lines we sketch out below.
本期特刊探讨了通过无形的跨国联系构建起来的不显眼的全球化地理。为了将这些空间从阴影中带出来,将我们的目光从中心转移到空间和社会边缘是至关重要的。为了把握局部和全局之间复杂的相互作用,这种重新调整也需要重新考虑。最后,本期特刊的各种研究揭示了这种不起眼的全球化所基于的三种类型的间隙空间:路线、二级城市和市场。因此,一个广阔的研究领域展现在我们面前,其主线如下。
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引用次数: 18
The conditions for the reproduction of the SAGUAPAC water cooperative in the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia: discourse analysis 玻利维亚圣克鲁斯德拉塞拉市SAGUAPAC水合作社再生产的条件:话语分析
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-07-13 DOI: 10.4000/ARTICULO.2764
Florence Bétrisey
The SAGUAPAC cooperative in the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Eastern Bolivia) is regularly presented as an example of cooperative successes regarding water supply and sanitation. Its efficiency, both economic and technical, is widely considered as the main reason for its reproduction. However, without denying its importance, we show, through a discourse analysis from and about SAGUAPAC in local media, that moral and non-instrumental factors are crucial in the reproduction of the cooperative. These factors create attachment and affection toward the cooperative, through a storytelling technique using a four-dimensional rhetoric (mythification, identification, emotionalisation and personification). This storytelling technique, internalized in the local media discourse and materializing the so-called new spirit of capitalism, exploits the affects and instrumentalises local myths and legends, as well as the ‘camba’ ethnic identity. In that, it tends to retain SAGUAPAC members and to canvass new ones, by providing them with recognition in their quality of local community members. However, the mobilisation of social norms and power hierarchies might end up reinforcing the social exclusion of Andean non-camba immigrants, inspite of an a priori inclusive and democratic organisation of the cooperative.
圣克鲁斯德拉塞拉市(玻利维亚东部)的SAGUAPAC合作社经常被介绍为供水和卫生方面合作成功的例子。它在经济和技术上的效率被广泛认为是其再生产的主要原因。然而,在不否认其重要性的情况下,我们通过对SAGUAPAC在当地媒体上的话语分析表明,道德和非工具性因素对合作社的再生产至关重要。这些因素通过使用四维修辞(神话化、认同化、情感化和拟人化)的讲故事技巧,创造了对合作伙伴的依恋和情感。这种内化在当地媒体话语中的叙事技巧,将所谓的资本主义新精神物化,利用了当地神话传说以及“坎巴”民族身份的影响和工具。在这种情况下,它倾向于保留SAGUAPAC成员,并通过向他们提供对当地社区成员质量的认可来拉拢新成员。然而,社会规范和权力等级的动员可能最终会加强对安第斯非坎巴移民的社会排斥,尽管合作社有一个先天的包容性和民主组织。
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引用次数: 2
‘Political sensitivity’. Subjective feedback on the unexpected effects of an urban planning study “政治敏感性”。对城市规划研究的意外影响的主观反馈
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-07-13 DOI: 10.4000/ARTICULO.2861
L. Matthey
This essay focuses on public authorities utilising the notion of ‘neighbourhood identity’ for guidance in city making. It was born of a twofold fascination: in both Switzerland and France, the concept of ‘neighbourhood’ is omnipresent in urban policymaking and town planning projects, albeit with constantly shifting meanings, such that the extent of its influence might be surprising. In both Switzerland and France, the neighbourhood seems to be the scale by which a specific type of anchoring is understood, which deserves special treatment in terms of identity. I am interested in the tactical use of such categories (to the extent that they may be a means to an end) within the framework of a strategic moment of city making: the urban project.
这篇文章的重点是公共当局利用“社区认同”的概念来指导城市建设。它诞生于双重魅力:在瑞士和法国,“邻里”的概念在城市政策制定和城市规划项目中无处不在,尽管其含义不断变化,其影响程度可能令人惊讶。在瑞士和法国,社区似乎是理解特定类型锚定的尺度,在身份方面值得特殊对待。我感兴趣的是在城市建设的战略时刻框架内对这些类别的策略性使用(在某种程度上,它们可能是达到目的的手段):城市项目。
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引用次数: 1
Tales of the City. Storytelling as a contemporary tool of urban planning and design 《城市传说》讲故事作为当代城市规划和设计的工具
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-07-13 DOI: 10.4000/ARTICULO.2779
Christophe Mager, L. Matthey
Almost thirty years ago, as the social sciences underwent their ‘discursive turn’, Bernardo Secchi (1984) drew, in what he called the ‘urban planning narrative’, the attention of planners to the production of myths, turning an activity often seen as primarily technical into one centred around the production of images and ideas. This conception of planning practice gave rise to a powerful current of research in English-speaking countries. Efforts were made to both combine the urban planning narrative with storytelling and to establish storytelling as a prescriptive or descriptive model for planning practice. Thus, just as storytelling is supposed to have led democratic communication off track through a pronounced concern for a good story, storytelling applied to the field of urban production may have led to an increasing preoccupation with staging and showmanship for projects to the detriment of their real inclusion in political debate. It is this possible transformation of the territorial action that will be the focus of the articles collected in this special issue of Articulo – Journal of Urban Research.
大约三十年前,当社会科学经历了他们的“话语转向”,Bernardo Secchi(1984)在他所谓的“城市规划叙事”中,将规划师的注意力吸引到神话的产生上,将通常被视为主要技术的活动转变为以图像和思想的产生为中心的活动。这种规划实践的概念在英语国家引发了一股强大的研究潮流。我们努力将城市规划叙事与讲故事结合起来,并将讲故事作为规划实践的规定性或描述性模型。因此,正如讲故事被认为是通过对好故事的明显关注而导致民主交流偏离轨道一样,讲故事应用于城市生产领域可能导致项目越来越多地专注于舞台和表演技巧,从而损害了它们真正融入政治辩论。正是这种地域行为的可能转变,将成为这期《城市研究杂志》特刊所收集的文章的重点。
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引用次数: 12
Public Art Beyond Downtown: Assessing Art Initiatives on the Northwest Side of Chicago 超越市中心的公共艺术:评估芝加哥西北侧的艺术倡议
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-07-13 DOI: 10.4000/ARTICULO.2828
Clifford D. Deaton
This paper explores the creation and implementation of two different public art initiatives on the Northwest side of Chicago. The first is a sculpture park and healing garden in the Albany Park neighborhood planned by a local community development organization, while the second is a mural initiative in the 45th Ward coordinated by the alderman’s office. Through analysis of both interviews and site visits, this paper demonstrates that communities take up art initiatives for the perceived benefits of both economic growth and community development. This paper finds that political fragmentation is a major problem for urban art initiatives. Art initiatives led by the 45th Ward alderman have been generally more successful in the short-term because political leadership avoids the worst effects of fragmentation, but this paper theorizes that community-led projects have the potential to be more durable over time because they don’t have to contend with electoral turnover. While there is no direct evidence demonstrating a positive connection between art initiatives and economic development, the paper concludes that community development is a tangible result of art initiatives. Along with focused leadership, community involvement in the planning and implementation stages of an art initiative is of vital importance to the overall success of the project. Furthermore, the successful inclusion of local aerosol artists within the 45th Ward project signals the benefits of integrating this vital arts community in urban art initiatives.
本文探讨了芝加哥西北部两个不同的公共艺术项目的创作和实施。第一个项目是由当地社区发展组织在奥尔巴尼公园附近规划的雕塑公园和康复花园,而第二个项目是由市议员办公室协调的第45区壁画倡议。通过对访谈和实地考察的分析,本文证明了社区采取艺术举措是为了经济增长和社区发展的感知利益。本文发现,政治分裂是城市艺术活动的一个主要问题。由第45区市议员领导的艺术项目在短期内通常更成功,因为政治领导避免了分裂的最坏影响,但本文的理论是,社区领导的项目有可能随着时间的推移而更持久,因为它们不必与选举更替作斗争。虽然没有直接证据表明艺术倡议和经济发展之间存在积极联系,但该论文得出结论,社区发展是艺术倡议的有形结果。除了专注的领导外,社区参与艺术倡议的规划和实施阶段对项目的整体成功至关重要。此外,在第45区项目中成功纳入当地气溶胶艺术家标志着将这个重要的艺术社区融入城市艺术倡议的好处。
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引用次数: 4
Skyscrapers and the redrawing of the London skyline: a case of territorialisation through landscape control 摩天大楼和伦敦天际线的重新绘制:一个通过景观控制实现领土化的案例
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-07-13 DOI: 10.4000/ARTICULO.2784
M. Appert, Christian Montès
In a race for the sky marked by the proliferation of skyscrapers in cities of emerging market economies, the historic European metropolises are faced with intense debates on the relevance and significance of the return of towers. Their skylines are changing, revealing a new local geopolitical order in which developers have gained backing from local authorities. With more than 200 towers planned, London exemplifies this new high-rise governance that manages to overcome often strict legislations. The new London skyline has now become the materialisation of convergent private and public interests that, in turn, translate into a set of territorial markers instrumented by what Sklair identifies as the transnational capitalist class (TCC). Real estate actors with the help of local authorities have taken control of the skyline, redrawing it rather than erasing it. A new ‘glocal’ landscape is emerging where picturesque vistas on iconic historical buildings are protected, serving as the decor for the new skyscrapers. This enables the adoption of a standardised architectural language common to global real estate actors but also a distinction provided by their setting in the London landscape. Our hypothesis is tested through the study of the controversial construction of the Shard and the Pinnacle, two skyscrapers redrawing the skyline of Central London.
在一场以新兴市场经济体城市摩天大楼激增为标志的天空竞赛中,历史悠久的欧洲大都市正面临着有关摩天大楼回归的相关性和重要性的激烈辩论。它们的天际线正在改变,揭示出一种新的地方地缘政治秩序:开发商得到了地方政府的支持。伦敦规划了200多座高楼,是这种新型高层治理的典范,这种治理设法克服了往往严格的立法。新的伦敦天际线现在已经成为私人和公共利益融合的物质化,这反过来又转化为Sklair所定义的跨国资产阶级(TCC)的一系列领土标记。在当地政府的帮助下,房地产商已经控制了天际线,他们重新绘制了天际线,而不是抹去它。一种新的“全球本地”景观正在形成,标志性历史建筑的风景如画的景观受到保护,作为新的摩天大楼的装饰。这使得采用全球房地产参与者通用的标准化建筑语言成为可能,同时也为伦敦景观提供了独特的环境。我们的假设是通过对有争议的碎片大厦和尖峰大厦的研究来验证的,这两座摩天大楼重新描绘了伦敦市中心的天际线。
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引用次数: 34
When Madrid’s higher education projects sell dreams: Metropolitan stagecraft or reality? 当马德里的高等教育项目兜售梦想:大都市的舞台艺术还是现实?
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-07-13 DOI: 10.4000/ARTICULO.2799
Lisa Fournier
How does the image of a metropolis come to be? Despite being the third agglomeration in Europe, Madrid suffers from a lack of international outreach, despite being a city that, with 270,000 students, one of the most important university centres in Europe. If the presence of universities is required to access the rank of metropolis, it is obviously not enough. Their international image must be built to be recognised abroad. However Madrid has no historically ancient academic tradition. Indeed, it was not until 1836 when the University of Alcala transferred to Madrid and took the name of Central University. Therefore, Madrid must invent an academic story and filiation. The city does this through a narrative that is based on academic projects included in image policies. Consequently, the question is how such projects are a way to question the fictionality of the Madrid metropolisation? This article examines how a higher education project is a symbol of the construction of a Madrid metropolitan mythology in its manifestations and limitations. After identifying the part played by higher education projects in fictional urban planning, the strategies of project developers are analysed, raising the question of the sustainability of the Madrid university system.
大都市的形象是如何形成的?尽管马德里是欧洲第三大城市群,但它缺乏国际联系,尽管它拥有27万名学生,是欧洲最重要的大学中心之一。如果要进入大都市的行列,就必须有大学的存在,这显然是不够的。他们的国际形象必须建立起来,才能得到国外的认可。然而,马德里没有历史悠久的学术传统。事实上,直到1836年,阿尔卡拉大学才转移到马德里,并更名为中央大学。因此,马德里必须创造一个学术故事和渊源。这个城市通过一个基于学术项目的叙事来实现这一目标,这些项目包括在形象政策中。因此,问题是这些项目是如何质疑马德里大都市的虚构性的?本文探讨了一个高等教育项目如何在其表现形式和局限性方面成为马德里都市神话建构的象征。在确定了高等教育项目在虚构的城市规划中所扮演的角色后,分析了项目开发商的策略,提出了马德里大学系统可持续性的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Figures urbanistiques en régime prospectif. Pour une critique des pouvoirs de l’évocation 未来制度下的城市规划数字。对唤起力量的批判
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-07-13 DOI: 10.4000/ARTICULO.2731
Laurent Devisme
A partir de l’analyse du renouveau de demarches prospectives territoriales s’enoncant de plus en plus participatives, il est propose de revenir ici sur la place des figures et des visions dans l’urbanisme. La demande croissante de recit territorial, le recours a l’imagination et a la necessite d’emettre des hypotheses sur le futur, et ce a l’echelle metropolitaine, renvoient a une certaine saturation de la sphere publique. Aussi est-il propose de reactiver une critique urbanistique qui puisse a la fois prendre au serieux les fonctions de composition du collectif que realisent les images iconiques et verbales par le travail de visualisation- visibilisation qu’elles operent et une inscription plus realiste dans l’experience urbaine contemporaine.
在分析日益具有参与性的领土前瞻性方法的更新的基础上,本文建议回到城市规划中的人物和愿景的位置。对地域叙事的日益增长的需求,想象力的使用,以及对未来的假设的需要,所有这些都指向了公共领域的某种饱和。因此,它建议重新激活城市批评,既可以认真对待集体构成的功能,通过视觉化的工作,图标和语言图像实现,并在当代城市体验中更现实的题词。
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引用次数: 4
Transforming Rio de Janeiro for the Olympics: another path to accumulation by dispossession? 为奥运会改造里约热内卢:另一条通过剥夺来积累的道路?
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-07-13 DOI: 10.4000/ARTICULO.2813
Luanda Vannuchi, Mathieu Van Criekingen
The intricate links between the Olympics and urban change have been theorised in diverse ways in critical urban studies, including readings of Olympic city-making in terms of enforcement of neoliberal entrepreneurial governance, gentrification through large-scale redevelopment projects, reproduction of growth-machine politics, and acquisition of symbolic capital through city branding politics. Following these points, we reflect in this paper on how the Olympics exacerbate wider trends in urban political economy under contemporary capitalism in the case of Rio 2016. We attempt to do so by turning to David Harvey’s (2003) conceptualisation of accumulation by dispossession. Our hypothesis is that this concept holds a sizeable heuristic value for making sense of the not-so-exceptional character of Olympic city-making in the present configuration of capitalism. Our findings confirm the relevance of Harvey’s elaboration on the empirical ground of sport mega-events but also outline limitations.
在批判性的城市研究中,奥运会与城市变化之间的复杂联系以不同的方式被理论化,包括从新自由主义企业治理的实施、通过大规模再开发项目的士绅化、增长机器政治的再生产以及通过城市品牌政治获得象征性资本等方面解读奥运会城市建设。根据这些观点,我们在本文中以2016年里约奥运会为例,反思奥运会如何加剧当代资本主义下城市政治经济的更广泛趋势。我们试图通过大卫·哈维(2003)通过剥夺积累的概念化来做到这一点。我们的假设是,这一概念具有相当大的启发价值,有助于理解在当前资本主义结构下奥林匹克城市建设的不那么特殊的特点。我们的研究结果证实了哈维在体育大型赛事的实证基础上的阐述的相关性,但也概述了局限性。
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引用次数: 14
期刊
Articulo - Journal of Urban Research
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