In December 2004, Myriam H. was almost 16 years old. The appliances used for her full-banded orthodontic treatment had been removed a few months earlier and she consulted our clinic because of a complete recurrence of anterior crowding. She had brought along the X-rays that were taken for the extraction of her four un-erupted wisdom teeth the previous month. Unfortunately, these extractions could not and did not do anything to improve the crowding which occurred as soon as the appliances were removed. She was determined to undertake a re-treatment procedure. We carefully explained to her how hard it would be to correct all the over-lapped incisor teeth and the remaining bi-maxillary protrusion that persisted even though four premolars and four third molars had been extracted in a treatment program that lacked adequate anchorage preparation and precautions. Clearly we were not being asked to correct a minor imperfection but to undertake the difficult complete re-treatment of a malocclusion that was now more severe than it had been originally. But Myriam was undeterred.
{"title":"Retreatment with mini-screws of severe recurrent crowding in a case of Class III malocclusion with a marked arch length discrepancy problem","authors":"J. Faure","doi":"10.1051/ODFEN/2010110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ODFEN/2010110","url":null,"abstract":"In December 2004, Myriam H. was almost 16 years old. The appliances used for her full-banded orthodontic treatment had been removed a few months earlier and she consulted our clinic because of a complete recurrence of anterior crowding. She had brought along the X-rays that were taken for the extraction of her four un-erupted wisdom teeth the previous month. Unfortunately, these extractions could not and did not do anything to improve the crowding which occurred as soon as the appliances were removed. She was determined to undertake a re-treatment procedure. We carefully explained to her how hard it would be to correct all the over-lapped incisor teeth and the remaining bi-maxillary protrusion that persisted even though four premolars and four third molars had been extracted in a treatment program that lacked adequate anchorage preparation and precautions. Clearly we were not being asked to correct a minor imperfection but to undertake the difficult complete re-treatment of a malocclusion that was now more severe than it had been originally. But Myriam was undeterred.","PeriodicalId":381766,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dentofacial Anomalies and Orthodontics","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134257683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Three dimensional images derived from X-Rays, scans or Digital Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) are components of supplementary diagnostic procedures. Using them, practitioners can visualize the anatomic relationships of teeth with each other and with adjacent structures and can discern the presence or absence of root resorption.These radiographic films can assist in the diagnostic evaluation of impacted, transposed, or duplicated teeth or those situated on the edges of facial clefts. They are indispensable in helping diagnosticians to rule out contraindications as they establish treatment plans and continue to be useful as guides when mechano- therapy starts.Recently, CBCT has become accessible for use in dental offices even though it has been an expensive and bulky instrument with a relatively high radiation output. Today, with a more acceptable radiation dosage, it is well accepted as an alternative diagnostic procedure in the field of oro-facial implants, but overall, it cannot yet be considered as a technique that should be systematically employed in every supplementary examination.
{"title":"Benefits of three-dimensional imaging","authors":"O. Sorel, A. Ollivier, Marie-Charlotte Mano","doi":"10.1051/ODFEN/2010107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ODFEN/2010107","url":null,"abstract":"Three dimensional images derived from X-Rays, scans or Digital Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) are components of supplementary diagnostic procedures. Using them, practitioners can visualize the anatomic relationships of teeth with each other and with adjacent structures and can discern the presence or absence of root resorption.These radiographic films can assist in the diagnostic evaluation of impacted, transposed, or duplicated teeth or those situated on the edges of facial clefts. They are indispensable in helping diagnosticians to rule out contraindications as they establish treatment plans and continue to be useful as guides when mechano- therapy starts.Recently, CBCT has become accessible for use in dental offices even though it has been an expensive and bulky instrument with a relatively high radiation output. Today, with a more acceptable radiation dosage, it is well accepted as an alternative diagnostic procedure in the field of oro-facial implants, but overall, it cannot yet be considered as a technique that should be systematically employed in every supplementary examination.","PeriodicalId":381766,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dentofacial Anomalies and Orthodontics","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125377793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The canine is a tooth with special characteristics and adaptive significance that varies considerably between mammalian lines and the primates. No matter what the line, canine teeth are never involved in mastication and do not interfere with masticatory dynamics. Mastication, which is one of the most complex functions that monkeys and apes display, appears well before the large canines in both phylogeny and ontogeny. In apes, their size and shape have nothing to do with diet, but are linked to sexual selection. The human line of hominids possesses smaller canines that have become incisiform and have lost their sexual and social function. They are now used exclusively to tear apart meat and other types of solid foods. The development of a wide, short buccal surface that increased medial-lateral movement during the masticatory cycle, may explain this particular development in recent hominids including humans. From an evolutionary point of view this means that the human canine has been subjected to stresses imposed by the biomechanical environment of the masticatory apparatus. In other words, the human canine, as well as those of the other anthropoids, does not guide mastication but has acquired a morphology and position restricted by masticatory functions. In evolutionary terms, it is therefore referred to as an “exaptation”; it has acquired, not a function, but a passive characteristic which makes it a marker for rehabilitation – on condition that its eruption is related to normal masticatory functions in individual histories, but it never serves as a mediator of mastication.
{"title":"The human canine: Its evolution and adaptive significance","authors":"P. Picq","doi":"10.1051/odfen/2010103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/odfen/2010103","url":null,"abstract":"The canine is a tooth with special characteristics and adaptive significance that varies considerably between mammalian lines and the primates. No matter what the line, canine teeth are never involved in mastication and do not interfere with masticatory dynamics. Mastication, which is one of the most complex functions that monkeys and apes display, appears well before the large canines in both phylogeny and ontogeny. In apes, their size and shape have nothing to do with diet, but are linked to sexual selection. The human line of hominids possesses smaller canines that have become incisiform and have lost their sexual and social function. They are now used exclusively to tear apart meat and other types of solid foods. The development of a wide, short buccal surface that increased medial-lateral movement during the masticatory cycle, may explain this particular development in recent hominids including humans. From an evolutionary point of view this means that the human canine has been subjected to stresses imposed by the biomechanical environment of the masticatory apparatus. In other words, the human canine, as well as those of the other anthropoids, does not guide mastication but has acquired a morphology and position restricted by masticatory functions. In evolutionary terms, it is therefore referred to as an “exaptation”; it has acquired, not a function, but a passive characteristic which makes it a marker for rehabilitation – on condition that its eruption is related to normal masticatory functions in individual histories, but it never serves as a mediator of mastication.","PeriodicalId":381766,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dentofacial Anomalies and Orthodontics","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115650404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The word ''orthodontics''. In 1841, Lefoulon suggested the term ''orthodontosie,'' which the Americans simplified to ''orthodontia'' and, later, to ''orthodontics''. But the French resisted. A long struggle began between ''orthopedics'' and ''orthodontics,'' which wound up in 2007 with ''orthognathodontics.'' Have we reached a truce? 2 - The word ''malocclusion''. E. Angle decided that the word ''irregularity'' employed in the 19 th century was inappropriate. He proposed the term ''malocclusion'', which the French for a long time denigrated only to begin to employ it recently. But beneath new vocables new concepts are hidden.
{"title":"A history of words","authors":"J. Philippe","doi":"10.1051/ODFEN/2009411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ODFEN/2009411","url":null,"abstract":"The word ''orthodontics''. In 1841, Lefoulon suggested the term ''orthodontosie,'' which the Americans simplified to ''orthodontia'' and, later, to ''orthodontics''. But the French resisted. A long struggle began between ''orthopedics'' and ''orthodontics,'' which wound up in 2007 with ''orthognathodontics.'' Have we reached a truce? 2 - The word ''malocclusion''. E. Angle decided that the word ''irregularity'' employed in the 19 th century was inappropriate. He proposed the term ''malocclusion'', which the French for a long time denigrated only to begin to employ it recently. But beneath new vocables new concepts are hidden.","PeriodicalId":381766,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dentofacial Anomalies and Orthodontics","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125440222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Once upon a time in the good old days charming young girls who wanted to get their teeth straightened willingly agreed to wear a head cap for days and months on end and to have a metal arch wire with two gross elastics attached to it installed their mouths. The goal of this unsightly burden, orthodontists explained to them, was to move their upper first molars back far enough to make room in their dental arches for all the other teeth to be evenly aligned. Thirty years later, we seem to have decided that it is impossible, or inadvisable, to distalize the maxillary molars past the pterygoid processes with the aid of “EOF” or of that other device called “The Pendulum. ” Why did it take us so long to discover the inefficacy of this procedure? The Dutch and the Japanese have, notably, for years followed the Begg technique which postulates the immediate removing not moving of two upper molars. As the years go by we never see a patient wearing an EOF appliance. What’s happened? What has happened is that a new generation of adolescents is no longer willing to put up with those old fashioned techniques. Adolescence is a period when the body changes, when the dentition changes, and when boys and girls begin to wonder about their futures. They don’t want to follow slavishly in their parents’ footsteps and they certainly don’t want to be “controlled” by adults or even by their peers. This new generation has discovered sexuality much earlier than their elders did and they are easily tempted by the siren call of the consumption society. Realizing all this, we have, a little late, replaced the uncool head gear with intra oral elastics which have had only a limited success, owing to the sad reality that they only work when patients wear them. So orthodontists have adjusted their methods, finding alternative sources of anchorage respecting as much as possible their patients’ strong desire to keep their braces invisible to public E D I T O R I A L
{"title":"What has happened to the old time fundamentals","authors":"P. Planché","doi":"10.1051/odfen/2009401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/odfen/2009401","url":null,"abstract":"Once upon a time in the good old days charming young girls who wanted to get their teeth straightened willingly agreed to wear a head cap for days and months on end and to have a metal arch wire with two gross elastics attached to it installed their mouths. The goal of this unsightly burden, orthodontists explained to them, was to move their upper first molars back far enough to make room in their dental arches for all the other teeth to be evenly aligned. Thirty years later, we seem to have decided that it is impossible, or inadvisable, to distalize the maxillary molars past the pterygoid processes with the aid of “EOF” or of that other device called “The Pendulum. ” Why did it take us so long to discover the inefficacy of this procedure? The Dutch and the Japanese have, notably, for years followed the Begg technique which postulates the immediate removing not moving of two upper molars. As the years go by we never see a patient wearing an EOF appliance. What’s happened? What has happened is that a new generation of adolescents is no longer willing to put up with those old fashioned techniques. Adolescence is a period when the body changes, when the dentition changes, and when boys and girls begin to wonder about their futures. They don’t want to follow slavishly in their parents’ footsteps and they certainly don’t want to be “controlled” by adults or even by their peers. This new generation has discovered sexuality much earlier than their elders did and they are easily tempted by the siren call of the consumption society. Realizing all this, we have, a little late, replaced the uncool head gear with intra oral elastics which have had only a limited success, owing to the sad reality that they only work when patients wear them. So orthodontists have adjusted their methods, finding alternative sources of anchorage respecting as much as possible their patients’ strong desire to keep their braces invisible to public E D I T O R I A L","PeriodicalId":381766,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dentofacial Anomalies and Orthodontics","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115085594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There has been a considerable increase in the clinical use of lasers in dentistry over the past thirty years, especially in orthodontics. But clinicians who have not yet made their decisions about participating in this technological revolution can be perplexed by the great variety of wave lengths available, the vast number of machines that can be used to employ them, and the complexity of the principles of physics upon which lasers beams are based. The objective of this article is to give practitioners a better understanding of the indications for the use of the various types of lasers.
{"title":"How to make an informed choice of the right laser","authors":"Jacques Berrebi","doi":"10.1051/ODFEN/2009404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ODFEN/2009404","url":null,"abstract":"There has been a considerable increase in the clinical use of lasers in dentistry over the past thirty years, especially in orthodontics. But clinicians who have not yet made their decisions about participating in this technological revolution can be perplexed by the great variety of wave lengths available, the vast number of machines that can be used to employ them, and the complexity of the principles of physics upon which lasers beams are based. The objective of this article is to give practitioners a better understanding of the indications for the use of the various types of lasers.","PeriodicalId":381766,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dentofacial Anomalies and Orthodontics","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117287572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Philip-Alliez, M. L. Gall, D. Deroze, J. Orthlieb, P. Canal
The objective of this work is to study the static and dynamic occlusion of dentitions in a Class III molar relationship to determine what might be the indications for treatment that would leave buccal segments in this position, and to evaluate the occlusal adaptions that would be needed to make it functionally acceptable.
{"title":"Therapeutic Class III molar occlusion","authors":"C. Philip-Alliez, M. L. Gall, D. Deroze, J. Orthlieb, P. Canal","doi":"10.1051/ODFEN/2009407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ODFEN/2009407","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this work is to study the static and dynamic occlusion of dentitions in a Class III molar relationship to determine what might be the indications for treatment that would leave buccal segments in this position, and to evaluate the occlusal adaptions that would be needed to make it functionally acceptable.","PeriodicalId":381766,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dentofacial Anomalies and Orthodontics","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130221791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A cross bite of one or more anterior teeth can interfere with the function of the incisocanine block in guiding mandibular escursive and protrusive movements out of a position of occlusion. When this type of malocclusion occurs without any associated skeletal imbalance, orthodontists can correct it with relative ease by using a variety of well-documented appliances. The objective of this article is to describe a myofunctional approach for dealing with this problem. In it, the orthodontist first removes the cross bite’s blockage of tooth movement by placing glass-ionomer cement blocks on the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth. When this is done the tongue, labial, and cheek musculature can accomplish their role, without inhibition, of correcting positions of the dentoalveolar arches in two or three months.
{"title":"A myofunctional approach to treatment of anterior cross bites","authors":"P. Amat","doi":"10.1051/ODFEN/2009409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ODFEN/2009409","url":null,"abstract":"A cross bite of one or more anterior teeth can interfere with the function of the incisocanine block in guiding mandibular escursive and protrusive movements out of a position of occlusion. When this type of malocclusion occurs without any associated skeletal imbalance, orthodontists can correct it with relative ease by using a variety of well-documented appliances. The objective of this article is to describe a myofunctional approach for dealing with this problem. In it, the orthodontist first removes the cross bite’s blockage of tooth movement by placing glass-ionomer cement blocks on the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth. When this is done the tongue, labial, and cheek musculature can accomplish their role, without inhibition, of correcting positions of the dentoalveolar arches in two or three months.","PeriodicalId":381766,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dentofacial Anomalies and Orthodontics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133915048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The relevance of this paper consists in comparing the practitioner’s view to general public opinion. Orthodontists learned to evaluate facial profiles in a critical way, with reference to standards. They have developed personal appreciations to gauge a balanced profile. But, because orthodontic treatment implies achieving an aesthetic effect, the practitioner must know what is the optimal objective according to the public opinion. Our study deals with the aesthetic assessment of teenagers’ profiles in Class II (Corner and Ballard) by professional examiners and lay people. These profiles have been modified by simulating mandibular protrusion.
{"title":"Aesthetic assessment of a facial profile according to mandibular position","authors":"Jessy Lhotellier, Cécile Lebrazidec, O. Sorel","doi":"10.1051/ODFEN/2009406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ODFEN/2009406","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of this paper consists in comparing the practitioner’s view to general public opinion. Orthodontists learned to evaluate facial profiles in a critical way, with reference to standards. They have developed personal appreciations to gauge a balanced profile. But, because orthodontic treatment implies achieving an aesthetic effect, the practitioner must know what is the optimal objective according to the public opinion. Our study deals with the aesthetic assessment of teenagers’ profiles in Class II (Corner and Ballard) by professional examiners and lay people. These profiles have been modified by simulating mandibular protrusion.","PeriodicalId":381766,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dentofacial Anomalies and Orthodontics","volume":"59 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132400454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Philippe AMAT, Jacques BERREBI, Franck HERVE. Professor Sam Nammour, you are the director of the European Masters Degree in Oral Laser Applications program. Because of your contributions to it, all its participants have awarded you with a bronze star prize. This honor presented within the framework of the European Life-Long Education and Training program, reflects the recognition throughout the continent of 3 cycle diplomas for dentists. Can you tell us about the modalities and objectives of this program? Samir NAMMOUR. The three universities of Nice, in France, of Aix-la-Chapelle in Germany, and Liege in Belgium, have, independently, been offering courses in the use of lasers in dentistry since the year 2000. Then one day we began to wonder why we should all be working, isolated, in our private academic fief-doms? Why couldn’t we pool our resources and present a single, more comprehensive, unified course? We presented this border breaching concept to the European Community, asking that the three universities be authorized to offer a common diploma to be called the European Masters Degree in Oral Laser Applications, (EMDOLA). After two years of joint teaching experience, we were delighted to learn that the European Community was ready to grant final acceptance of our project. We hope to continue offering the highest quality instruction that would unite the best potentials developed in each of the three participating institutions.
Philippe AMAT, Jacques BERREBI, Franck HERVE。Sam Nammour教授，你是欧洲口腔激光应用硕士项目的主任。由于你的贡献，所有参与者都授予你铜星奖。这一荣誉是在欧洲终身教育和培训计划的框架内提出的，反映了整个大陆对牙医3个周期文凭的认可。你能告诉我们这个项目的模式和目标吗?萨米尔NAMMOUR。自2000年以来，法国尼斯大学、德国艾克斯-拉-夏贝尔大学和比利时列日大学分别开设了在牙科中使用激光的课程。后来有一天，我们开始纳闷，为什么我们都要在自己的学术领地里与世隔绝地工作?为什么我们不能集中我们的资源，提供一个单一的，更全面的，统一的课程?我们向欧洲共同体提出了这个突破边界的概念，要求授权这三所大学提供一个共同的文凭，称为欧洲口腔激光应用硕士学位(EMDOLA)。经过两年的联合教学经验，我们很高兴得知欧共体准备最终接受我们的项目。我们希望继续提供最高质量的教学，将三个参与机构的最佳潜力结合起来。
{"title":"Lasers and dento-facial orthopedics: an interview with Samir Nammour","authors":"P. Amat, Jacques Berrebi, F. Hervé","doi":"10.1051/ODFEN/2009405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ODFEN/2009405","url":null,"abstract":"Philippe AMAT, Jacques BERREBI, Franck HERVE. Professor Sam Nammour, you are the director of the European Masters Degree in Oral Laser Applications program. Because of your contributions to it, all its participants have awarded you with a bronze star prize. This honor presented within the framework of the European Life-Long Education and Training program, reflects the recognition throughout the continent of 3 cycle diplomas for dentists. Can you tell us about the modalities and objectives of this program? Samir NAMMOUR. The three universities of Nice, in France, of Aix-la-Chapelle in Germany, and Liege in Belgium, have, independently, been offering courses in the use of lasers in dentistry since the year 2000. Then one day we began to wonder why we should all be working, isolated, in our private academic fief-doms? Why couldn’t we pool our resources and present a single, more comprehensive, unified course? We presented this border breaching concept to the European Community, asking that the three universities be authorized to offer a common diploma to be called the European Masters Degree in Oral Laser Applications, (EMDOLA). After two years of joint teaching experience, we were delighted to learn that the European Community was ready to grant final acceptance of our project. We hope to continue offering the highest quality instruction that would unite the best potentials developed in each of the three participating institutions.","PeriodicalId":381766,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dentofacial Anomalies and Orthodontics","volume":"2014 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121557113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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