Since 1864, cities have played an increasingly important role in creating the norms and rules that governed human life, from economic activity to leisure. These rules had a very important role in the modernization process, contributing substantially to changing behaviours and practices, creating professional bodies, and adopting Western models. However, in Romanian historiography, this phenomenon is far from receiving the attention it deserves. Our paper aims to analyse the regulations, ordinances, and decisions issued by the Bucharest City Hall, regarding trade carried out in market halls, markets, in various places on the city streets, or by peddlers. Markets and market halls were, in the City Hall's conception, not just places intended for the trade of food and various other goods. They were supposed to be fundamental tools through which the municipality ensured that the citizens of Bucharest had access to safe food – from a hygienic and sanitary point of view – and that the numerous diseases transmitted through food had as few consequences as possible on the health of the capital's inhabitants. To attain this aim, the mayor, the Municipal Council, and the Hygiene Council elaborated and enacted numerous rules, which, under the combined pressure of the city's development, advances in the medical, chemical, and biological sciences, not least the professionalization of the municipal administration, experienced a rapid evolution during the chronologic span discussed. At the same time, the City Hall invested in the creation of an infrastructure that would allow the application of these measures (market halls and market, abattoir, laboratory for chemical and bacteriological analysis, etc.), and a body of officials that would ensure their compliance.
{"title":"Regulamentele și alte acte normative ale municipalității bucureștene referitoare la piețe și hale (1870–1914)","authors":"Simion Câlția","doi":"10.59277/hu.31.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59277/hu.31.03","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1864, cities have played an increasingly important role in creating the norms and rules that governed human life, from economic activity to leisure. These rules had a very important role in the modernization process, contributing substantially to changing behaviours and practices, creating professional bodies, and adopting Western models. However, in Romanian historiography, this phenomenon is far from receiving the attention it deserves. Our paper aims to analyse the regulations, ordinances, and decisions issued by the Bucharest City Hall, regarding trade carried out in market halls, markets, in various places on the city streets, or by peddlers. Markets and market halls were, in the City Hall's conception, not just places intended for the trade of food and various other goods. They were supposed to be fundamental tools through which the municipality ensured that the citizens of Bucharest had access to safe food – from a hygienic and sanitary point of view – and that the numerous diseases transmitted through food had as few consequences as possible on the health of the capital's inhabitants. To attain this aim, the mayor, the Municipal Council, and the Hygiene Council elaborated and enacted numerous rules, which, under the combined pressure of the city's development, advances in the medical, chemical, and biological sciences, not least the professionalization of the municipal administration, experienced a rapid evolution during the chronologic span discussed. At the same time, the City Hall invested in the creation of an infrastructure that would allow the application of these measures (market halls and market, abattoir, laboratory for chemical and bacteriological analysis, etc.), and a body of officials that would ensure their compliance.","PeriodicalId":38187,"journal":{"name":"Historia Urbana","volume":" 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to answer a series of questions resulting from the presence of incomplete and superficial documentation gathered over time in the context of rehabilitation and restoration of historic houses in Turda, some of which are classified as monuments. Therefore, the following questions are considered: What is the value of a historical study in the context of an intervention? What is the structure of a historical study of a building? Who is in a position to carry out such a study and to impose permissions and restrictions? How can the research results be used? Does the history of one building illustrate wider policies of the Austro-Hungarian authorities to urbanise and modernise smaller towns in the realm? Although, this study is dedicated to a single building, located in the historical centre of the town, its detailed study and the reconstruction of its historical and architectural path can provide clues concerning the implementation of urban policies of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in provincial context. The building was classified as a historical monument, but its aspect today reflects its complicated history and the many unfortunate and misguided interventions it has undergone. It has also been neglected by existing research, and thus, its position within the „Art 1900” [Art Nouveau] has not been explored. Consequently, the present research attempts to make the most of the data recorded sporadically in various sources covering the history of Turda. On the other hand, the lack of conservation strategies for this type of heritage, reflected in a coherent legislative framework, has led until recently to a lax and confusing approach at the local administration level as well, as evidenced by the series of renovations and rehabilitation inappropriate to the original style, carried out by the local authority, owners or tenants over time. Good documentation forwarded to the authorities and current owners can, therefore, help these buildings and act as a method of educating the public, providing guidance concerning the value, functionality, and capacity of heritage to create more value for local communities.
{"title":"Studiu istoric al unei case urbane stil „Arta 1900”","authors":"Andreea Brândușa-Bungărdean","doi":"10.59277/hu.31.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59277/hu.31.06","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to answer a series of questions resulting from the presence of incomplete and superficial documentation gathered over time in the context of rehabilitation and restoration of historic houses in Turda, some of which are classified as monuments. Therefore, the following questions are considered: What is the value of a historical study in the context of an intervention? What is the structure of a historical study of a building? Who is in a position to carry out such a study and to impose permissions and restrictions? How can the research results be used? Does the history of one building illustrate wider policies of the Austro-Hungarian authorities to urbanise and modernise smaller towns in the realm? Although, this study is dedicated to a single building, located in the historical centre of the town, its detailed study and the reconstruction of its historical and architectural path can provide clues concerning the implementation of urban policies of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in provincial context. The building was classified as a historical monument, but its aspect today reflects its complicated history and the many unfortunate and misguided interventions it has undergone. It has also been neglected by existing research, and thus, its position within the „Art 1900” [Art Nouveau] has not been explored. Consequently, the present research attempts to make the most of the data recorded sporadically in various sources covering the history of Turda. On the other hand, the lack of conservation strategies for this type of heritage, reflected in a coherent legislative framework, has led until recently to a lax and confusing approach at the local administration level as well, as evidenced by the series of renovations and rehabilitation inappropriate to the original style, carried out by the local authority, owners or tenants over time. Good documentation forwarded to the authorities and current owners can, therefore, help these buildings and act as a method of educating the public, providing guidance concerning the value, functionality, and capacity of heritage to create more value for local communities.","PeriodicalId":38187,"journal":{"name":"Historia Urbana","volume":" 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Built cultural heritage protection is ensured by two types of legal tools: legislation that rules the field of historic monuments and urban planning laws and regulations. However, in practice, the efficiency of these instruments is sometimes questionable. At a closer look, the cultural heritage and urban planning policies contain contradictions and discontinuities caused by legislation gaps and overlaps. The lack of accuracy distorts the sense of legal stipulations, leading to serious heritage preservation issues. In order to guarantee the protection of historic monuments and their buffer zones, as well as the preservation of other protected areas and the valorization of their assets, the legislation on urban planning and cultural heritage preservation establishes that urban planning documents should contain relevant information and specific regulations. In practice, one can notice that this fundamental principle is sometimes treated in an unsatisfying manner. The improper interpretation of the legislation and official documents represents a real menace to the cultural identity of our environment and could cause severe damages to our common inheritance.
{"title":"Probleme privind protejarea patrimoniului cultural imobil în legislația de specialitate și documentațiile de urbanism","authors":"Ioana Maria Petrescu","doi":"10.59277/hu.31.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59277/hu.31.07","url":null,"abstract":"Built cultural heritage protection is ensured by two types of legal tools: legislation that rules the field of historic monuments and urban planning laws and regulations. However, in practice, the efficiency of these instruments is sometimes questionable. At a closer look, the cultural heritage and urban planning policies contain contradictions and discontinuities caused by legislation gaps and overlaps. The lack of accuracy distorts the sense of legal stipulations, leading to serious heritage preservation issues. In order to guarantee the protection of historic monuments and their buffer zones, as well as the preservation of other protected areas and the valorization of their assets, the legislation on urban planning and cultural heritage preservation establishes that urban planning documents should contain relevant information and specific regulations. In practice, one can notice that this fundamental principle is sometimes treated in an unsatisfying manner. The improper interpretation of the legislation and official documents represents a real menace to the cultural identity of our environment and could cause severe damages to our common inheritance.","PeriodicalId":38187,"journal":{"name":"Historia Urbana","volume":" 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The architecture promoted by the Jesuit Order contains a mindful construction process, which also implies features related to the urban status of their churches and colleges1. Based on this concept, the following pages investigate their buildings from Transylvania. The study is part of the author’s ongoing doctoral research, regarding the construction phenomenon of Catholic Orders in the eighteenth-century Transylvania. The geographical limits were outlined on the borders of the historical Principality, thus being researched the Society’s settlements from Cluj, Sibiu, and Târgu Mureș. This study aims to explore both the intentions behind the land acquisition and development and how buildings have been perceived in these towns over the centuries. It will be concluded that all three structures were carefully designed and developed in urban areas of maximum interest, to make a confessional and political stance in the Protestant landscape of these Transylvanian cities.
{"title":"The Society of Jesus and the Features of Counter-Reformation Urban Planning in Eighteenth-Century Transylvania","authors":"Marius Mihail Păsculescu","doi":"10.59277/hu.31.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59277/hu.31.04","url":null,"abstract":"The architecture promoted by the Jesuit Order contains a mindful construction process, which also implies features related to the urban status of their churches and colleges1. Based on this concept, the following pages investigate their buildings from Transylvania. The study is part of the author’s ongoing doctoral research, regarding the construction phenomenon of Catholic Orders in the eighteenth-century Transylvania. The geographical limits were outlined on the borders of the historical Principality, thus being researched the Society’s settlements from Cluj, Sibiu, and Târgu Mureș. This study aims to explore both the intentions behind the land acquisition and development and how buildings have been perceived in these towns over the centuries. It will be concluded that all three structures were carefully designed and developed in urban areas of maximum interest, to make a confessional and political stance in the Protestant landscape of these Transylvanian cities.","PeriodicalId":38187,"journal":{"name":"Historia Urbana","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Public spaces in Algeria are characterized by the strong lack of interest among people who rely entirely on public authority. Not any tendency here to make of it a common good. The purpose of the paper is to exhibit the extent of popular indifference from in situ observations in Algiers and to explain this attitude through historical analysis. Indeed, the collective imaginary and practices have not always been insensitive to public spaces. On the contrary, in traditional rural society, public spaces were perceived as a continuity of domestic space. The peasant was obliged to take charge of its maintenance as well as for his home, his intimate space. To understand the later behavioural evolution, we must refer to the Ottoman and colonial domination processes. Each period had its own way of considering public spaces, but the urban management systems have always been based on a discrimination policy against natives and a strict control of the public spaces to the point of making them appear as the State property in the collective mentality. This perception of a grabbing of public spaces by the Turkish governor (Beylik) and later by the French colonial administration (for security reasons) has led amongst city dwellers to a feeling of exclusion and a disaffection that still characterize their attitude today.
{"title":"L’espace public à Algér : le désintérêt privé (beylick) comme produit du contrôle public","authors":"Tarek Medjadj, Guy Baudelle","doi":"10.59277/hu.31.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59277/hu.31.10","url":null,"abstract":"Public spaces in Algeria are characterized by the strong lack of interest among people who rely entirely on public authority. Not any tendency here to make of it a common good. The purpose of the paper is to exhibit the extent of popular indifference from in situ observations in Algiers and to explain this attitude through historical analysis. Indeed, the collective imaginary and practices have not always been insensitive to public spaces. On the contrary, in traditional rural society, public spaces were perceived as a continuity of domestic space. The peasant was obliged to take charge of its maintenance as well as for his home, his intimate space. To understand the later behavioural evolution, we must refer to the Ottoman and colonial domination processes. Each period had its own way of considering public spaces, but the urban management systems have always been based on a discrimination policy against natives and a strict control of the public spaces to the point of making them appear as the State property in the collective mentality. This perception of a grabbing of public spaces by the Turkish governor (Beylik) and later by the French colonial administration (for security reasons) has led amongst city dwellers to a feeling of exclusion and a disaffection that still characterize their attitude today.","PeriodicalId":38187,"journal":{"name":"Historia Urbana","volume":" 48","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to present a Russian plan of Braila from 1828, a plan created by officer Petuhov. It is a precious and detailed cartographic source for the history of Ottoman Braila, containing a lot of previously unknown toponyms, mainly names of streets, mosques, gates and roads. Throughout this study, the context for the appearance of the cartographic source, as well as the details found in it, are discussed. Moreover, the legend is translated and a copy of the plan it is published towards the end of the study.
{"title":"O sursă cartografică pentru Brăila anului 1828 – Planul Petuhov","authors":"M. Ciobanu, I. Cândea","doi":"10.59277/hu.31.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59277/hu.31.13","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to present a Russian plan of Braila from 1828, a plan created by officer Petuhov. It is a precious and detailed cartographic source for the history of Ottoman Braila, containing a lot of previously unknown toponyms, mainly names of streets, mosques, gates and roads. Throughout this study, the context for the appearance of the cartographic source, as well as the details found in it, are discussed. Moreover, the legend is translated and a copy of the plan it is published towards the end of the study.","PeriodicalId":38187,"journal":{"name":"Historia Urbana","volume":" 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we publish two plans of Craiova, discovered at the Military-Historical Archive of Moscow: a plan made during the occupation of Wallachia in 1771–1774 and another made either during the occupation after the 1848 revolution (1848–1851) or during the first year of the Crimean War (August 1853 – April 1854). Both plans support the idea that the town underwent organic development, which took into account the local landforms and the way man intervened. Its location in the Jiu Valley played a significant role in the emergence and evolution of this centre, as the course of the river was accompanied by an important road, Craiova being at the intersection with other major traffic routes of this region of the country. The valleys bordering the urban core had the role of delimiting the original inhabited area and the position of the “Bănia” area, with the church of St. Dumitru, as a strategic area and centre of power, on the edge of the coast overlooking the valley towards the west, is evident. Separately, across another small valley, the heart of the town developed, the market, the area with the best economic outlook, not coincidentally located at the crossroads of the main east-west and south-north axes. The medieval town evolved around these two cores, but development and population growth meant the valleys bordering it were overtaken by the 18th century. How the streets converged in the town underlines the idea of gradual growth, and the concentration of roads around the focal point that was the town market marked the layout of Craiova. Human intervention up to the 1830s and 1840s took place not only through the building of dwelling houses, shops and workshops but also through the construction of major landmarks represented by churches and monasteries, around which the neighbourhood (mahala) gravitated. Once the process of modernization began, the anthropic footprint became even more important through the extensive building actions initiated after the Organic Regulation, some of which are visible in the second plan studied. Unfortunately, we could not identify the plan’s authors among the Russian army surveyors of those periods. The two cartographic documents contribute to a better knowledge of Craiova in the second half of the 18th century and the first half of the following century, adding to the already known plans (the Austrian plan of 1790 and the Romanian one of 1845).
{"title":"Două planuri necunoscute ale Craiovei din a doua jumătate a secolului al XVIII-lea – jumătatea secolului al XIX-lea","authors":"Laurențiu Rădvan, M. Ciobanu","doi":"10.59277/hu.31.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59277/hu.31.11","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we publish two plans of Craiova, discovered at the Military-Historical Archive of Moscow: a plan made during the occupation of Wallachia in 1771–1774 and another made either during the occupation after the 1848 revolution (1848–1851) or during the first year of the Crimean War (August 1853 – April 1854). Both plans support the idea that the town underwent organic development, which took into account the local landforms and the way man intervened. Its location in the Jiu Valley played a significant role in the emergence and evolution of this centre, as the course of the river was accompanied by an important road, Craiova being at the intersection with other major traffic routes of this region of the country. The valleys bordering the urban core had the role of delimiting the original inhabited area and the position of the “Bănia” area, with the church of St. Dumitru, as a strategic area and centre of power, on the edge of the coast overlooking the valley towards the west, is evident. Separately, across another small valley, the heart of the town developed, the market, the area with the best economic outlook, not coincidentally located at the crossroads of the main east-west and south-north axes. The medieval town evolved around these two cores, but development and population growth meant the valleys bordering it were overtaken by the 18th century. How the streets converged in the town underlines the idea of gradual growth, and the concentration of roads around the focal point that was the town market marked the layout of Craiova. Human intervention up to the 1830s and 1840s took place not only through the building of dwelling houses, shops and workshops but also through the construction of major landmarks represented by churches and monasteries, around which the neighbourhood (mahala) gravitated. Once the process of modernization began, the anthropic footprint became even more important through the extensive building actions initiated after the Organic Regulation, some of which are visible in the second plan studied. Unfortunately, we could not identify the plan’s authors among the Russian army surveyors of those periods. The two cartographic documents contribute to a better knowledge of Craiova in the second half of the 18th century and the first half of the following century, adding to the already known plans (the Austrian plan of 1790 and the Romanian one of 1845).","PeriodicalId":38187,"journal":{"name":"Historia Urbana","volume":" 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The construction of the Palace of Justice in Craiova is part of the architectural renewal process that encompassed the Romanian urban space in the last decades of the 19th century, a series of public buildings, necessary for institutional modernization, being built throughout the country during this time frame. Although the history of this edifice, symbolical for the architecture of the city, is apparently known, after studying the documents related to the construction of the palace, as well as the newspaper articles in the press of that time, a series of events are revealed, that outline a more complex picture of its evolutionary stages. Moreover, although initially considered one of Ion Socolescu’s works, the building turns out to be, in reality, the work of another architect, less known today, which leads to the need to rewrite some pages in the history of Romanian architecture. This article tries to trace the main stages in the evolution of the design and construction of the Palace of Justice in Craiova, starting with the first architectural designs, which were not materialised by execution, to the last transformations brought to the building, in the 70s of the 20th century, revealing, at the same time, a world of architects and builders divided by rivalries and political favours, especially for the period of Romania’s urban development boom. Finally, we emphasize the importance of the appearance of such an edifice in the city’s landscape, which resulted in the rethinking of the street structure in this area, by the mayors of that time. We also mention the change in the functionality of the building brought about by the communist power installed in Romania after 1947, as part of a process of erasing the local memory and creating, at the same time, a new symbolism for the old heritage of Craiova.
{"title":"Repere în istoria și evoluția străzii „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Craiova: Palatul de Justiție","authors":"Mircea Georgescu","doi":"10.59277/hu.31.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59277/hu.31.05","url":null,"abstract":"The construction of the Palace of Justice in Craiova is part of the architectural renewal process that encompassed the Romanian urban space in the last decades of the 19th century, a series of public buildings, necessary for institutional modernization, being built throughout the country during this time frame. Although the history of this edifice, symbolical for the architecture of the city, is apparently known, after studying the documents related to the construction of the palace, as well as the newspaper articles in the press of that time, a series of events are revealed, that outline a more complex picture of its evolutionary stages. Moreover, although initially considered one of Ion Socolescu’s works, the building turns out to be, in reality, the work of another architect, less known today, which leads to the need to rewrite some pages in the history of Romanian architecture. This article tries to trace the main stages in the evolution of the design and construction of the Palace of Justice in Craiova, starting with the first architectural designs, which were not materialised by execution, to the last transformations brought to the building, in the 70s of the 20th century, revealing, at the same time, a world of architects and builders divided by rivalries and political favours, especially for the period of Romania’s urban development boom. Finally, we emphasize the importance of the appearance of such an edifice in the city’s landscape, which resulted in the rethinking of the street structure in this area, by the mayors of that time. We also mention the change in the functionality of the building brought about by the communist power installed in Romania after 1947, as part of a process of erasing the local memory and creating, at the same time, a new symbolism for the old heritage of Craiova.","PeriodicalId":38187,"journal":{"name":"Historia Urbana","volume":" 39","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The “Great Vladivostok” project of the Khrushchev period is relatively little known in the history of the USSR due to political reasons. It was not only a part of Khrushchev’s great construction reform in the country but also an attempt to consolidate the influence of the Soviet Union in Eastern Asia, create a new type of port, and settle the territory of the south of the Far East with immigrants from the western part of the country. In addition, the project had several features that both Soviet and foreign scholars ignored. The authors use archival materials, oral history, and the works of researchers, including unpublished ones, in this article. The work aims to describe the realisation of the project, and its main ideas, to analyse its successes and failures.
{"title":"“Great Vladivostok”: Process and Results","authors":"M. Surzhik, Alexander Kim, Aleksandra Motorina","doi":"10.59277/hu.31.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59277/hu.31.09","url":null,"abstract":"The “Great Vladivostok” project of the Khrushchev period is relatively little known in the history of the USSR due to political reasons. It was not only a part of Khrushchev’s great construction reform in the country but also an attempt to consolidate the influence of the Soviet Union in Eastern Asia, create a new type of port, and settle the territory of the south of the Far East with immigrants from the western part of the country. In addition, the project had several features that both Soviet and foreign scholars ignored. The authors use archival materials, oral history, and the works of researchers, including unpublished ones, in this article. The work aims to describe the realisation of the project, and its main ideas, to analyse its successes and failures.","PeriodicalId":38187,"journal":{"name":"Historia Urbana","volume":" 48","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sofia, a capital city of a member state of the European Union (EU), is perceived as an emerging metropolis of the Balkans. It is the capital city of Bulgaria, a national territory which is a cradle of civilisation. The city and the municipality are located in a strategic position both from a national and a European perspective. Main transport routes through Europe pass through Sofia. The historical backdrop further supplements the geophysical context, which renders the city a politically strategic focal point. In order to reinforce the existing infrastructure whilst respecting and preserving the geocultural and natural heritage of the city and the municipality, legal instruments for spatial planning were introduced to regulate the city’s development in the coming years. This development has to comply with EU directives aimed at the sustainable improvement of cities and their environs in terms of both a balanced economy and cultural heritage. It concludes by referencing to urban sights, landmarks and culture identified by Sofia’s primary school children – tomorrow’s leaders.
{"title":"Sofia: A European Capital City Within the European Union","authors":"Lino Bianco","doi":"10.59277/hu.31.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59277/hu.31.08","url":null,"abstract":"Sofia, a capital city of a member state of the European Union (EU), is perceived as an emerging metropolis of the Balkans. It is the capital city of Bulgaria, a national territory which is a cradle of civilisation. The city and the municipality are located in a strategic position both from a national and a European perspective. Main transport routes through Europe pass through Sofia. The historical backdrop further supplements the geophysical context, which renders the city a politically strategic focal point. In order to reinforce the existing infrastructure whilst respecting and preserving the geocultural and natural heritage of the city and the municipality, legal instruments for spatial planning were introduced to regulate the city’s development in the coming years. This development has to comply with EU directives aimed at the sustainable improvement of cities and their environs in terms of both a balanced economy and cultural heritage. It concludes by referencing to urban sights, landmarks and culture identified by Sofia’s primary school children – tomorrow’s leaders.","PeriodicalId":38187,"journal":{"name":"Historia Urbana","volume":" 46","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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